Libro de Actas II Congreso Español de Gestión Integral de Deyecciones Ganaderas

Postprint (published version)

Projecte d’implantació d’una estació depuradora d’aigües residuals mitjançant un reactor biològic seqüencial (RBS) a una sala d’especejament de pollastre situada a Banyoles

En el procés productiu de la indústria alimentària l’aigua és un factor de vital importància, augmentantels volums consumits degut al desenvolupament de la producció. Conseqüentment es genera un granvolum d’aigua residual amb una important càrrega orgànica, causant greus problemes al ser abocadadirectament sobre el medi natural o generant càrregues no assumibles per les EDAR.El tractament de les aigües residuals preocupa als empresaris, pressionats per una legislació cadavegada més exigent. La seva depuració ha de passar d’una situació hostil a treure avantatgeseconòmics, d’imatge i de valor afegit. El projecte es realitza a la indústria d’especejament d’aviram ESPECIALITATS COSTA SLU, situadaa Banyoles. S’estudia la viabilitat d’implantar un sistema de depuració de les seves aigües residualsper a reduir al màxim possible els paràmetres de sortida i complir amb la legislació vigent.Com a conseqüència dels increments de producció i de la inexistència d’un sistema de depuracióeficaç per a complir amb la legislació mediambiental, precisa una nova instal•lació de depuració de lesseves aigües residuals per assolir els límits d’abocament que imposa la legislació vigent.La superfície del solar és de 4.700 m2 i l’àrea construïda de 3.310 m2. L’empresa també disposa d’unsolar a l’altra banda del carrer Barcelona, que actualment s’utilitza com a pàrquing, i és on s’ubicarienles instal•lacions del present projecte

Investigation of Plastic Pipes for Highway Applications, HR-373A, Phase II, 1997

It is generally accepted that high density polyethylene pipe (HDPE) performs well under live loads with shallow cover, provided the backfill is well compacted. Although industry standards require carefully compacted backfill, poor inspection and/or faulty construction may result in soils that provide inadequate restraint at the springlines of the pipes thereby causing failure. The objectives of this study were: 1) to experimentally define a lower limit of compaction under which the pipes perform satisfactorily, 2) to quantify the increase in soil support as compaction effort increases, 3) to evaluate pipe response for loads applied near the ends of the buried pipes, 4) to determine minimum depths of cover for a variety of pipes and soil conditions by analytically expanding the experimental results through the use of the finite element program CANDE. The test procedures used here are conservative especially for low-density fills loaded to high contact stresses. The failures observed in these tests were the combined effect of soil bearing capacity at the soil surface and localized wall bending of the pipes. Under a pavement system, the pipes' performance would be expected to be considerably better. With those caveats, the following conclusions are drawn from this study. Glacial till compacted to 50% and 80% provides insufficient support; pipe failureoccurs at surface contact stresses lower than those induced by highway trucks. On the other hand, sand backfill compacted to more than 110 pcf (17.3 kN/m3) is satisfactory. The failure mode for all pipes with all backfills is localized wall bending. At moderate tire pressures, i.e. contact stresses, deflections are reduced significantly when backfill density is increased from about 50 pcf (7.9 kN/m^3) to 90 pcf (14.1 kN/m^3). Above that unit weight, little improvement in the soil-pipe system is observed. Although pipe stiffness may vary as much as 16%, analyses show that backfill density is more important than pipe stiffness in controlling both deflections at low pipe stresses and at the ultimate capacity of the soil-pipe system. The rate of increase in ultimate strength of the system increases nearly linearly with increasing backfill density. When loads equivalent to moderate tire pressures are applied near the ends of the pipes, pipe deflections are slighly higher than when loaded at the center. Except for low density glacial till, the deflections near the ends are not excessive and the pipes perform satisfactorily. For contact stresses near the upper limit of truck tire pressures and when loaded near the end, pipes fail with localized wall bending. For flowable fill backfill, the ultimate capacity of the pipes is nearly doubled and at the upper limit of highway truck tire pressures, deflections are negligible. All pipe specimens tested at ambient laboratory room temperatures satisfied AASHTO minimum pipe stiffness requirements at 5% deflection. However, nearly all specimens tested at elevated pipe surface temperatures, approximately 122°F (50°C), failed to meet these requirements. Some HDPE pipe installations may not meet AASHTO minimum pipe stiffness requirements when installed in the summer months (i.e. if pipe surface temperatures are allowed to attain temperatures similar to those tested here). Heating of any portion of the pipe circumference reduced the load carrying capacity of specimens. The minimum soil cover depths, determined from the CANOE analysis, are controlled by the 5% deflection criterion. The minimum soil cover height is 12 in. (305 mm). Pipes with the poor silt and clay backfills with less than 85% compaction require a minimum soil cover height of 24 in. (610 mm). For the sand at 80% compaction, the A36 HDPE pipe with the lowest moment of inertia requires a minimum of 24 in. (610 mm) soil cover. The C48 HDPE pipe with the largest moment of inertia and all other pipes require a 12 in. (305 mm) minimum soil cover.

