水合物藏降压开采实验及数值模拟

建立了降压法开采水合物藏数学模型, 考虑了气-水-水合物-冰相多相渗流、水合物相变及分解动力学过程、冰-水相变、热传导、对流过程、渗透率变化等对于水合物分解的影响. 三维水合物藏模拟表明:在开采前期阶段, 可采用降压法, 但随着储层能量消耗, 产气速度下降很快, 需转变开采方式. 分析了一些主要参数, 如孔隙度、渗透率、饱和度、压力等对水合物开采的影响.

大熊猫“盛林1号”放归监测

大熊猫(Ailuropoda melanoleuca)是我国特有的珍稀濒危物种，国家Ⅰ级重点保护野生动物，被称为“国宝”。目前，大熊猫被局限在我国中西部的岷山、邛崃、大相岭、小相岭、凉山和秦岭6大山系中。对大熊猫的保护和研究，我国政府、保护生物学科研人员、社会各界及国际保护组织都做了大量的工作。根据全国三次大熊猫调查结果显示，大熊猫栖息地片段化现象依然存在，形成多个隔离的大熊猫小种群。尤其在小相岭、大相岭、岷山B和岷山C种群，大熊猫数量较少，且栖息地破碎，面临较大威胁。有的山系大熊猫种群数量些已低于最小可存活大熊猫种群的数量，如果不采取人工措施，这些种群的大熊猫存在灭绝的危险。 将圈养大熊猫放归野外，以补充野外大熊猫种群数量，增加其遗传多样性，复壮和扩大野生大熊猫种群，是大熊猫人工繁育的最终目标。为降低放归的风险性，在放归人工繁育大熊猫前，将救护存活的野生大熊猫先有计划放归野外，并对其进行跟踪监测，对积累大熊猫放归经验，进一步研究大熊猫野外生物学习性，丰富放归地大熊猫种群遗传多样性，为人工繁育大熊猫放归野外夯实基础，具有十分重要的意义。2005年8月8日，国家林业局和四川省人民政府联合将救护野生大熊猫“盛林1号”放归于龙溪－虹口国家级自然保护区内岷山B大熊猫种群栖息地，并进行系统监测研究。成功的积累了一些放归经验和放归大熊猫的生物学资料，为人工繁育大熊猫的放归奠定了一定基础。 2005年8月至2007年6月期间，我们采用GPS无线电项圈、粪便DNA检测和红外线自动触发相机陷阱的方法，对大熊猫“盛林１号”进行了追踪监测，获得了以下成果： 1.通过分析“盛林1号”放归后了活动趋势和采用两种贝叶斯方法，利用目前五大山系的已有微卫星遗传数据，检测“盛林１号”与五大山系的遗传关系的远近，推测其来源于邛崃山系的可能性较大。 2.收集了大量“盛林1号”野外生境选择数据。我们认为“盛林1号”放归后经历了应急期、初步稳定期、长途迁徙期三个阶段（这可能是今后放归大熊猫都必经的三个时期），并与当地大熊猫种群已发生交流。目前“盛林１号”仍在寻找适合的巢域。 3.结合过去监测数据分析，在放归区域大熊猫和羚牛尽管同域分布，但由于食性不同，对微生境选择还是有着很大差异，因此保护管理对策要有针对性。 4.“盛林1号”的放归是成功的。救护大熊猫异地放归工作应继续开展，但要改进放归后的监测技术。要改进现有对人工饲养大熊猫野化培训方法和放归方式，才能真正将人工繁殖个体放归野外。 Giant Panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) is an endangered species endemic to China. It was listed as National Protected I Class Species and is crowned as “National treasure” of China. The populations of Giant Panda are limited in 6 mountain system in Center-West of China, i.e. Mingshan, Mt. Qionglai, Mt. Daxiangling，Mt. Xiaoxiangling, Mt. Liangshan and Mt. Qinling. The results of the Third National Survey on Giant Panda showed that the habitats of Giant Panda is still fracted and Giant Panda population is divided into several isolated small populations. Population B from Mt. Daxiangling, Mt. Xiaoxiangling and Mt. Mingshan and Population C from Mt. Mingshan are very small with very fracted habitat and are more endangered. Several populations in those mountain systems are smaller than Minimum Viable Population of Giant Panda. It is very possible that those populations will be extinct without artificial help. The ultimate Goal of Reintroduction caged Giant Panda to wild is to increase wild population size and genetics diversity and rebuild and expand wild Giant Panda population. It is of significant to return rescued wild Giant Panda to wild and monitor their behavior before reintroduction artificial reproduced Giant Panda. It will increase our knowledge on reintroduction of Giant Panda. Aug 8th, 2005, “Shenglin 1”, a rescued wild Giant Panda was returned to Longxi-Hongkou National Nature Reservoir, which is habitat of Giant Panda Population B of Mt. Mingshan. A systematic monitor was carried out on “Shenglin 1”, and the successful return enriched our biological knowledge on Giant Panda reintroduction. It will be very help for future conservation work on reintroduce artificial reproduced Giant Panda. “Shenglin 1” was tracked with GPS collar, DNA in feces and infrared-trigged camera from Aug 2005 to Jun 2007. 1. Locomotion behavior and microsatellites comparison with Giant Panda from the 5 mountain systems indicated that “Shenglin 1” is possibly from Mt. Qionglai. 2. Habitat usage of “Shenglin 1” was studied. It was suggested that there were 3 phases after return, i.e. emergency response, preliminary stable phase and long distance locomotion, which could be a general process for other returned Giant Panda. It was indicated that there was some interaction between “Shenglin 1” and local population. “Shenglin 1” is seeking for suitable home range now. 3. Monitor data also indicated that microhabitat preference of Giant Panda and takin (Budorcas taxicolor) are different because of different diet, though they are sympatric. It was suggested that conservation management for the two species should be plan in particular. 4. The reintroduction of “Shenglin 1” is a successful case. The program of return rescued Giant Panda to other habitats is of value and should be continued. However, more improvement is needed for the monitor technique. More improvement is need for feralization and returning before we return artificial reproduced Giant Panda to wild.

