Iris cysts in children:Classification, incidence, and management. The 1998 Torrence A Makley Jr Lecture

Background - Iris cysts in children are uncommon and there is relatively little information on their classification, incidence, and management. Methods - The records of all children under age 20 years who were diagnosed with iris cyst were reviewed and the types and incidence of iris cysts of childhood determined. Based on these observations recommendations were made regarding management of iris cysts in children. Results - Of 57 iris cysts in children, 53 were primary and four were secondary. There were 44 primary cysts of the iris pigment epithelium, 34 of which were of the peripheral or iridociliary type, accounting for 59% of all childhood iris cysts. It was most commonly diagnosed in the teenage years, more common in girls (68%), was not recognised in infancy, remained stationary or regressed, and required no treatment. The five mid-zonal pigment epithelial cysts were diagnosed at a mean age of 14 years, were more common in boys (83%), remained stationary, and required no treatment. The pupillary type of pigment epithelial cyst was generally recognised in infancy and, despite involvement of the pupillary aperture, also required no treatment. There were nine cases of primary iris stromal cysts, accounting for 16% of all childhood iris cysts. This cyst was usually diagnosed in infancy, was generally progressive, and required treatment in eight of the nine cases, usually by aspiration and cryotherapy or surgical resection. Among the secondary iris cysts, two were post-traumatic epithelial ingrowth cysts and two were tumour induced cysts, one arising from an intraocular lacrimal gland choristoma and one adjacent to a peripheral iris naevus. Conclusions - Most iris cysts of childhood are primary pigment epithelial cysts and require no treatment. However, the iris stromal cyst, usually recognised in infancy, is generally an aggressive lesion that requires treatment by aspiration or surgical excision.

An in situ spatially resolved method to probe gas phase reactions through a fixed bed catalyst

A new method to spatially probe heterogeneous catalysed reactions within a packed bed of catalyst has been developed. The spatial resolution is achieved using a stationary perforated capillary coupled to a mass spectrometer while the catalyst bed is moved. The oxidation of CO promoted by H-2 over a Pd catalyst has been used to demonstrate the technique.

An in situ spatially resolved analytical technique to simultaneously probe gas phase reactions and temperature within the packed bed of a plug flow reactor

This paper reports the detailed description and validation of a fully automated, computer controlled analytical method to spatially probe the gas composition and thermal characteristics in packed bed systems. As an exemplar, we have examined a heterogeneously catalysed gas phase reaction within the bed of a powdered oxide supported metal catalyst. The design of the gas sampling and the temperature recording systems are disclosed. A stationary capillary with holes drilled in its wall and a moveable reactor coupled with a mass spectrometer are used to enable sampling and analysis. This method has been designed to limit the invasiveness of the probe on the reactor by using the smallest combination of thermocouple and capillary which can be employed practically. An 80 mu m (O.D.) thermocouple has been inserted in a 250 mu m (O.D.) capillary. The thermocouple is aligned with the sampling holes to enable both the gas composition and temperature profiles to be simultaneously measured at equivalent spatially resolved positions. This analysis technique has been validated by studying CO oxidation over a 1% Pt/Al2O3 catalyst and the spatial resolution profiles of chemical species concentrations and temperature as a function of the axial position within the catalyst bed are reported.

STEADY-STATE SOLUTIONS IN NONLINEAR DIFFUSIVE SHOCK ACCELERATION

Stationary solutions to the equations of nonlinear diffusive shock acceleration play a fundamental role in the theory of cosmic-ray acceleration. Their existence usually requires that a fraction of the accelerated particles be allowed to escape from the system. Because the scattering mean free path is thought to be an increasing function of energy, this condition is conventionally implemented as an upper cutoff in energy space-particles are then permitted to escape from any part of the system, once their energy exceeds this limit. However, because accelerated particles are responsible for the substantial amplification of the ambient magnetic field in a region upstream of the shock front, we examine an alternative approach in which particles escape over a spatial boundary. We use a simple iterative scheme that constructs stationary numerical solutions to the coupled kinetic and hydrodynamic equations. For parameters appropriate for supernova remnants, we find stationary solutions with efficient acceleration when the escape boundary is placed at the point where growth and advection of strongly driven nonresonant waves are in balance. We also present the energy dependence of the distribution function close to the energy where it cuts off-a diagnostic that is in principle accessible to observation.

