Experimental Studies of the Material Properties of the Forewing of Cicada (Homoptera, Cicadidae)

Detailed investigations on the structural and mechanical properties of the forewing of the cicada were carried out. Measurement of the structures of the wings showed that the thickness of the membrane of each cell and the diameter of each vein were non-uniform in both the longitudinal and transverse directions, and their means were approximately 12.2 and 133.3 mum, respectively. However, the aspect ratios of the wings and the bodies were quite uniform and were approximately equal to 2.98 and 2.13, respectively. Based on the measured thickness, mass and area of the membranes of the cells, the mean density and the mean area density of the wing were approximately 2.3 g cm(-3) and 2.8 x 10(-3) g cm(-2), respectively. In addition, the diameters of the veins of the wings, including the diameters of the holes in the vein of the leading edge, were examined. The mechanical properties of the wing were investigated separately by nanoindentation and tensile testing. The results indicated that the mean Young's modulus, hardness and yield stress of the membranes of the wings were approximately 3.7 Gpa, 0.2 Gpa and 29 Mpa, respectively, and the mean Young's modulus and strength of the veins along the direction of the venation of wings were approximately 1.9 Gpa and 52 Mpa, respectively. Finally, the relevant results were briefly analyzed and discussed, providing a guideline to the biomimetic design of the aerofoil materials of micro air vehicles.

Experimental Study on the Generation and Characteristics of Plasma Jets

报道热等离子体射流产生及射流特性的实验研究结果。。采用同一个直流等离子体发生器，工作气体流量小时产生出层流等离子体长射流，射流长度随气体流量或弧电流的增加而明显增加；工作气体流量大时则产生出湍流等离子体短射流，此时射流长度几乎与工作气体流量或弧电流无关；在层流与湍流等离子体射流工况之间，存在一个流动状况不稳定的过渡区，此时等离子体射流的平均长度随气流量的加大而减小，但随弧电流的加大而明显加大。层流等离子体长射流有相当好的刚性。

Experimental Validation of Improving Aircraft Rolling Power Using Piezoelectric Actuators

Piezoelectric actuators are mounted on both sides of a rectangular wing model. Possibility of the improvement of aircraft rolling power is investigated. All experiment projects, including designing the wind tunnel model, checking the material constants, measuring the natural frequencies and checking the effects of actuators, guarantee the correctness and precision of the finite element model. The wind tunnel experiment results show that the calculations coincide with the experiments. The feasibility of fictitious control surface is validated.

Experimental Study on Flow and Sediment Movement in Cavity Circulations

This paper reports a flume experiment of flow and sediment movement in a cavity. The flow velocity, sediment concentration and the mechanism of hydraulic sorting in the circulation flow are discussed. The quantity and patterns of sediment deposition in the circulation area are studied as well.

Experimental Study on Thermocapillary Convection

In the present paper, the experimental studies on thermocapillary convection are reviewed. The author's interest is mainly focused on the onset of oscillatory thermocapillary convection, the features of oscillatory flow pattern, and the critical Marangoni number related with temperature and free surface oscillation. The coordinated measurement in a microgravity environment of a drop shaft is also addressed.

Experimental study on pore pressure in rock-soil slope during reservoir water level fluctuation

A test system was developed for measuring the pore pressure in porous media, and a new model was devised for the pore pressure testing in both saturated and unsaturated rock-soil. Laboratory experiments were carried out to determine the pore pressure during water level fluctuation. The variations of transient pore pressure vs. time at different locations of the simulated rock-soil system were acquired and processed, and meanwhile the deformation and failure of the model are observed. The experiment results show that whether the porous media are saturated or not, the transient pore pressure is mainly dependent on the water level fluctuation, and coupled with the variation of the stress field.

Experimental investigation on the chaotic phenomena in the wake of a natural thermal convection flow

Chaotic phenomena in the wake of thermal convection flow fields above a heating flat plate were investigated experimentally. A newly developed electron beam fluorescence technique (EBF) was used to simultaneously measure density fluctuation at 7 points in a cross section above the plate. Correlation dimensions, intermittence coefficients, Fourier spectrum have been obtained for different Grashof numbers. Spatial distribution of correlation dimensions are presented. The experimental result shows that there is a certain relationship between the density fluctuation and the Gr number. And time-spacial characteristic of chaos evolution is also given.

Evaluación del establecimiento de tres especies forestales en la unidad experimental finca El Plantel, Nindirí, Masaya

