Exploring Liquid Sequential Injection Chromatography To Teach Fundamentals of Separation Methods: A Very Fast Analytical Chemistry Experiment

Fundacao de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Sao Paulo (FAPESP)

Automated two-dimensional separation flow system with electrochemical preconcentration, stripping, capillary electrophoresis and contactless conductivity detection for trace metal ion analysis

This paper describes the automation of a fully electrochemical system for preconcentration, cleanup, separation and detection, comprising the hyphenation of a thin layer electrochemical flow cell with CE coupled with contactless conductivity detection (CE-C(4)D). Traces of heavy metal ions were extracted from the pulsed-flowing sample and accumulated on a glassy carbon working electrode by electroreduction for some minutes. Anodic stripping of the accumulated metals was synchronized with hydrodynamic injection into the capillary. The effect of the angle of the slant polished tip of the CE capillary and its orientation against the working electrode in the electrochemical preconcentration (EPC) flow cell and of the accumulation time were studied, aiming at maximum CE-C(4)D signal enhancement. After 6 min of EPC, enhancement factors close to 50 times were obtained for thallium, lead, cadmium and copper ions, and about 16 for zinc ions. Limits of detection below 25 nmol/L were estimated for all target analytes but zinc. A second separation dimension was added to the CE separation capabilities by staircase scanning of the potentiostatic deposition and/or stripping potentials of metal ions, as implemented with the EPC-CE-C(4)D flow system. A matrix exchange between the deposition and stripping steps, highly valuable for sample cleanup, can be straightforwardly programmed with the multi-pumping flow management system. The automated simultaneous determination of the traces of five accumulable heavy metals together with four non-accumulated alkaline and alkaline earth metals in a single run was demonstrated, to highlight the potentiality of the system.

Fast separation of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors antidepressants in plasma sample by nonaqueous capillary electrophoresis

A simple, fast, and sensitive liquid-liquid extraction method followed by nonaqueous capillary electrophoresis (LLE/NACE) was developed and validated for Simultaneous determination of four antidepressants (fluoxetine, sertraline, citalopram and paroxetine) in human plasma. Several experimental separation conditions using aqueous and nonaqueous media separation were tested by varying the electrolyte pH value (for aqueous medium) and the ionic strength concentration considering the similar mobility of the compounds. High-resolution separation was achieved with a mixture of 1.25 mol L(-1) of phosphoric acid in acetonitrile. The quantification limits of the LLE/CE method varied between 15 and 30 ng mL(-1), with a relative standard deviation (RSD) lower than 10.3%. The method was successfully applied in therapeutic drug monitoring and should be employed in the evaluation of plasma levels in urgent toxicological analysis. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

TLC Separation and Identification of the Essential Oil Constituents from Aloysia gratissima

The present work had as objective the isolation of the five compounds by thin-layer Chromatography (TLC) from the essential oil of the Aloysia gratissima. For this, a number of systems of eluents were used for its separation, indicating that through the system acetone/hexane in proportions (v/v) 1:30 it was possible to isolate guaiol, elemol, pinocanphone (trans-3-pinanone), cis-pinocarvyl, and acorenone. The isolation of the compound acorenone from the other compounds was possible with the mixture of solvents hexane/dichloromethane in proportions (v/v) (1:1,3).

A Contour-based Separation of VerticallyAttached Traffic Signs

This report presents an algorithm for locating the cut points for and separatingvertically attached traffic signs in Sweden. This algorithm provides severaladvanced digital image processing features: binary image which representsvisual object and its complex rectangle background with number one and zerorespectively, improved cross correlation which shows the similarity of 2Dobjects and filters traffic sign candidates, simplified shape decompositionwhich smoothes contour of visual object iteratively in order to reduce whitenoises, flipping point detection which locates black noises candidates, chasmfilling algorithm which eliminates black noises, determines the final cut pointsand separates originally attached traffic signs into individual ones. At each step,the mediate results as well as the efficiency in practice would be presented toshow the advantages and disadvantages of the developed algorithm. Thisreport concentrates on contour-based recognition of Swedish traffic signs. Thegeneral shapes cover upward triangle, downward triangle, circle, rectangle andoctagon. At last, a demonstration program would be presented to show howthe algorithm works in real-time environment.

Barn och ungdomars upplevelser av separation sett ur ett omvårdnadsperspektiv. : Systematisk litteraturstudie.

Syftet med denna studie var att belysa barn och ungdomars erfarenheter, upplevelser och eventuella risk-och skyddsfaktorer i samband med föräldrarnas separation. Undersöka betydelsen av goda familjerelationer och vilka möjliga stödåtgärder sjuksköterskor kan använda för att hjälpa barn och ungdomar som inte mår bra av en separation.Metoden var utformad som en retrospektiv systematisk litteraturstudie och sökningar gjordes i databaser, framförallt via Högskolan Dalarna bibliotek. I resultatet framkommer hur barn upplever separationer, både positiva och negativa aspekter. Bra relationer både inom och utom familjen är viktiga för barnen vilket framkommer genomgående i arbetet. Umgängesföräldern har en viktig roll för barnen. Själva boendet spelar oftast inte så stor roll så länge barnen har bra relation till, regelbundet umgänge med, båda föräldrarna. Många riskfaktorer för barnen är ändå kopplade till separationer och barnen kan må psykiskt dåligt ända upp i vuxen ålder. Sjuksköterskan i barn- och skolhälsovården kan använda sig av olika verktyg för att hjälpa barn och föräldrar efter en separation. Familjefokuserad omvårdnad är en omvårdnadsmodell som lämpar sig väl för familjer i svåra och konfliktfyllda situationer.