Investigation of the M2/G2/1/ ∞, N Queue with Restricted Admission of Priority Customers and its Application to HSDPA Mobile Systems

This paper investigates a queuing system for QoS optimization of multimedia traffic consisting of aggregated streams with diverse QoS requirements transmitted to a mobile terminal over a common downlink shared channel. The queuing system, proposed for buffer management of aggregated single-user traffic in the base station of High-Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA), allows for optimum loss/delay/jitter performance for end-user multimedia traffic with delay-tolerant non-real-time streams and partially loss tolerant real-time streams. In the queuing system, the real-time stream has non-preemptive priority in service but the number of the packets in the system is restricted by a constant. The non-real-time stream has no service priority but is allowed unlimited access to the system. Both types of packets arrive in the stationary Poisson flow. Service times follow general distribution depending on the packet type. Stability condition for the model is derived. Queue length distribution for both types of customers is calculated at arbitrary epochs and service completion epochs. Loss probability for priority packets is computed. Waiting time distribution in terms of Laplace-Stieltjes transform is obtained for both types of packets. Mean waiting time and jitter are computed. Numerical examples presented demonstrate the effectiveness of the queuing system for QoS optimization of buffered end-user multimedia traffic with aggregated real-time and non-real-time streams.

Standing wave oscillations in an electrocatalytic reaction

Experimental standing wave oscillations of the interfacial potential across an electrode have been observed in the electrocatalytic oxidation of formic acid on a Pt ring working electrode. The instantaneous potential distribution was monitored by means of equispaced potential microprobes along the electrode. The oscillatory standing waves spontaneously arose from a homogeneous stationary state prior to a Hopf bifurcation if the reference electrode was placed close to the working electrode. Reduced electrolyte concentrations resulted in aperiodic potential patterns, while the presence of a sufficiently large ohmic resistance completely suppressed spatial inhomogeneities. The experimental findings confirm numerical predictions of a reaction-migration formalism: under the chosen geometry, a long-range negative potential coupling between distant points across the ring electrode can lead to oscillatory potential domains of distinct phase. It is further shown that the occurrence of oscillatory standing waves can be rationalized as the electrochemical equivalent of Turing's second bifurcation (wave bifurcation). In the presence of an external resistance, the coupling becomes positive throughout and leads to spatial synchronization.

Electromagnetic rogue waves in beam-plasma interactions

The occurrence of rogue waves (freak waves) associated with electromagnetic pulse propagation interacting with a plasma is investigated, from first principles. A multiscale technique is employed to solve the fluid Maxwell equations describing weakly nonlinear circularly polarized electromagnetic pulses in magnetized plasmas. A nonlinear Schrödinger (NLS) type equation is shown to govern the amplitude of the vector potential. A set of non-stationary envelope solutions of the NLS equation are considered as potential candidates for the modeling of rogue waves (freak waves) in beam-plasma interactions, namely in the form of the Peregrine soliton, the Akhmediev breather and the Kuznetsov-Ma breather. The variation of the structural properties of the latter structures with relevant plasma parameters is investigated, in particular focusing on the ratio between the (magnetic field dependent) cyclotron (gyro-)frequency and the plasma frequency. © 2013 IOP Publishing Ltd.

Dust-ion-acoustic supersolitons in dusty plasmas with nonthermal electrons

Supersolitons are a recent addition to the literature on large-amplitude solitary waves in multispecies plasmas. They are distinguished from the usual solitons by their associated electric field profiles which are inherently distinct from traditional bipolar structures. In this paper, dust-ion-acoustic modes in a dusty plasma with stationary negative dust, cold fluid protons, and nonthermal electrons are investigated through a Sagdeev pseudopotential approach to see where supersolitons fit between ranges of ordinary solitons and double layers, as supersolitons always have finite amplitudes. They therefore cannot be described by reductive perturbation treatments, which rely on a weak amplitude assumption. A systematic methodology and discussion is given to distinguish the existence domains in solitary wave speed and amplitude for the different solitons, supersolitons and double layers, in terms of compositional parameters for the plasma model under consideration. © 2013 American Physical Society.

