Exploitation of soil biota ecosystem services in agriculture: a bioeconomic approach

24 p.

Advancing EDL technologies for future space missions : from ground testing facilities to ablative heatshields

Motivated by recent MSL results where the ablation rate of the PICA heatshield was over-predicted, and staying true to the objectives outlined in the NASA Space Technology Roadmaps and Priorities report, this work focuses on advancing EDL technologies for future space missions.

Due to the difficulties in performing flight tests in the hypervelocity regime, a new ground testing facility called the vertical expansion tunnel is proposed. The adverse effects from secondary diaphragm rupture in an expansion tunnel may be reduced or eliminated by orienting the tunnel vertically, matching the test gas pressure and the accelerator gas pressure, and initially separating the test gas from the accelerator gas by density stratification. If some sacrifice of the reservoir conditions can be made, the VET can be utilized in hypervelocity ground testing, without the problems associated with secondary diaphragm rupture.

The performance of different constraints for the Rate-Controlled Constrained-Equilibrium (RCCE) method is investigated in the context of modeling reacting flows characteristic to ground testing facilities, and re-entry conditions. The effectiveness of different constraints are isolated, and new constraints previously unmentioned in the literature are introduced. Three main benefits from the RCCE method were determined: 1) the reduction in number of equations that need to be solved to model a reacting flow; 2) the reduction in stiffness of the system of equations needed to be solved; and 3) the ability to tabulate chemical properties as a function of a constraint once, prior to running a simulation, along with the ability to use the same table for multiple simulations.

Finally, published physical properties of PICA are compiled, and the composition of the pyrolysis gases that form at high temperatures internal to a heatshield is investigated. A necessary link between the composition of the solid resin, and the composition of the pyrolysis gases created is provided. This link, combined with a detailed investigation into a reacting pyrolysis gas mixture, allows a much needed consistent, and thorough description of many of the physical phenomena occurring in a PICA heatshield, and their implications, to be presented.

Through the use of computational fluid mechanics and computational chemistry methods, significant contributions have been made to advancing ground testing facilities, computational methods for reacting flows, and ablation modeling.

A. An investigation of the relation between the tensile strength and (Brinell) hardness of non-ferrous alloys. B. A design of a fatigue testing machine for a college laboratory

[no abstract]

Avaliação de proposições matemáticas para interpretação do comportamento de solos residuais não saturados

Nas últimas décadas, teorias têm sido formuladas para interpretar o comportamento de solos não saturados e estas têm se mostrado coerentes com resultados experimentais. Paralelamente, várias técnicas de campo e de laboratório têm sido desenvolvidas. No entanto, a determinação experimental dos parâmetros dos solos não saturados é cara, morosa, exige equipamentos especiais e técnicos experientes. Como resultado, essas teorias têm aplicação limitada a pesquisas acadêmicas e são pouco utilizados na prática da engenharia. Para superar este problema, vários pesquisadores propuseram equações para representar matematicamente o comportamento de solos não saturados. Estas proposições são baseadas em índices físicos, caracterização do solo, em ensaios convencionais ou simplesmente em ajustes de curvas. A relação entre a umidade e a sucção matricial, convencionalmente denominada curva característica de sucção do solo (SWCC) é também uma ferramenta útil na previsão do comportamento de engenharia de solos não saturados. Existem muitas equações para representar matematicamente a SWCC. Algumas são baseadas no pressuposto de que sua forma está diretamente relacionada com a distribuição dos poros e, portanto, com a granulometria. Nestas proposições, os parâmetros são calibrados pelo ajuste da curva de dados experimentais. Outros métodos supõem que a curva pode ser estimada diretamente a partir de propriedades físicas dos solos. Estas propostas são simples e conveniente para a utilização prática, mas são substancialmente incorretas, uma vez que ignoram a influência do teor de umidade, nível de tensões, estrutura do solo e mineralogia. Como resultado, a maioria tem sucesso limitado, dependendo do tipo de solo. Algumas tentativas têm sido feitas para prever a variação da resistência ao cisalhamento com relação a sucção matricial. Estes procedimentos usam, como uma ferramenta, direta ou indiretamente, a SWCC em conjunto com os parâmetros efetivos de resistência c e . Este trabalho discute a aplicabilidade de três equações para previsão da SWCC (Gardner, 1958; van Genuchten, 1980; Fredlund; Xing, 1994) para vinte e quatro amostras de solos residuais brasileiros. A adequação do uso da curva característica normalizada, proposta por Camapum de Carvalho e Leroueil (2004), também foi investigada. Os parâmetros dos modelos foram determinados por ajuste de curva, utilizando técnicas de problema inverso; dois métodos foram usados: algoritmo genético (AG) e Levenberq-Marquardt. Vários parâmetros que influênciam o comportamento da SWCC são discutidos. A relação entre a sucção matricial e resistência ao cisalhamento foi avaliada através de ajuste de curva utilizando as equações propostas por Öberg (1995); Sällfors (1997), Vanapalli et al., (1996), Vilar (2007); Futai (2002); oito resultados experimentais foram analisados. Os vários parâmetros que influênciam a forma da SWCC e a parcela não saturadas da resistência ao cisalhamento são discutidos.

A GIS-based model of soil erosion and transport

Soil erosion is a natural process that occurs when the force of wind, raindrops or running water on the soil surface exceeds the cohesive forces that bind the soil together. In general, vegetation cover protects the soil from the effects of these erosive forces. However, land management activities such as ploughing, burning or heavy grazing may disturb this protective layer, exposing the underlying soil. The decision making process in rural catchment management is often supported by the predictive modelling of soil erosion and sediment transport processes within the catchment, using established techniques such as the Universal Soil Loss Equation [USLE] and the Agricultural Nonpoint Source pollution model [AGNPS]. In this article, the authors examine the range of erosion models currently available and describe the application of one of these to the Burrishoole catchment on the north-west coast of Ireland, which has suffered heavy erosion of blanket peat in recent years.

Modelling soil erosion and transport in the Burrishoole catchment, Newport, Co. Mayo, Ireland

The Burrishoole catchment is situated in County Mayo, on the northwest coast of the Republic of Ireland. Much of the catchment is covered by blanket peat that, in many areas, has become heavily eroded in recent years. This is thought to be due, primarily, to the adverse effects of forestry and agricultural activities in the area. Such activities include ploughing, drainage, the planting and harvesting of trees, and sheep farming, all of which are potentially damaging to such a sensitive landscape if not managed carefully. This article examines the sediment yield and hydrology of the Burrishoole catchment. Flow and sediment concentrations were measured at 8-hourly intervals from 5 February 2001 to 8 November 2001 with an automatic sampler and separate flow gauge, and hourly averages were recorded between 4 July 2002 and 6 September 2002 using an automatic river monitoring system [ARMS]. The authors describe the GIS-based model of soil erosion and transport that was applied to the Burrishoole catchment during this study. The results of these analyses were compared, in a qualitative manner, with the aerial photography available for the Burrishoole catchment to see whether areas that were predicted to contribute large proportions of eroded material to the drainage network corresponded with areas where peat erosion could be identified through photo-interpretation.