Doping saturation in dye-sensitized solar cells based on ZnO:Ga nanostructured photoanodes

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Synthesis and characterization of ZnO and ZnO : Ga films and their application in dye-sensitized solar cells

Highly crystalline ZnO and Ga-modified zinc oxide (ZnO:Ga) nanoparticles containing 1, 3 and 5 atom% of Ga3+ were prepared by precipitation method at low temperature. The films were characterized by XRD, BET, XPS and SEM. No evidence of zinc gallate formation (ZnGa2O4), even in the samples containing 5 atom% of gallium, was detected by XRD. XPS data revealed that Ga is present into the ZnO matrix as Ga3+, according to the characteristic binding energies. The particle size decreased as the gallium level was increased as observed by SEM, which might be related to a faster hydrolysis reaction rate. The smaller particle size provided films with higher porosity and surface area, enabling a higher dye loading. When these films were applied to dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) as photoelectrodes, the device based on ZnO: Ga 5 atom% presented an overall conversion efficiency of 6% (at 10 mW cm(-2)), a three-fold increase compared to the ZnO-based DSSCs under the same conditions. To our knowledge, this is one of the highest efficiencies reported so far for ZnO-based DSSCs. Transient absorption (TAS) study of the photoinduced dynamics of dye-sensitized ZnO:Ga films showed that the higher the gallium content, the higher the amount of dye cation formed, while no significant change on the recombination dynamics was observed. The study indicates that Ga-modification of nanocrystalline ZnO leads to an improvement of photocurrent and overall efficiency in the corresponding device.

Cytogenetic and molecular markers reveal the complexity of the genus Piabina Reinhardt, 1867 (Characiformes: Characidae)

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Efeitos de materiais orgânicos e da umidade do solo na patogenicidade de Rhizoctonia solani Kühn GA-4 HGI ao feijoeiro

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Efeitos do acido giberélico (GA) e do cloreto de clorocolina (CCC) sobre o crescimento inicial de Brachiaria plantaginea (Link) Hitch

Com o objetivo de verificar os efeitos do ácido giberélico (GA) e do cloreto de clorocolina (CCC) sobre o crescimento e desenvolvimento inicial de Brachiaria plantaginea, instalou-se a presente pesquisa em local com alta infestação dessa espécie, utilizando-se dos seguintes tratamentos: CCC nas concentrações de 1000 e 2000 ppm, GA na de 50 e 100 ppm e uma testemunha sem aplicação dos fitoreguladores. Na época de aplicação dos produtos as plantas apresentavam, em média, sete folhas e idade em torno de 25 dias. Os parâmetros avaliados foram altura do dossel, altura média das plantas, número médio de perfilhos por planta, biomassa seca da parte aérea total e por indivíduo. Os resultados foram avaliados 22 dias após a aplicação, quando se verificou que a biomassa total das plantas não foi alterada significativamente pelos tratamentos. Não ocorreram efeitos de doses e nem de interações entre fitoreguladores com dose em quaisquer dos parâmetros avaliados. Não se verificaram efeitos do CCC nos dados obtidos e todas as alterações ocorridas foram devidas à aplicação do GA que aumentou, significativamente, a altura de dossel e dos indivíduos de Brachiaria plantaginea e reduziu o perfilhamento da planta daninha.

High Verdet constant Ga : S : La : O chalcogenide glasses for magneto-optical devices

The magneto-optical rotation at room temperature was measured for three Ga:S:La:O chalcogenide glasses at several laser lines in the visible. The first sample was a binary system constituted by 70 mol % Ga2S3 and 30 mol % La2O3, whereas in the second and third ones the lanthanum oxide was partially substituted by lanthanum sulfide, keeping the amount of gallium sulfide fixed. A pulsed magnetic field between 50 and 80 kG was used for the Faraday rotation measurements. The Verdet constant for one of the ternary samples was found to be as high as 0.205 min G(-1) cm(-1) at 543 nm, indicating that these chalcogenide glasses are very promising for magneto-optical applications. The data for each sample were fitted using the expected analytical expression for the magneto-optical dispersion. Measurements of the refractive index of the glasses at 632.8 nm are also reported. Data on the magneto-optical properties of two high Verdet constant, heavy-metal oxide diamagnetic glasses are also included for comparison. (C) 1999 Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers. [S0091-3286(99)00102-6].