Análisis transversal de los contenidos docentes del área de hidráulica en el grado de ingeniería civil

La adecuación de los contenidos propuestos a ANECA para el grado de ingeniería civil ha sido un reto logrado por el profesorado gracias a los conocimientos y a la experiencia adquirida en titulaciones que ahora son a extinguir (Ingeniería técnica de Obras públicas e Ingeniería de Caminos). A lo largo de estos inicios del grado, se han ampliado los contenidos impartidos en laboratorio con la adquisición de varios equipos y se ha profundizado en la utilización de las herramientas de simulación hidráulica más empleados en la actualidad tanto desde la óptica urbana como la fluvial. Por todo ello, el equipo docente se ha centrado en el desarrollo y detalle de nuevos contenidos y enfoques aportados por los primeros alumnos que han cursado la especialidad de hidráulica en el grado de ingeniería civil. Y es que se pretende recabar información de los egresados (así como del resto de profesorado y colaboradores del área) como principal fuente de información para la adecuación de los contenidos teóricos y prácticos impartidos en el área. Asimismo, se pueden incorporar parte de estos contenidos a las nuevas asignaturas del máster en Ingeniería de Caminos cuya impartición comienza el próximo curso 2015/2016.

Interpretando ambientes sedimentarios: taller de sedimentología con arenas como actividad didáctica de Ciencias de la Tierra

El proceso de aprendizaje de las Ciencias de la Tierra, en particular en las disciplinas de la sedimentología y petrología sedimentaria, requiere de la realización de actividades prácticas, tanto en el campo como en el laboratorio. En este contexto examinar mediante lupa binocular distintos tipos de arena supone, además de un placer estético, un buen punto de partida para introducir al alumnado en la interpretación de ambientes sedimentarios. En este trabajo se propone un taller de iniciación a la reconstrucción de ambientes sedimentarios mediante el análisis de sedimentos detríticos (principalmente arenas). Se presenta una guía de procedimientos en laboratorio que incluye el análisis de los siguientes parámetros: tamaño, composición y forma de los granos, selección y color. Para vertebrar la propuesta didáctica se examinan ejemplos “tipo” de sedimentos detríticos representativos de ambientes de depósito tanto fluviales como marinos y de transición (playa), todos ellos incluidos en diferentes puntos de la geografía de la provincia de Alicante (España).

Programa de capacitación y actualización en modernas técnicas experimentales para medición de caudales de aguas superficiales en cauces naturales

La determinación experimental in situ del escurrimiento superficial en cauces naturales (mediante aforos) en forma sistemática permite lograr una mayor eficiencia en la gestión del recurso hídrico en una cuenca determinada. Además, la determinación precisa de los caudales es relevante para el diseño sustentable de infraestructura hídrica (puentes, canalizaciones, etc.) debido en parte a que el sobredimensionamiento de las obras genera un impacto innecesario sobre el medio ambiente, además de que resulta antieconómico. Además, la subestimación de las obras a diseñar provoca fallos con resultados catastróficos con alto impacto sobre la sociedad y el medio ambiente, ya sea por la pérdida de vidas humanas como de bienes públicos y privados. En los últimos años se ha incrementado el instrumental disponible para la cuantificación experimental de caudales de agua superficial en cauces naturales con tecnología que permite caracterizar el flujo de agua con mayor resolución espacial y temporal. Específicamente, el empleo de la anemometría acústica basada en el efecto Doppler (que utiliza el principio físico del cambio de frecuencia ante el rebote acústico que produce una partícula transportada por el flujo) se ha tornado actualmente una práctica universal en hidráulica fluvial y está reemplazando a las metodologías convencionales como por ejemplo el uso de molinetes. El instrumento acústico utilizado comúnmente en el caso de mediciones en campo, es el ADCP (Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler). Por otra parte desde hace algunos años se están desarrollando metodologías experimentales que permiten medir el campo de velocidades del flujo en manera instantánea y con alta resolución espacial mediante el procesamiento digital de imágenes. Dentro de estos métodos se destaca el de velocimetría por seguimiento de partículas PTV (Particle Tracking Velocimetry) de reciente aplicación a nivel mundial en mediciones de campo. Sobre esta base, se considera un desafío tecnológico la implementación en nuestra provincia de estas modernas tecnologías, ya validadas en el ámbito de la Universidad Nacional de Córdoba para la obtención precisa de registros de caudales en cauces naturales. Mediante este proyecto de transferencia de los resultados de investigación y comunicación pública de la ciencia, el grupo de Investigación del CETA - FCEFyN -UNC realizará un "Programa de capacitación y actualización en modernas técnicas experimentales para medición de caudales de aguas superficiales en cauces naturales" que incluye los recientes avances observados en la temática. La Secretaría de Recursos Hídricos del Ministerio de Agua, Ambiente y Energía de la Provincia de Córdoba será beneficiada y se fortalecerá en una de sus principales funciones que es: "procurar el fortalecimiento de redes de mediciones o monitoreo sistemático a través de programas de cooperación técnica y presupuestaria con entidades provinciales y nacionales -públicas o privadas-, prestatarias de obras y servicios públicos y los usuarios del agua, manteniendo un sistema de información provincial sobre las variables meteorológicas y el recurso hídrico con el objeto de procesar su flujo en forma permanente".

