Inversiones extraterritoriales, crisis ambiental y acción colectiva en América Latina

Un creciente número de actores extraterritoriales del sector privado, a menudo en asociación con el estado, están expandiendo las fronteras de economías extractivas y de exportaciones primarias a nuevos territorios rurales en América Latina. Este artículo analiza las condiciones que podrían impulsar esfuerzos significativos para abordar problemas ambientales en territorios dominados por actividades extensas, controladas externamente y basadas en recursos naturales. Se estudian tres casos: la acuicultura del salmón en Chiloé (Chile), la fruticultura en O’Higgins (Chile) y la producción de gas en Tarija (Bolivia). Concluimos que es poco probable que dichos esfuerzos ocurran, a menos que los problemas ambientales amenacen directamente la viabilidad a corto plazo de las actividades o emerjan movimientos sociales para exigir cambios.

El impacto de la crisis financiera y económica internacional en la banca del Ecuador

La crisis financiera y económica internacional originó una convulsión mundial con altísimos costos económicos y sociales, y motivó un fuerte cuestionamiento a la supuesta solidez del pensamiento económico dominante. Ecuador, un país marginal y que vivió su mayor crisis financiera en los años 90 del siglo anterior, también sufrió el impacto de esta crisis. Con el objeto de comprender mejor este fenómeno, este libro aborda aspectos relevantes sobre los canales de transmisión de la crisis, describiendo sus efectos en el sistema financiero latinoamericano. Se analiza particularmente el caso del Ecuador y se presenta una comparación con las situaciones de Colombia y Perú. El autor se pregunta cuáles fueron los efectos de la crisis financiera mundial y cómo reaccionaron los países en desarrollo frente a los choques negativos en el comercio y las finanzas, para luego discutir el comportamiento procíclico del sistema bancario privado del Ecuador y el rol de la banca pública en esta coyuntura. El libro familiariza al lector con temas económicos de gran importancia en la actual coyuntura internacional. Concluye con varias consideraciones sobre el neoliberalismo, la importancia del rol del Estado, los desafíos para los países en desarrollo y para las finanzas del Ecuador. De esta forma acerca al lector a la profundización y reflexión sobre los retos que estas cuestiones plantean.

Cambio climático, agua y conflicto: disputas sociales, crisis hídrica y oportunidades de adaptación en la Sierra Centro- Norte de Ecuador. Estudio de caso: conflicto por el uso del agua entre la ciudad de Quito y la cuenca agropecuaria de Güitig

La conflictividad por el uso del agua, tanto a nivel local como global, tiene sus raíces en la relación del ser humano con la naturaleza. Dicha relación ha entrado en conflicto desde la constitución del modelo capitalista que mira a la Naturaleza como una caja de recursos, en donde se inserta el agua. El presente estudio pretende ilustrar la evolución del concepto de conflicto: ambiental, socioambiental e hídrico; con el fin de conocer de manera general la conflictividad por el uso del agua dentro del contexto de la crisis hídrica (local, regional y global) y agudizada por el cambio climático, mediante la presentación de un caso de conflicto por el uso del agua entre el campo y la ciudad, en la Sierra centro-norte del Ecuador. La metodología empleada en esta investigación parte del análisis y evolución del conflicto socioambiental hídrico, para luego (desde lo general a lo particular) revisar la dinámica de la crisis hídrica y los conflictos emblemáticos internacionales, regionales y locales. El trabajo incluyó la lectura y el diálogo académico con autores expertos en conflictos socioambientales, la integración del componente científico del cambio climático mediante la revisión de los informes técnicos más actualizados en todo nivel y la investigación in situ del caso de la conflictividad local en la zona de estudio (cuenca social de Güitig versus la ciudad de Quito). El resultado principal de la investigación afirma la hipótesis de la investigación: el cambio climático se presenta como un factor no tradicional integral que agudiza, acelera, complejiza y potencia los impactos de los demás factores estructurales, que tradicionalmente determinan la conflictividad hídrica: socioeconómicos, socioambientales, socioculturales, políticos e institucionales. Dependiendo de la gestión que se aplique, el mismo puede convertirse en una oportunidad para solucionar la conflictividad estructural.

Self-Fulfilling Crises in the Eurozone: An Empirical Test. CEPS Working Document No. 366, 22 June 2012

This paper tests the hypothesis that government bond markets in the eurozone are more fragile and more susceptible to self-fulfilling liquidity crises than in stand-alone countries. We find evidence that a significant part of the surge in the spreads of the PIGS countries (Portugal, Ireland, Greece and Spain) in the eurozone during 2010-11 was disconnected from underlying increases in the debt-to-GDP ratios and fiscal space variables, and was the result of negative self-fulfilling market sentiments that became very strong since the end of 2010. We argue that this can drive member countries of the eurozone into bad equilibria. We also find evidence that after years of neglecting high government debt, investors became increasingly worried about this in the eurozone, and reacted by raising the spreads. No such worries developed in stand-alone countries despite the fact that debt-to-GDP ratios and fiscal space variables were equally high and increasing in these countries.

An agenda for the European Council: feasible steps to bring the eurozone back from the precipice. CEPS Policy Brief No. 274, 20 June 2012

In the run-up to the emergency European Council meeting at the end of June, Stefano Micossi outlines in this Policy Brief the main elements of a realistic and yet incisive policy package, capable of reassuring financial markets and a bewildered public opinion. It is more than Germany has been willing to accept so far but much less than many of the demands it will confront at the Council meeting. More importantly, it only requires a minimum of additional disbursements by the member states, while strengthening risk-sharing for sovereign and banking risks.