On-line hyphenation of capillary isoelectric focusing and capillary gel electrophoresis by a dialysis interface

An on-line two-dimensional (2D) capillary electrophoresis (CE) system consisting of capillary isoelectric focusing (CIEF) and capillary gel electrophoresis (CGE) was introduced. To validate this 2D system, a dialysis interface was developed by mounting a hollow fiber on a methacrylate resin plate to hyphenate the two CE modes. The two dimensions of capillary shared a cathode fixated into a reservoir in the methacrylate plate; thus, with three electrodes and only one high-voltage source, a 2D CE framework was successfully established. A practical 2D CIEF-CGE experiment was carried out to deal with a target protein, hemoglobin (Hb). After the Hb variants with different isoelectric points (pIs) were focused in various bands in the first-dimension capillary, they were chemically mobilized one after another and fed to the second-dimension capillary for further separation in polyacrylamide gel. During this procedure, a single CIEF band was separated into several peaks due to different molecular weights. The resulting electrophoregrarn is quite different from that of either CIEF or CGE; therefore, more information about the studied Hb sample can be obtained.

抢救“土壤水库”实为黄土高原生态环境综合治理与可持续发展的关键——四论黄土高原国土整治28字方略

现在全国上下深切关注着黄河的重大问题及其对策。其实问题的根源都出自人们对黄河流域尤其黄土高原自然资源的掠夺式开发 ,形成了“3个恶性循环”:广种薄收 ,薄收更广种 ,虽是罪魁祸首 ,但常反被忽视 ,致使生态环境脆弱 ,人民长期贫困 ;只有下游河床越淤越高 ,防洪大堤越筑越高 ,越高越险和断流历时越来越长 ,上溯速度越来越快 2个恶性循环的危害才使人惊恐。不难看出 ,这是恰与形成黄土高原自然规律完全相悖的人为地质过程的结果。可惜它还未引起人们深入充分的认识 ,难怪一向短缺一个为各家合力共识的治本对策。当今国家将经济发展的重点向中、西部转移 ,并要求重建一个山川秀美的大西北 ,黄土高原的持续开发与治理对策就显得更为举足轻重。由此其各项对策都将面临着转变观念、调整思路、实事求是地进行科学分析和抉择。笔者最近从陆地生态的发生发展及其整个地质历史演变过程的研究中发现 :“土壤水库”的发生发展及其演变是陆地生态发生发展的关键和“动力”,只要维护土壤水库的正常发展就能更好地保卫生态环境。黄土高原地区由于得天独厚的降尘堆积环境条件和持续的成壤过程 ,可使降水具有直接渗入“地下水库”的特殊功能。只要维护住高入渗土壤水库的存在就...