El estudio se realizó en la Finca El Plantel, propiedad de la Universidad Nacional Agraria, para evaluar el establecimiento de Hymenaea courbaril, Tabebuia ochracea y Caesalpinia violacea con el propósito de conocer su comportamiento en sobrevivencia, diámetro y altura. La plantación se estableció en parcelas con dimensiones de 15 x 15m , teniendo un distanciamiento de 3 x 3m entre cada planta. Considerando el efecto de borde la cantidad de plantas evaluadas por especie es de cuarenta y ocho, para un total de 144 individuos. Efectuándose dos mediciones con respecto a variable sobrevivencia, diámetro y altura; donde la primera se realizó en octubre 2009 y la segunda en octubre de 2010. Al final del periodo de la evaluación se realizó un monitoreo de los daños observados en la plantación (octubre del 2010). La plantación obtuvo una sobrevivencia global de 63%, siendo C. violacea la especie que obtuvo mayor porcentaje 69%, H. courbaril con 63% y Tabebuia ochracea (57.6%) la que obtuvo el menor porcentaje. Caesalpinia violacea obtuvo un notorio incremento en altura con 123.3 cm superando a T. ochracea (37 cm) y H. courbaril (15.1 cm). En cuanto al incremento en diámetro Hymenaea courbaril (4.43 mm) obtuvo casi el doble del incremento que las otras dos especies, C. violacea (2.29 mm) y T.ochracea (1.79 mm). Haciendo una valoración general de los principales daños registrados en la plantación corresponden a la categoría defoliación 64.9%. Las especies T. ochracea y C. violacea reportaron mayor del 80% de las plantas afectadas por defoliación, causada por zompopos del género Attacephalotus, sin embargo; Hymenaea courbaril se encontraba sin ningún tipo de daños.

Experimental Study on the Transition Process to the Oscillatory Thermocapillary Convections in a Floating Half Zone

The transition process of the thermocapillary convection from a steady and axisymmetric mode to the oscillatory mode in a liquid bridge with a fixed aspect ratio and varied volume ratio was studied experimentally. To ensure the surface tension to play an important role in the ground-based experiment, the geometrical configuration of the liquid bridge was so designed that the associated dynamic Bond number Bd ≈ 1. The velocity fields were measured by Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) technique to effectively distinguish the different flow modes during the transition period in the experiments. Our experiments showed that as the temperature difference increased the slender and fat bridges presented quite different features on the evolution in their flow feature: for the former the thermocapillary convection transformed from a steady and axisymmetric pattern directly into an oscillatory one; but for the latter a transition flow status, characterized by an axial asymmetric steady convection, appeared before reaching the oscillatory mode. Experimental observations agree with the results of numerical simulations and it is obvious that the volume of liquid bridge is a sensitive geometric parameter. In addition, at the initial stage of the oscillation, for the former a rotating oscillatory convection with azimuthal wave number m = 1 was observed while for the latter a pulsating oscillatory pattern with azimuthal wave number m = 2 emerged, and then with further increase of the temperature difference, the pulsating oscillatory convection with azimuthal wave number m = 2 evolved into a rotating oscillatory pattern with azimuthal wave number m = 2.

Predictions for Partial-Dislocation-Mediated Processes in Nanocrystalline Ni by Generalized Planar Fault Energy Curves: An Experimental Evaluation

Generalized planar fault energy (GPFE) curves have been used to predict partial-dislocation-mediated processes in nanocrystalline materials, but their validity has not been evaluated experimentally. We report experimental observations of a large quantity of both stacking faults and twins in nc Ni deformed at relatively low stresses in a tensile test. The experimental findings indicate that the GPFE curves can reasonably explain the formation of stacking faults, but they alone were not able to adequately predict the propensity of deformation twinning.

Estudio retrospectivo de mortalidad (1994-1998) y manejo sanitario en períodos de desarrollo y engorde (marzo-septiembre, 1999) de conejos comerciales en la Granja Experimental de FACA-UNA

El presente estudio se realizó en la granja cunícula de la Facultad de Ciencia Animal de la Universidad Nacional Agraria, ubicada en el Km. 12 1/2 de la carretera Norte, Managua, Nicaragua. El cual abarca una fase retrospectiva y una prospectiva, realizándose con ayuda de los registros productivos y reproductivos de cada animal. El objetivo del estudio fue establecer retrospectivamente las tasas de mortalidad del período de enero de 1994 a diciembre de 1998, e implementar un plan sanitario en forma prospectiva con el fin de disminuir la mortalidad encontrada en los años anteriores. Las fases del estudio realizado se enfocaron en el análisis de la mortalidad de los animales, teniendo como variables las diferentes categorías, raza, destino, mes y año. En la fase retrospectiva, la mortalidad de las hembras por raza dio como resultado, un porcentaje de muertos mayor en la raza Neozelandés Blanca con 27 hembras muertas representando el 48.2 % de la mortalidad entre 8 diferentes razas, presentándose las muertes en su mayoría en los meses de época seca, así como también 403 gazapos muertos lo que representa un porcentaje de 58 %. En la fase prospectiva, el total de conejos estudiados fue de 112, de los cuales se obtuvo un total de 4 hembras muertas para un porcentaje de 14.28% en lo que respecta a su categoría. El porcentaje de mortalidad de los gazapos al nacimiento fue de 25.8% dándose el número mayor de muertos en la época seca. En la categoría de engorde fue un total de 11 conejos muertos lo que representa el 13.9% de mortalidad en esa categoría. Los resultados demuestran que la implementación de un plan sanitario es indispensable para una alta producción de conejos, ya que sin este el índice de mortalidad e incidencia de enfermedades se aumentan, igualmente el factor económico haciendo gastos innecesarios en medicamentos para curar las enfermedades.