The creation of euro area financial safety nets. Bruegel Working Paper 2012/09, July 2012

The financial crisis has exposed the need to devise stronger and broader international and regional safety nets in order to deal with economic and financial shocks and allow for countries to adjust. The euro area has developed several such mechanisms over the last couple of years through a process of trial and error and gradual enhancement and expansion. Their overall architecture remains imperfect and leaves areas of vulnerabilities. This paper provides an overview of the recent financial stability mechanisms and their various shortcomings and tries to brush the outline of a more comprehensive safety net architecture that would coherently address the banking, sovereign and external imbalances crises against both transitory and more permanent shocks. It aims to provide a roadmap for further improvements of the current mechanism and the creation of new devices including a banking resolution mechanism and amore powerfulmechanismto provide financial assistance addressing both the sovereign and external dimensions of the shocks thereby reducing the need for the ECB to fill the current void.

Why an ESM programme could be a kiss of death: Recovery values and subordination. CEPS Commentary, 27 June 2012

Spain, needing a bailout for its banks, was granted a vague promise by EZ leaders for up to €100 billion. The details remain obscure, yet they matter enormously. This column argues that the so-called ‘subordination effect’ of fresh official lending could put Spain on the slippery road to ruin. It argues that if sovereign bonds must be bought, this should be done in the secondary market which, would be on an equal footing with private investors and thus avoid the subordination trap.

Path to eurobonds. Bruegel Working Paper 2012/10, July 2012

This paper discusses proposals for common euro area sovereign securities. Such instruments can potentially serve two functions: in the short-term, stabilize financialmarkets and banks and, in the medium-term, help improve the euro area economic governance framework through enhanced fiscal discipline and risk-sharing. Many questions remain onwhether financial instruments can ever accomplish such goals without bold institutional and political decisions, and,whether, in the absence of such decisions, they can create new distortions. The proposals discussed are also not necessarily competing substitutes; rather, they can be complements to be sequenced along alternative paths that possibly culminate in a fully-fledged Eurobond. The specific path chosen by policymakers should allow for learning and secure the necessary evolution of institutional infrastructures and political safeguards.

A simple model of multiple equilibria and default. CEPS Working Document No. 366, 16 July 2012

This Working Document by Daniel Gros presents a simple model that incorporates two types of sovereign default cost: first, a lump-sum cost due to the fact that the country does not service its debt fully and is recognised as being in default status, by ratings agencies, for example. Second, a cost that increases with the size of the losses (or haircut) imposed on creditors whose resistance to a haircut increases with the proportional loss inflicted upon them. One immediate implication of the model is that under some circumstances the creditors have a (collective) interest to forgive some debt in order to induce the country not to default. The model exhibits a potential for multiple equilibria, given that a higher interest rate charged by investors increases the debt service burden and thus the temptation to default. Under very high debt levels credit rationing can set in as the feedback loop between higher interest rates and the higher incentive to default can become explosive. The introduction of uncertainty makes multiple equilibria less likely and reduces their range.

Can Italy and Spain survive rates of 6-7%? CEPS Policy Brief No. 279, 27 July 2012

The sentiment that the euro is now in real danger is based in large part on the widespread conviction that interest rates of 6-7% are simply unsustainable for both Italy and Spain., After taking a closer look at the fundamentals, however, Daniel Gros concludes in this new Policy Brief that both countries should be able to live with this level of interest rates for quite some time, but only if they mobilize domestic savings, which remain strong in both countries. For Spain, some debt/equity swaps are also needed.

The simple macroeconomics of North and South in EMU. Bruegel Working Paper 2012/12, 30 July 2012

The euro area today consists of a competitive, moderately leveraged North and an uncompetitive, over-indebted South. Its main macroeconomic challenge is to carry out the adjustment required to restore the competitiveness of its southern part and eliminate its excessive public and private debt burden. This paper investigates the relationship between fiscal and competitiveness adjustment in a stylised model with two countries in a monetary union, North and South. To restore competitiveness, South implements a more restrictive fiscal policy than North. We consider two scenarios. In the first, monetary policy aims at keeping inflation constant in the North. The South therefore needs to deflate to regain competitiveness, which worsens the debt dynamics. In the second, monetary policy aims at keeping inflation constant in the monetary union as a whole. This results in more monetary stimulus, inflation in the North is higher, and this in turn helps the debt dynamics in the South. Our main findings are: •The differential fiscal stance between North and South is what determines real exchange rate changes. South therefore needs to tighten more. There is no escape from relative austerity. •If monetary policy aims at keeping inflation stable in the North and the initial debt is above a certain threshold, debt dynamics are perverse: fiscal retrenchment is self-defeating; •If monetary policy targets average inflation instead, which implies higher inflation in the North, the initial debt threshold above which the debt dynamics become perverse is higher. Accepting more inflation at home is therefore a way for the North to contribute to restoring debt sustainability in the South. •Structural reforms in the South improve the debt dynamics if the initial debt is not too high. Again, targeting average inflation rather than inflation in the North helps strengthen the favourable effects of structural reforms.

spotlight europe #2012/05, August 2012: Der Krise die Stirn bieten = Confronting the crisis

No abstract.