Direct tris(2,2 '-bipyridyl)ruthenium(II) electrochemiluminescence detection of polyamines separated by capillary electrophoresis

Capillary electrophoresis (CE) with tris(2,2'-bipyridyl) ruthenium (II) (Ru(bpy)(3)(2+)) electrochemiluminescence (ECL) detection technique was developed for the analysis of four polyamines (putrescine (Put), cadaverine (Cad), spermidine (Spd), and spermine (Spm)) analysis. The four polyamines contain different amine groups, which have different ECL activity. There are several parameters which influence the resolution and ECL peak intensities, including the buffer pH and concentrations, separation voltage, sample injection, electrode materials, and Ru(bpy)(3)(2+) concentrations. Polyamines are separated by capillary zone electrophoresis in an uncoated fused-silica capillary (50 cm x 25 mum (ID) filled with acidic phosphate buffer (200 mmol/L phosphate, pH 2.0) - 1 mol/L phosphoric acid (9:1 v/v) and a separation voltage of 5 kV (25 muA), with end-column Ru(bpy)(3)(2+) ECL detection. A 5 mmol/L Ru(bpy)(3)(2+) solution plus 200 mmol/L phosphate buffer (pH 11.0) is added into the reagent reservoir. The calibration curve is linear over a concentration range of two or three orders of magnitude for the polyamines. The analysis time is less than 25 min. Detection limits for Put and Cad are 1.9 x 10(-7) mol/L and 7.6 x 10(-9) mol/L for Spd and Spm, respectively.

Probe beam deflection study on electrochemically controlled release of 5-fluorouracil

In this paper, the polypyrrole (PPy) film modified electrodes are used as an electroreleasing reservoir. The electrochemically controlled release of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) from a PPy film modified electrode to aqueous electrolytes is studied by the in situ probe beam deflection (PBD) method combined with cyclic voltammetry (CV) and chronoamperometry (CA). The PBD results reveal that the release of 5-FU from PPy film depends on the electrochemical redox process of the PPy film electrode. The released amount is controlled by the reduction potential and is proportional to the thickness of the film. The exchange of 5-FU anions with Cl- on an open circuit is slow on the time scale of minutes, but the release of 5-FU anions can proceed quickly at -0.6 V (vs Ag/AgCl). The amount of released 5-FU decreases with the time that the PPy film is soaked in aqueous solution. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

Diverse tetracycline resistant bacteria and resistance genes from coastal waters of Jiaozhou Bay

Environmental microbiology investigation was carried out in Jiaozhou Bay to determine the source and distribution of tetracycline-resistant bacteria and their resistance mechanisms. At least 25 species or the equivalent molecular phylogenetic taxa in 16 genera of resistant bacteria could be identified based on 16S ribosomal deoxyribonucleic acid sequence analysis. Enterobacteriaceae, Pseudomonadaceae, and Vibrionaceae constituted the majority of the typical resistant isolates. Indigenous estuarine and marine Halomonadaceae, Pseudoalteromonadaceae, Rhodobacteraceae, and Shewanellaceae bacteria also harbored tetracycline resistance. All the six resistance determinants screened, tet(A)-(E) and tet(G), could be detected, and the predominant genes were tet(A), tet(B), and tet(G). Both anthropogenic activity-related and indigenous estuarine or coastal bacteria might contribute to the tet gene reservoir, and resistant bacteria and their molecular determinants may serve as bioindicators of coastal environmental quality. Our work probably is the first identification of tet(E) in Proteus, tet(G) in Acinetobacter, tet(C) and tet(D) in Halomonas, tet(D) and tet(G) in Shewanella, and tet(B), tet(C), tet(E), and tet(G) in Roseobacter.