Transferring entanglement to the steady state of flying qubits

The transfer of entanglement from optical fields to qubits provides a viable approach to entangling remote qubits in a quantum network. In cavity quantum electrodynamics, the scheme relies on the interaction between a photonic resource and two stationary intracavity atomic qubits. However, it might be hard in practice to trap two atoms simultaneously and synchronize their coupling to the cavities. To address this point, we propose and study entanglement transfer from cavities driven by an entangled external field to controlled flying qubits. We consider two exemplary non-Gaussian driving fields: NOON and entangled coherent states. We show that in the limit of long coherence time of the cavity fields, when the dynamics is approximately unitary, entanglement is transferred from the driving field to two atomic qubits that cross the cavities. On the other hand, a dissipation-dominated dynamics leads to very weakly quantum-correlated atomic systems, as witnessed by vanishing quantum discord.

Context-Aware Body Area Networks (CABAN) for interactive smart environments:Interference characterization

Body Area Networks are unique in that the large-scale mobility of users allows the network itself to travel across a diverse range of operating domains or even to enter new and unknown environments. This network mobility is unlike node mobility in that sensed changes in inter-network interference level may be used to identify opportunities for intelligent inter-networking, for example, by merging or splitting from other networks, thus providing an extra degree of freedom. This paper introduces the concept of context-aware bodynets for interactive environments using inter-network interference sensing. New ideas are explored at both the physical and link layers with an investigation based on a 'smart' office environment. A series of carefully controlled measurements of the mesh interconnectivity both within and between an ambulatory body area network and a stationary desk-based network were performed using 2.45 GHz nodes. Received signal strength and carrier to interference ratio time series for selected node to node links are presented. The results provide an insight into the potential interference between the mobile and static networks and highlight the possibility for automatic identification of network merging and splitting opportunities. © 2010 ACM.

Received signal characteristics of outdoor body-to-body communications channels at 2.45 GHz

In this paper we conduct a number of experiments to assess the impact of typical human body movements on the signal characteristics of outdoor body-to-body communications channels using flexible patch antennas. A modified log-distance path loss model which accounts for body shadowing and signal fading due to small movements is used to model the measured data. For line of sight channels, in which both ends of the body-to-body link are stationary, the path loss exponent is close to that for free space, although the received signal is noticeably affected by involuntary or physiological-related movements of both persons. When one person moves to obstruct the direct signal path between nodes, attenuation by the person's body can be as great as 40 dB, with even greater variation observed due to fading. The effects of movements such as rotation, tilt, walking in line of sight and non-line of sight on body-to-body communications channels are also investigated in this study. © 2011 IEEE.

Ambient Temperature Hydrocarbon Selective Catalytic Reduction of NOx Using Atmospheric Pressure Nonthermal Plasma Activation of a Ag/Al2O3 Catalyst

Atmospheric pressure nonthermal-plasma-activated catalysis for the removal of NOx using hydrocarbon selective catalytic reduction has been studied utilizing toluene and n-octane as the hydrocarbon reductant. When the plasma was combined with a Ag/Al2O3 catalyst, a strong enhancement in activity was observed when compared with conventional thermal activation with high conversions of both. NOx and hydrocarbons obtained at temperature at temperature ≤250 °C, where the silver catalyst is normally inactive. Importantly, even in the absence of an external heat source, significant activity was obtained. This low temperature activity provides the basis for applying nonthermal plasmas to activate emission control catalysts during cold start conditions, which remains an important issue for mobile and stationary applications.

Review of constitutive models for describing the time dependent behaviour of soft clays

Different classes of constitutive models have been proposed to capture the time-dependent behaviour of soft soil (creep, stress relaxation, rate dependency). This paper critically reviews many of the models developed based on understanding of the time dependent stress-strain-stress rate-strain rate behaviour of soils and viscoplasticity in terms of their strengths and weaknesses. Some discussion is also made on the numerical implementation aspects of these models. Typical findings from numerical analyses of geotechnical structures constructed on soft soils are also discussed. The general elastic viscoplastic (EVP) models can roughly be divided into two categories: models based on the concept of overstress and models based on non-stationary flow surface theory. Although general in structure, both categories have their own strengths and shortcomings. This review indicates that EVP analysis is yet to be vastly used by the geotechnical engineers, apparently due to the mathematical complication involved in the formulation of the constitutive models, unconvincing benefit in terms of the accuracy of performance prediction, requirement of additional soil parameter(s), difficulties in determining them, and the necessity of excessive computing resources and time. © 2013 Taylor & Francis.