Tectonic geomorphology assessment of the Ken River catchment near Panna, Madhya Pradesh, India

This thesis focuses on tectonic geomorphology and the response of the Ken River catchment to postulated tectonic forcing along a NE-striking monocline fold in the Panna region, Madhya Pradesh, India. Peninsular India is underlain by three northeast-trending paleotopographic ridges of Precambrian Indian basement, bounded by crustal-scale faults. Of particular interest is the Pokhara lineament, a crustal scale fault that defines the eastern edge of the Faizabad ridge, a paleotopographic high cored by the Archean Bundelkhand craton. The Pokhara lineament coincides with the monocline structure developed in the Proterozoic Vindhyan Supergroup rocks along the Bundelkhand cratonic margin. A peculiar, deeply incised meander-like feature, preserved along the Ken River where it flows through the monocline, may be intimately related to the tectonic regime of this system. This thesis examines 41 longitudinal stream profiles across the length of the monocline structure to identify any tectonic signals generated from recent surface uplift above the Pokhara lineament. It also investigates the evolution of the Ken River catchment in response to the generation of the monocline fold. Digital Elevation Models (DEM) from Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) were used to delineate a series of tributary watersheds and extract individual stream profiles which were imported into MATLAB for analysis. Regression limits were chosen to define distinct channel segments, and knickpoints were defined at breaks between channel segments where there was a discrete change in the steepness of the channel profile. The longitudinal channel profiles exhibit the characteristics of a fluvial system in transient state. There is a significant downstream increase in normalized steepness index in the channel profiles, as well as a general increase in concavity downstream, with some channels exhibiting convex, over-steepened segments. Normalized steepness indices and uppermost knickpoint elevations are on average much higher in streams along the southwest segment of the monocline compared to streams along the northeast segment. Most channel profiles have two to three knickpoints, predominantly exhibiting slope-break morphology. These data have important implications for recent surface uplift above the Pokhara lineament. Furthermore, geomorphic features preserved along the Ken River suggest that it is an antecedent river. The incised meander-like feature appears to be the abandoned river valley of a former Ken River course that was captured during the evolution of the landscape by what is the present day Ken River.

Potential Shifts in Canadian High Arctic Sedimentary Organic Matter Composition With Permafrost Active Layer Detachments

Increased temperature and precipitation in Arctic regions have led to deeper thawing and structural instability in permafrost soil. The resulting localized disturbances, referred to as active layer detachments (ALDs), may transport organic matter (OM) to more biogeochemically active zones. To examine this further, solid state cross polarization magic angle spinning 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (CPMAS NMR) and biomarker analysis were used to evaluate potential shifts in riverine sediment OM composition due to nearby ALDs within the Cape Bounty Arctic Watershed Observatory, Nunavut, Canada. In sedimentary OM near ALDs, NMR analysis revealed signals indicative of unaltered plant-derived material, likely derived from permafrost. Long chain acyclic aliphatic lipids, steroids, cutin, suberin and lignin occurred in the sediments, consistent with a dominance of plant-derived compounds, some of which may have originated from permafrost-derived OM released by ALDs. OM degradation proxies for sediments near ALDs revealed less alteration in acyclic aliphatic lipids, while constituents such as steroids, cutin, suberin and lignin were found at a relatively advanced stage of degradation. Phospholipid fatty acid analysis indicated that microbial activity was higher near ALDs than downstream but microbial substrate limitation was prevalent within disturbed regions. Our study suggests that, as these systems recover from disturbance, ALDs likely provide permafrost-derived OM to sedimentary environments. This source of OM, which is enriched in labile OM, may alter biogeochemical patterns and enhance microbial respiration within these ecosystems.

Caracterização geológica da bacia hidrográfica da albufeira de São domingos e avaliação da compatibilidade textural entre áreas-fonte e depósitos sedimentares

Tese de mestrado, Geologia do Ambiente, Riscos Geológicos e Ordenamento do TerritórioUniversidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Ciências, 2016

L'effet des enrochements sur l'utilisation de l'espace par les communautés de poissons dans les Basses-Terres du Saint-Laurent

Ce mémoire a été effectué dans le cadre d'une étude pour le Ministère des Transports.

L'effet des enrochements sur l'utilisation de l'espace par les communautés de poissons dans les Basses-Terres du Saint-Laurent.

Ce mémoire a été effectué dans le cadre d'une étude pour le Ministère des Transports.