The contribution of trace elements from seawater to chimneys: a case study of the native sulfur chimneys in the sea area off Kueishantao, northeast of Taiwan Island

Hydrothermal fluid containing abundant matter erupts from seafloor, meets ambient cold seawater and forms chimneys. So the main matter origins of chimneys are seawater and matter which are taken by hydrothermal fluid from deep reservoir. However, because of seawater's little contribution to the forming of chimneys, it is usually covered by the abundant matter which is taken by hydrothermal fluid. Therefore, chimneys formed in ordinary deep seawater hydrothermal activity, containing complex elements, cannot be used to study the seawater's contribution to their formation. While the native sulfur chimneys, formed by hydrothermal activity near the sea area off Kueishantao, are single sulfur composition (over 99%), and within chimneys distinct layers are seen. Different layers were sampled for trace element determination, with Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS). By analyzing the data, we consider C-layer (secondary inner-layer) as the framework layer of the chimney which formed early (Fig. 4), and its trace elements derive from hydrothermal fluid. While the trace elements within A, B, D layers have undergone later alteration. A, B layers are affected by seawater and D layer by hydrothermal fluid. The increase of trace elements of A and B layers was calculated using C layer as background. Based on the known typical volume of chimneys of the near sea area off Kueishantao, we calculated the volume of seawater that contributed trace element to chimneys formation to be about 6.37 x 10(4) L. This simple quantified estimate may help us better understand the seafloor hydrothermal activity and chimneys.

Petroleum System in Deepwater Basins of the Northern South China Sea

The northern South China Sea margin has experienced a rifting stage and a post-rifting stage during the Cenozoic. In the rifting stage, the margin received lacustrine and shallow marine facies sediments. In the post-rifting thermal subsidence, the margin accumulated shallow marine facies and hemipelagic deposits, and the deepwater basins formed. Petroleum systems of deepwater setting have been imaged from seismic data and drill wells. Two kinds of source rocks including Paleogene lacustrine black shale and Oligocene-Early Miocene mudstone were developed in the deepwater basin of the South China Sea. The deepwater reservoirs are characterized by the deep sea channel rill, mass flow complexes and drowned reef carbonate platform. Profitable capping rocks on the top are mudstones with huge thickness in the post-rifting stage. Meanwhile, the faults developed during the rifting stage provide a migration path favourable for the formation of reservoirs. The analysis of seismic and drilling data suggests that the joint structural and stratigraphic traps could form giant hydrocarbon fields and hydrocarbon reservoirs including syn-rifting graben subaqueous delta, deepwater submarine fan sandstone and reef carbonate reservoirs.

Application of forecasting structural cracks technique of 3D move in Chengdao buried hill

3DMove software, based on the three-dimension structural model of geologic interpretation, can forecast reservoir cracks from the point of view of formation of the structural geology, and analyze the characteristics of the cracks. 3DMove software dominates in forecasting cracks. We forecast the developments and directions of the cracks in Chengbei buried hill with the application of forecasting technique in 3DMove software, and obtain the chart about strain distributing on top in buried hill and the chart about relative density and orientation and the chart about the analysis of crack unsealing. In Chengbei 30 buried hill zone, north-west and north-east and approximately east-west cracks in Cenozoic are very rich and the main directions in every fault block are different. Forecasting results that are also verified by those of drilling approximately accord with the data from well logging, the case of which shows that the technique has the better ability in forecasting cracks, and takes more effects on exploration and exploitation of crack reservoir beds in ancient buried hill reservoirs.

Incidence of diverse integrons and beta-lactamase genes in environmental Enterobacteriaceae isolates from Jiaozhou Bay, China

Environmental microbiology investigation was performed to determine the molecular diversity of beta-lactamase genes among ampicillin-resistant bacteria from Jiaozhou Bay. beta-lactamase genes were detected in 93.8% of the bacterial isolates identified as Enterobacteriaceae. The most frequently detected gene was bla(TEM), followed by bla(SHV), bla(OAX-1), bla(MOX) and bla(CMY). Most of the isolates (68.8%) were positive for the intI1 integrase gene, and two isolates were also found for the intI2 gene. The dfr and aadA gene cassettes were predominant. Anthropogenic contamination from onshore sewage processing plants might contribute predominantly to the beta-lactamase gene reservoir in the studied coastal waters. Environmental antibiotic-resistant bacteria and resistance genes may serve as bioindicators of coastal environmental quality or biotracers of the potential contamination sources. This is the first report of the prevalence and characterization of beta-lactamase genes and integrons in coastal Enterobacteriaceae from China.