Applications for Reuse of Lime Sludge from Water Softening, TR-535, 2005

Lime sludge, an inert material mostly composed of calcium carbonate, is the result of softening hard water for distribution as drinking water. A large city such as Des Moines, Iowa, produces about 30,700 tons of lime sludge (dry weight basis) annually (Jones et al., 2005). Eight Iowa cities representing, according to the United States (U.S.) Census Bureau, 23% of the state’s population of 3 million, were surveyed. They estimated that they collectively produce 64,470 tons of lime sludge (dry weight basis) per year, and they currently have 371,800 tons (dry weight basis) stockpiled. Recently, the Iowa Department of Natural Resources directed those cities using lime softening in drinking water treatment to stop digging new lagoons to dispose of lime sludge. Five Iowa cities with stockpiles of lime sludge funded this research. The research goal was to find useful and economical alternatives for the use of lime sludge. Feasibility studies tested the efficacy of using lime sludge in cement production, power plant SOx treatment, dust control on gravel roads, wastewater neutralization, and in-fill materials for road construction. Applications using lime sludge in cement production, power plant SOx treatment, and wastewater neutralization, and as a fill material for road construction showed positive results, but the dust control application did not. Since the fill material application showed the most promise in accomplishing the project’s goal within the time limits of this research project, it was chosen for further investigation. Lime sludge is classified as inorganic silt with low plasticity. Since it only has an unconfined compressive strength of approximately 110 kPa, mixtures with fly ash and cement were developed to obtain higher strengths. When fly ash was added at a rate of 50% of the dry weight of the lime sludge, the unconfined strength increased to 1600 kPa. Further, friction angles and California Bearing Ratios were higher than those published for soils of the same classification. However, the mixtures do not perform well in durability tests. The mixtures tested did not survive 12 cycles of freezing and thawing and wetting and drying without excessive mass and volume loss. Thus, these mixtures must be placed at depths below the freezing line in the soil profile. The results demonstrated that chemically stabilized lime sludge is able to contribute bulk volume to embankments in road construction projects.

Identification of Practices, Design, Construction, and Repair Using Trenchless Technology, TR-570, 2010

Trenchless technologies are methods used for the construction and rehabilitation of underground utility pipes. These methods are growing increasingly popular due to their versatility and their potential to lower project costs. However, the use of trenchless technologies in Iowa and their effects on surrounding soil and nearby structures has not been adequately documented. Surveys of and interviews with professionals working in trenchless-related industries in Iowa were conducted, and the results were analyzed and compared to survey results from the United States as a whole. The surveys focused on method familiarity, pavement distress observed, reliability of trenchless methods, and future improvements. Results indicate that the frequency of pavement distress or other trenchless-related issues are an ongoing problem in the industry. Inadequate soil information and quality control/quality assurance (QC/QA) are partially to blame. Fieldwork involving the observation of trenchless construction projects was undertaken with the purpose of documenting current practices and applications of trenchless technology in the United States and Iowa. Field tests were performed in which push-in pressure cells were used to measure the soil stresses induced by trenchless construction methods. A program of laboratory soil testing was carried out in conjunction with the field testing. Soil testing showed that the installations were made in sandy clay or well-graded sand with silt and gravel. Pipes were installed primarily using horizontal directional drilling with pipe diameters from 3 to 12 inches. Pressure cell monitoring was conducted during the following construction phases: pilot bore, pre-reaming, and combined pipe pulling and reaming. The greatest increase in lateral earth pressure was 5.6 psi and was detected 2.1 feet from the centerline of the bore during a pilot hole operation in sandy lean clay. Measurements from 1.0 to 2.5 psi were common. Comparisons were made between field measurements and analytical and finite element calculation methods.