Nyblivan föräldrars upplevelser av separation från sitt nyfödda barn efter förlossningen : en systematisk litteraturstudie

I olika sammanhang och i olika omfattning separeras mor och barn idag inom den perinatala vården. Då barnet behöver vård på neonatalavdelning leder det ofta till upprepad och långvarig separation mellan föräldrarna och barnet. Syftet med denna litteraturstudie är att beskriva föräldrars upplevelse av separation från sitt nyfödda barn efter förlossningen. Metod- studien är en systematisk litteraturstudie där 15 vetenskapliga artiklar ingår. Resultat- situationer som leder till separation mellan mamma och barn kan utgöra ett unikt tillfälle för pappan till nära kontakt och tidig anknytning mellan honom och barnet. Behovet att vara nära sitt barn är starkt och finns hos båda föräldrarna och separation leder till många negativa känslor och ökad stress hos föräldrarna samt utgör ett hinder för den tidiga anknytningen till barnet. Skillnader i behovet att vara nära barnet i den tidiga nyföddhetsperioden kan ses mellan mammor och pappor och mellan föräldrar till prematura barn och fullgångna. Nära hudkontakt och samvård mellan föräldrar och barn har visat sig ha många positiva effekter. Slutsatser- separation mellan föräldrar och barn har många negativa konsekvenser, såväl fysiska, psykiska som sociala. Kontinuerlig närhet efter förlossningen mellan mamman och det nyfödda barnet är viktigt och närhet mellan pappan och det nyfödda barnet är att föredra vid de tillfällen mor och barn måste separeras. Neonatal samvård skapar förutsättningar för en god anknytning mellan föräldrar och barn och ger möjlighet att påbörja föräldraskapet under optimala förutsättningar.

Separation and Execution of graphical engine on a cross platform IDE to enhance performance

“Biosim” is a simulation software which works to simulate the harvesting system.This system is able to design a model for any logistic problem with the combination of several objects so that the artificial system can show the performance of an individual model. The system will also describe the efficiency, possibility to be chosen for real life application of that particular model. So, when any one wish to setup a logistic model like- harvesting system, in real life he/she may be noticed about the suitable prostitution for his plants and factories as well as he/she may get information about the least number of objects, total time to complete the task, total investment required for his model, total amount of noise produced for his establishment in advance. It will produce an advance over view for his model. But “Biosim” is quite slow .As it is an object based system, it takes long time to make its decision. Here the main task is to modify the system so that it can work faster than the previous. So, the main objective of this thesis is to reduce the load of “Biosim” by making some modification of the original system as well as to increase its efficiency. So that the whole system will be faster than the previous one and performs more efficiently when it will be applied in real life. Theconcept is to separate the execution part of ”Biosim” form its graphical engine and run this separated portion in a third generation language platform. C++ is chosenhere as this external platform. After completing the proposed system, results with different models have been observed. The results show that, for any type of plants of fields, for any number of trucks, the proposed system is faster than the original system. The proposed system takes at least 15% less time “Biosim”. The efficiency increase with the complexity of than the original the model. More complex the model, more efficient the proposed system is than original “Biosim”.Depending on the complexity of a model, the proposed system can be 56.53 % faster than the original “Biosim”.

Simulation of Photovoltaic Panel Production as Complement to Ground Source Heat Pump System

This master thesis presents a new technological combination of two environmentally friendly sources of energy in order to provide DHW, and space heating. Solar energy is used for space heating, and DHW production using PV modules which supply direct current directly to electrical heating elements inside a water storage tank. On the other hand a GSHP system as another source of renewable energy provides heat in the water storage tank of the system in order to provide DHW and space heating. These two sources of renewable energy have been combined in this case-study in order to obtain a more efficient system, which will reduce the amount of electricity consumed by the GSHP system.The key aim of this study is to make simulations, and calculations of the amount ofelectrical energy that can be expected to be produced by a certain amount of PV modules that are already assembled on a house in Vantaa, southern Finland. This energy is then intended to be used as a complement to produce hot water in the heating system of the house beside the original GSHP system. Thus the amount of electrical energy purchased from the grid should be reduced and the compressor in the GSHP would need fewer starts which would reduce the heating cost of the GSHP system for space heating and providing hot water.The produced energy by the PV arrays in three different circuits will be charged directly to three electrical heating elements in the water storage tank of the existing system to satisfy the demand of the heating elements. The excess energy can be used to heat the water in the water storage tank to some extent which leads to a reduction of electricity consumption by the different components of the GSHP system.To increase the efficiency of the existing hybrid system, optimization of different PV configurations have been accomplished, and the results are compared. Optimization of the arrays in southern and western walls shows a DC power increase of 298 kWh/year compared with the existing PV configurations. Comparing the results from the optimization of the arrays on the western roof if the intention is to feed AC power to the components of the GSHP system shows a yearly AC power production of 1,646 kWh.This is with the consideration of no overproduction by the PV modules during the summer months. This means the optimized PV systems will be able to cover a larger part of summer demand compared with the existing system.