Impacts of anthropogenic activity on the recent evolution of the Huanghe (Yellow) River delta

Hydrological statistical data, remote sensing images, and bathymetric charts were used to study the recent evolution of the Huanghe (Yellow) River delta under human-induced interventions. It was clear that water and sediment discharge from the Huanghe River had dropped rapidly since 1970, particularly after 1986. The water and sediment discharges for the period of 1986-2000 were found to have been reduced to only 29.2% and 31.2% of those in the period of 1950-69. This was caused by human factors in the upper and middle reaches of the Huanghe River, including water diversion, damming and reservoir construction, and water and soil conservation. Based on the results from visual interpretation of processed Landsat (MSS or TMJETM+) images dated from 1976 to 2001 and two digital elevation models generated from bathymetric charts surveyed in 1976 and 1992, we found that human-induced reduction of water and sediment discharge led to coastline retrogradation, with the maximum mean recession rate of -0.51 km yr-1 over the period of 1976-98, and seabed erosion beyond the -20 m isobath between 1976 and 1992. Other impacts of human activities on the recent evolution of the Huanghe River delta, including tidal flats shrinking, artificial coastline increasing, land surface sinking and so on, were also analyzed. We found that: (i) the whole delta, including subaerial and subaqueous, has turned from a highly constructive period to a destructive phase; (ii) channelization and dredging were two of the main causes of delta destruction; (iii) land loss in the Huanghe River delta caused by submersion will be increased in the near future; (iv) the Huanghe River delta was becoming more fragile and susceptible to natural hazards.

Geophysical evaluation methods for buried hill reservoirs in the Jiyang superdepression of the Bohai Bay basin, eastern China

The Jiyang superdepression is one of the richest hydrocarbon accumulations in the Bohai Bay basin, eastern China. Comprehensive seismic methods have been used in buried hill exploration in Jiyang to describe these fractured reservoirs better. Accurate seismic stratigraphic demarcation and variable-velocity mapping were applied to reveal the inner structure of the buried hills and determine the nature of the structural traps more precisely. Based on the analysis of rock properties and the characteristics of well-developed buried hill reservoirs, we have successfully linked the geology and seismic response by applying seismic forward technology. Log-constrained inversion, absorption coefficient analysis and tectonic forward-inversion with FMI loggings were applied to analyse and evaluate the buried hill reservoirs and gave satisfying results. The reservoir prediction was successful, which confirmed that the comprehensive utilization of these methods can be helpful in the exploration of buried hill reservoirs.