Dynamic Modelling of Material Flows and Sustainable Resource Use: Case Studies in Regional Metabolism and Space Life Support Systems

Sustainable resource use is one of the most important environmental issues of our times. It is closely related to discussions on the 'peaking' of various natural resources serving as energy sources, agricultural nutrients, or metals indispensable in high-technology applications. Although the peaking theory remains controversial, it is commonly recognized that a more sustainable use of resources would alleviate negative environmental impacts related to resource use. In this thesis, sustainable resource use is analysed from a practical standpoint, through several different case studies. Four of these case studies relate to resource metabolism in the Canton of Geneva in Switzerland: the aim was to model the evolution of chosen resource stocks and flows in the coming decades. The studied resources were copper (a bulk metal), phosphorus (a vital agricultural nutrient), and wood (a renewable resource). In addition, the case of lithium (a critical metal) was analysed briefly in a qualitative manner and in an electric mobility perspective. In addition to the Geneva case studies, this thesis includes a case study on the sustainability of space life support systems. Space life support systems are systems whose aim is to provide the crew of a spacecraft with the necessary metabolic consumables over the course of a mission. Sustainability was again analysed from a resource use perspective. In this case study, the functioning of two different types of life support systems, ARES and BIORAT, were evaluated and compared; these systems represent, respectively, physico-chemical and biological life support systems. Space life support systems could in fact be used as a kind of 'laboratory of sustainability' given that they represent closed and relatively simple systems compared to complex and open terrestrial systems such as the Canton of Geneva. The chosen analysis method used in the Geneva case studies was dynamic material flow analysis: dynamic material flow models were constructed for the resources copper, phosphorus, and wood. Besides a baseline scenario, various alternative scenarios (notably involving increased recycling) were also examined. In the case of space life support systems, the methodology of material flow analysis was also employed, but as the data available on the dynamic behaviour of the systems was insufficient, only static simulations could be performed. The results of the case studies in the Canton of Geneva show the following: were resource use to follow population growth, resource consumption would be multiplied by nearly 1.2 by 2030 and by 1.5 by 2080. A complete transition to electric mobility would be expected to only slightly (+5%) increase the copper consumption per capita while the lithium demand in cars would increase 350 fold. For example, phosphorus imports could be decreased by recycling sewage sludge or human urine; however, the health and environmental impacts of these options have yet to be studied. Increasing the wood production in the Canton would not significantly decrease the dependence on wood imports as the Canton's production represents only 5% of total consumption. In the comparison of space life support systems ARES and BIORAT, BIORAT outperforms ARES in resource use but not in energy use. However, as the systems are dimensioned very differently, it remains questionable whether they can be compared outright. In conclusion, the use of dynamic material flow analysis can provide useful information for policy makers and strategic decision-making; however, uncertainty in reference data greatly influences the precision of the results. Space life support systems constitute an extreme case of resource-using systems; nevertheless, it is not clear how their example could be of immediate use to terrestrial systems.

07032-012 Lake MacBride Watershed Final Report

Lake Macbride is considered to be one of the top four lakes for fishing in the state of Iowa. It is widely used by the public and contributes significant economic benefits to the county. Lake Macbride is situated in the North Corridor which is one of the fastest growing areas in the state. The lake has a surface area of 940 acres and drains 16,205 acres. Lake Macbride is on the Iowa 303(d) list for excessive sediments and nutrients. In 2001, Lake Macbride State Park received over 2.5 million dollars from the Marine Fuel Tax and Fish and Wildlife Trust to install 2 silt basins and stabilize over 12 miles of shoreline in the lake. Also in 2001, the Johnson County SWCD received a WSPF allocation from DSC to address agriculture and urban runoff issues in the watershed. Section 319 funding was received in 2002 to continue watershed efforts to the present. A watershed assessment was completed in 2003 to guide watershed activities. In 2005, a TMDL was completed for the lake. Since 2001, over $645,000 dollars has been spent by landowners and funding partners to install conservation practices in the watershed. Watershed efforts have resulted in the reduction of over 4200 tons of soils from being delivered into Lake Macbride. Nutrient reductions have also occurred from the development of nutrient management plans on 2000 acres. The District is in the process of wrapping up watershed efforts on private land. A series of 13 structures is planned to be installed in the State Park over the next several years. One of the last remaining items that still needs addressed is 1,400 feet of eroding shoreline adjacent to Lake Macbride along Cottage Reserve Road. The road is under the jurisdiction of the Johnson County Board of Supervisors. Both the Board of Supervisors and the IDNR are willing to contribute substantial dollars to address the 250 tons of soil that are being directly delivered to Lake Macbride each year.