Miocene palaeoclimate reconstructions from the North Alpine Foreland Basin in Germany

Early- and Middle-Miocene sediments of the North Alpine Foreland Basin (NAFB) in Southern Germany contain one of the world richest regional records of silicified wood. Here we analyze over 1,000 identifiable samples, belonging to 80 wood anatomical taxa from 61 stratigraphically well-dated localities using principally the Coexistence Approach. The samples investigated originate from fluvial sediments representing periods of intensified surface runoff in the NAFB and therefore represent and provide information pertaining to the wet end-member of the fluctuating climate system. The dry end of the climate system is represented in the profiles either by hiatuses or palaeosoils. The dataset is split into four xylofloras: (I) the Ortenburg xyloflora (Late Ottnangian; ~17.5 to 17.3 Ma) originating from a paratropical evergreen Carapoxylon (Xylocarpus) forest; (II) the Southern Franconian Alb xyloflora (Late Karpatian; 17.0 to ~16.3 Ma) originating from a subtropical semideciduous limestone forest; (III) the upper Older Series xyloflora (Early Badenian; ~16.3 to ~15.3 Ma) originating from a subtropical oak-laurel forest; and (IV) the upper Middle Series xyloflora (Middle Badenian; 14.3 to ~13.8 Ma) originating from a subtropical dry deciduous forest.

Magnetic charachterization of surface sediments in the South Atlantic

Surface sediment samples representative for the tropical and subtropical South Atlantic (15°N to 40°S) were investigated by isothermal magnetic methods to delineate magnetic mineral distribution patterns and to identify their predominant Holocene climatic and oceanographic controls. Individual parameters reveal distinct, yet frequently overlapping, regional sedimentation characteristics. A probabilistic ('fuzzy c-means') cluster analysis was applied to five concentration independent magnetic properties assessing magnetite to hematite ratios and diagnostic of bulk and fine-particle magnetite grain size and coercivity spectra. The resultant 10 cluster structures establish an oceanwide magnetic sediment classification scheme tracing the major terrigenous eolian and fluvial fluxes, authigenic biogenic magnetite accumulation in high-productivity areas, transport by ocean current systems, and effects of bottom water velocity on depositional regimes. Distinct dissimilarities in magnetic mineral inventories between the eastern and western basins of the South Atlantic reflect prominent contrasts of both oceanic and continental influences.

Organic geochemistry on surface sediments from the Laptev Sea

Sediment samples from the Laptev Sea, taken during the 1993 RV Polarstern expedition ARK IX/4 and the RV Ivan Kireyev expedition TRANSDRIFT I, were investigated for the amount and composition of their organic carbon fractions. Of major interest was the identification of different processes controlling organic carbon deposition (i.e. terrigenous supply vs. surface water productivity). Long-chain unsaturated alkenones derived from prymnesiophytes, and fatty acids derived from diatoms and dinoflagellates, were analysed by means of gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. First results on the distribution of these biomarkers in surface sediments indicate that the surface water productivity signal is well preserved in the sediment data. This is shown by the distribution of the 16:1(n-7) and 20:5(n-3) fatty acids indicative for diatoms, and the excellent correlation with the chlorophyll a concentrations in the surface water masses and the biogenic-opal content and increased hydrogen indices of the sediments. The high concentration of these unsaturated fatty acids in shallow water sediments shows the recent deposition of the organic material. In deep-sea sediments, on the other hand, the concentrations are low. This decreased content is typical for phytoplankton material which has been degraded by microorganisms or autoxidation. In general, the alkenone concentrations are very low, suggesting low production rates by prymnesiophytes. Only at one station from the lower continental margin influenced by the inflow of Atlantic water masses, were some higher amounts of alkenones determined. Long-chain n-alkanes as well as high C/N ratios and low hydrogen indices indicate the importance of (fluvial) supply of terrigenous organic matter.

Macerals in surface sediments of the Laptev Sea (Arctic Ocean)

Surface sediments from the Laptev Sea and adjacent continental slope were studied for their composition of particulate organic matter (OM) by means of maceral analysis. The composition of macerals in sediments gives information about the environment, terrigenous supply from the hinterland, and marine OM. With reference to their biological sources, we distinguish between terrigenous and marine macerals. We found that the particulate OM in the surface sediments of the Laptev Sea is predominantly of terrigenous origin (mean: 78%). However, distinct variations exist when looking in detail. In the shelf area, sediments may contain up to 99% terrigenous OM. Freshwater algae occur directly north of the river mouths, reflecting the strong fluvial influence. Relatively high amounts of marine OM (20-40%) are restricted to the upper continental slope, the Vilkitsky Strait and west of the New Siberian Islands, explained by increased surface-water productivity due to increased fluvial nutrient supply, open-water conditions, and phytoplankton blooms at the ice-edge.