渤海湾盆地东营凹陷南斜坡层序地层与地层油气藏研究

东营凹陷南斜坡地区地处盆地边缘，构造活动频繁，形成了多次地层剥蚀与超覆，发育多期不整合，同时研究区内油源十分丰富，油气可以沿断层、不整合面和渗透性砂体运移至各层系，具有形成地层油气藏的得天独厚的条件。 在综合分析地震、测井、岩心、录井等资料基础上，借鉴前人研究成果，结合研究区盆地演化和构造运动特征，建立了东营凹陷南斜坡的层序地层学格架，将东营凹陷南斜坡地区古近系划分为一个一级层序，四个二级层序，八个三级层序。 在关键井单井相和剖面相分析的基础上，详细研究了东营凹陷南斜坡地区的沉积演化和展布特征，认为其表现出了明显的规律性：在横向上，沉积体系的分布具有明显的分带性，靠近盆地边缘部位主要发育冲积扇―河流相沉积，向盆地内部方向发育有三角洲、滩坝、远岸浊积扇等沉积体系类型；在垂向上，沉积体系的演化具有旋回性，从孔一段和沙四下亚段的冲积扇沉积，到沙四上亚段的滨浅湖滩坝沉积，到沙三下亚段和沙三中亚段的浊积扇沉积，到沙三上亚段和沙二下亚段的三角洲沉积，再到沙一段的生物滩坝沉积和东营组的三角洲沉积，表现出了明显的旋回性。 详细研究了东营凹陷南斜坡的地层油藏输导体系，认为东营凹陷南斜坡地层圈闭的输导体系由断层、不整合和高渗透输导性骨架砂体组成。分析了南斜坡主要断层石村断层、陈官庄北断层和陈官庄南断层的封闭性；研究了不整合的类型、结构、分布特征及其在油气运聚过程中的地质意义，认为不整合的类型可以分为角度不整合和平行不整合两大类；不整合在纵向上具有三层结构，分别是不整合面之上底砾岩、风化粘土层及半风化岩石即风化林滤带；不整合的分布具有差异性、继承性和迁移性的特征；不整合在油气的运聚过程中主要起到五个方面的作用，使得油气能够发生长距离的运移，改善了储集层储集性能，改变了油气运移的方向，不整合的存在表明烃源岩可能发生二次生烃作用，对油气聚集成藏具有双重作用；分析了东营凹陷南斜坡的砂体展布及其孔渗特征，并对其输导系统进行了评价，认为王家岗和纯化－草桥鼻状构造带为来自于牛庄生油洼陷的油气的优势运移方向，陈官庄地区为一般运移方向。 分析了东营凹陷南斜坡地层油藏的烃源岩条件、储层特征、油气成藏动力特征、生油期与地层圈闭定型期的配置关系，查明了王73井未成藏原因，并在此基础了总结了东营凹陷南斜坡地区地层油藏成藏规律，分析了地层油气藏有利勘探方向。

渤海湾盆地孤岛油田储层构型研究

研究区孤岛油田中二区中28－8井区位于孤岛油田中部，属孤岛披覆背斜构造中南部。选择孤岛油田中二区中28－8密井网典型井区作为解剖区，以馆陶组上段河流相地层为主要研究对象。根据区域地质资料、岩心资料、地震资料、开发动态资料、测井资料和开发动态资料的研究，建立地层模型，对研究区进行沉积相分析、高分辨率层序地层分析，确定了储层特征，并建立储层地质知识库，采用地质统计学的各种插值和模拟方法，开展随机模拟方法优选分析，选择合适的随机模拟方法，建立三维储层模型。采用地质统计学的交叉检验和分维分析等手段验证模型的可靠性和实用性。在此基础上进行网格粗化，实现储层模型的三维可视化。 论文将静态研究与实际生产动态相结合，以标准层和辅助标准层划分砂层组，以沉积旋回—沉积时间单元对比方法为主，结合其他对比原则，对孤岛油田馆陶组河流相储层进行小层精细对比和划分。在精细地层对比、井斜校正和补心高度校正的基础上，对孤岛油田馆陶组河流相储层主力小层顶底面微型构造进行了研究和分析，在研究区内识别出3种微型构造：正向微型构造；负向微型构造；斜面微型构造。 在河流相储层构型理论的指导下，采用动静结合、微观与宏观结合进行储层的多尺度剖析，依次识别复合砂体内的河道，河道内的点坝，点坝内的侧积体和泥质侧积层，认为发育4种亚相（河道、溢岸、河漫、废弃河道），6种微相（点坝、决口水道、决口扇、天然堤、泛滥平原、废弃河道）。砂层内部发育3种夹层（泥质夹层、钙质夹层、物性夹层），层间发育4种隔层（连续分布的隔层、均匀分布的隔层、条带状分布的隔层、局部分布的隔层），并分别确定了各种隔夹层的空间展布规律。本次研究主要采用“相控建模” 方法，在随机模拟研究中，通过序贯指示模拟方法建立沉积相模型，在此基础上，通过序贯高斯模拟方法建立三维储层模型。 储层模型建成后，对模型符合地质认识的程度进行了检验。认为模拟效果良好，最终取个次随机模拟实现计算储量结果的平均值作为各主力层和全区的最终储量。