05008-004 Mill-Picayune (Manteno Lake) Watershed Final Report

Manteno Lake is located 8 miles northwest of Earling, IA in Shelby County. The lake has been impaired with an overload of silt and nutrients. In October of 2007, land directly north of the lake will be coming out of CRP and back into agricultural production. The Shelby Soil and Water Conservation District, Shelby County Board of Supervisors and Shelby County Conservation Board feel strongly that treatment of this area is necessary prior to the CRP contract expiring. The placement and construction of three structures will reduce the amount of silt and nutrients affecting Manteno Lake. This project calls for the construction of three structures on crucial tributaries to the lake.

Minimal requirements for parameters to be used for the development of predictive models for microbial source tracking. The example of the pair somatic coliphages and phages infecting Bacteroides

Several methods and approaches for measuring parameters to determine fecal sources of pollution in water have been developed in recent years. No single microbial or chemical parameter has proved sufficient to determine the source of fecal pollution. Combinations of parameters involving at least one discriminating indicator and one universal fecal indicator offer the most promising solutions for qualitative and quantitative analyses. The universal (nondiscriminating) fecal indicator provides quantitative information regarding the fecal load. The discriminating indicator contributes to the identification of a specific source. The relative values of the parameters derived from both kinds of indicators could provide information regarding the contribution to the total fecal load from each origin. It is also essential that both parameters characteristically persist in the environment for similar periods. Numerical analysis, such as inductive learning methods, could be used to select the most suitable and the lowest number of parameters to develop predictive models. These combinations of parameters provide information on factors affecting the models, such as dilution, specific types of animal source, persistence of microbial tracers, and complex mixtures from different sources. The combined use of the enumeration of somatic coliphages and the enumeration of Bacteroides-phages using different host specific strains (one from humans and another from pigs), both selected using the suggested approach, provides a feasible model for quantitative and qualitative analyses of fecal source identification.

Obtención de vidrio a partir de residuos de la minería del estaño en Bolivia

Manufacturing of glass from tin mining tailings in Bolivia Tailings from mining activities in Bolivia represent an environmental problem. In the vicinity of the tin mines of Llallagua,Potosí department, there are large dumps and tailings. We present a study of the use of these wastes as raw materials for the manufacture of glass. This procedure aims to contribute to environmental remediation of mining areas through the vitrification, a process which offers an alternative for stabilization of hazardous waste. In addition, the marketing of the obtained product would provide an additional income to the mining areas. For this study three samples of mining waste, with grain size between sand and silt, were used. The chemical composition of these raw materials, determined by X-ray fluorescence, is granitic, with high contents of heavy metals. On the basis of its composition, glass were made from silica glass by adding CaCO3 and Na2CO3. The thermal cycle has been determined from TDA. Tg values of glass range from 626º to 709 °C. Leaching tests of the obtained glasses confirm their capacity to retain heavy metals.

Ahtaat tieteenrajat eivät sovellu kuvatutkimukseen

Vastine Sami Moision kirja-arvioon Anne Kosken teoksesta "Niinkö on jos siltä näyttää? - Kuva ja mielikuva Suomen valtaresursseina kansainvälisessä politiikkassa" (Politiikka 2/2006)

Vanhempien kokemuksia varhaisen vuorovaikutuksen tukemisesta Torpparinmäen perhetalossa

Opinnäytetyön tarkoituksena on selvittää Torpparinmäen perhetalon vanhempien kokemuksia saamastaan varhaisen vuorovaikutuksen tuesta perhetalossa. Työn lähtökohtana oli perhetalon varhaisen vuorovaikutuksen toimintaperiaate. Perhetalon työntekijät pystyvät työn avulla arvioimaan varhaisen vuorovaikutuksen tukemisen onnistumista. Varhaiseen vuorovaikutukseen liittyy läheisesti kiintymyssuhdeteoria, joka on osa työn teoreettista perustaa. Perhetalon toimintaan liittyen työ käsittelee myös perhettä, riittävän hyvää vanhemmuutta ja ennaltaehkäisevää sosiaalityötä. Opinnäytetyössä selvitetään, millaisiin varhaisen vuorovaikutuksen tilanteisiin vanhemmat kokevat saavansa tukea perhetalossa. Lisäksi selvitetään, miten perheet kokevat perhetalon toiminnan tukevan heitä varhaisessa vuorovaikutuksessa ja millaista tukea vanhemmat haluaisivat saada varhaiseen vuorovaikutukseen perhetalossa. Työ on laadullinen, ja sen näkökulma on fenomenologinen. Tutkimusmenetelmänä käytettiin kyselyä. Vanhemmat vastasivat kyselyyn pääosin perhetalossa. Lisäksi kysely lähetettiin kuudelle vanhemmalle. Kyselystä saatu aineisto analysoitiin sisällönanalyysin keinoin. Kyselyyn vastasi 25 perhetalon asiakasta. Aineistosta kävi ilmi, että vanhemmat ovat saaneet tukea erilaisiin varhaisen vuorovaikutuksen tilanteisiin. Tukea he saivat perhetalossa työskennelleiltä ja vierailleilta ammattihenkilöiltä ja muilta asiakkailta. Tukimuotoja olivat asiakkaiden kokemusten mukaan erilaiset keskustelut, yhdessäolo ja yhteiset hetket lasten kanssa. Asiakkaat kokivat saaneensa tukea eniten perhetalon avoimesta toiminnasta. Vanhemmat kaipasivat lisätukea omaan jaksamiseen ja perheen yhdessäolon mahdollistamiseen. Lisäksi aineistosta nousi esiin, että perhetalo tukee vanhempien kiintymistä lapsiinsa ja lasten kiinnittymistä vanhempiinsa. Perhetalo ja sen toiminta on vastaajille merkityksellinen sekä yleisesti että varhaisen vuorovaikutuksen kannalta. Vanhemmille vertaistuki on tärkeä elementti perhetalossa. Vertaisten tapaaminen ja heidän tarjoamansa tuki auttavat vanhempia jaksamaan ja toimimaan lastensa kanssa paremmassa vuorovaikutuksessa. Kotiäitiys tuli esiin vastauksissa selkeästi. Näyttää siltä, että perhetalo on kotiäideille tärkeä juuri siksi, että he saavat sieltä vertaistensa tukea. Varhainen vuorovaikutus vaatii onnistuakseen vanhemmilta voimavaroja. Jaksamisen tukeminen ylläpitää ja lisää voimavaroja. Siksi vanhempien jaksamisen tukemista tulisi perhetalossa huomioda enemmän.

Aqueous photocatalytic oxidation of steroid estrogens

Concerns have increased regarding the detection of endocrine-disrupting compounds in the effluents of sewage treatment plants (STPs). These compounds are able to disrupt normal function of the endocrine system of living organisms even at trace concentrations. Natural and synthetic steroid estrogens (SEs) are believed to be responsible for the majority of the endocrine-disrupting effects. Municipal sewage, the main source of SEs in the environment, is a complex mixture of a wide range of pollutants at concentrations much higher than those of SEs. Low concentrations of SEs in the presence of copollutants thus make their removal problematic. The main objectives of the present work were to study the potential of photocatalytic oxidation (PCO) to effectively treat SE-containing aqueous solutions and to identify the optimum conditions for such treatment. The results showed that SEs can be effectively degraded photocatalytically. Due to the adsorption properties of SEs on the TiO2 photocatalyst surface alkaline medium was found to be beneficial for SE oxidation despite the presence of co-pollutants in concentrations characteristic for the sanitary fraction of municipal sewage. The potential of PCO to selectively oxidise SEs was examined in the presence of copollutants of the sanitary fraction of sewage - urea, saccharose and human urine. The impact of ethanol, often used as a solvent in the preparation of SE stock solutions, was also studied and the results indicated the need to use organic solvent-free solutions for the study of SE behaviour. Photocatalytic oxidation of SEs appeared to be indifferent towards the presence of urea in concentrations commonly found in domestic sewage. The effect of other co-pollutants under consideration was far weaker than could be expected from their concentrations, which are from one hundred to a few thousands times higher than those of the SEs. Although higher concentrations can dramatically slow down the PCO of SEs, realistic concentrations of co-pollutants characteristic for the sanitary fraction of domestic sewage allowed selective removal of SEs. This indicates the potential of PCO to be a selective oxidation method for SE removal from the separate sanitary fraction of municipal sewage.