Qualitative spectroscopic characterization of the matrix-silane coupling agent interface across metal fibre reinforced ion exchange resin composite membranes

The characterization of novel metal reinforced electro-dialysis ion exchange membranes, for water desalination, by attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy mapping is presented in this paper. The surface of the porous stainless steel fibre meshes was treated in order to enhance the amount of surface oxide groups and increase the material hydrophilicity. Then, the metal membranes were functionalized through a sol-gel reaction with silane coupling agents to enhance the affinity with the ion exchange resins and avoid premature metal oxidation due to redox reactions at the metal-polymer interface. Polished cross sections of the composite membranes embedded into an epoxy resin revealed interfaces between metallic frameworks and the silane layer at the interface with the ion exchange material. The morphology of the metal-polymer interface was investigated with scanning electron microscopy and Fourier transform infrared micro-spectroscopy. Fourier transform infrared mapping of the interfaces was performed using the attenuated total reflectance mode on the polished cross-sections at the Australian Synchrotron. The nature of the interface between the metal framework and the ion exchange resin was shown to be homogeneous and the coating thickness was found to be around 1 μm determined by Fourier transform infrared micro-spectroscopy mapping. The impact of the coating on the properties of the membranes and their potential for water desalination by electro-dialysis are also discussed.

Diagnosis of the redox levels of TCNQF4 compounds using vibrational spectroscopy

The vibrational spectroscopy of TCNQF4, TCNQF41- and TCNQF42- has been investigated by means of density functional theory. Band assignments in infrared and Raman spectra have been clarified and a series of diagnostics developed for redox level characterisation of TCNQF4 compounds. In the C£C stretching region (1460-1600 cm-1), TCNQF40 and TCNQF 41- show two bands, with the more energetic being at 1600 cm-1 in TCNQF40 and at approximately 1535 cm-1 in TCNQF41-; in TCNQF42- both modes absorb below 1500 cm-1, often merging to give a single band. In the C-F and endocyclic C-C stretching region (1290 and 1360 cm-1), TCNQF40 and TCNQF41- show strong bands, whereas TCNQF42- absorbs weakly or not at all. (Additional bands, e.g. from co-crystallised solvent molecules, may complicate this region.) In the nitrile stretching region (2000-2250 cm-1), modes are highly sensitive to nitrile coordination by metal cations. All three redox levels can produce bands above 2200 cm -1, however bands below 2150 cm-1 are usually due to TCNQF42-. This sensitivity to coordination is likely to affect the spectra of many organic molecular ions. © 2014 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.

Redox sulfur chemistry of the copper chaperone Atox1 is regulated by the enzyme glutaredoxin 1, the reduction potential of the glutathione couple GSSG/2GSH and the availability of Cu(I)

Glutaredoxins have been characterised as enzymes regulating the redox status of protein thiols via cofactors GSSG/GSH. However, such a function has not been demonstrated with physiologically relevant protein substrates in in vitro experiments. Their active sites frequently feature a Cys-xx-Cys motif that is predicted not to bind metal ions. Such motifs are also present in copper-transporting proteins such as Atox1, a human cytosolic copper metallo-chaperone. In this work, we present the first demonstration that: (i) human glutaredoxin 1 (hGrx1) efficiently catalyses interchange of the dithiol and disulfide forms of the Cys(12)-xx-Cys(15) fragment in Atox1 but does not act upon the isolated single residue Cys(41); (ii) the direction of catalysis is regulated by the GSSG/2GSH ratio and the availability of Cu(I); (iii) the active site Cys(23)-xx-Cys(26) in hGrx1 can bind Cu(I) tightly with femtomolar affinity (K(D) = 10(-15.5) M) and possesses a reduction potential of E(o)' = -118 mV at pH 7.0. In contrast, the Cys(12)-xx-Cys(15) motif in Atox1 has a higher affinity for Cu(I) (K(D) = 10(-17.4) M) and a more negative potential (E(o)' = -188 mV). These differences may be attributed primarily to the very low pKa of Cys23 in hGrx1 and allow rationalisation of conclusion (ii) above: hGrx1 may catalyse the oxidation of Atox1(dithiol) by GSSG, but not the complementary reduction of the oxidised Atox1(disulfide) by GSH unless Cu(aq)(+) is present at a concentration that allows binding of Cu(I) to reduced Atox1 but not to hGrx1. In fact, in the latter case, the catalytic preferences are reversed. Both Cys residues in the active site of hGrx1 are essential for the high affinity Cu(I) binding but the single Cys(23) residue only is required for the redox catalytic function. The molecular properties of both Atox1 and hGrx1 are consistent with a correlation between copper homeostasis and redox sulfur chemistry, as suggested by recent cell experiments. These proteins appear to have evolved the features necessary to fill multiple roles in redox regulation, Cu(I) buffering and Cu(I) transport.

Functionalized mesoporous silica nanoparticles with redox-responsive short-chain gatekeepers for agrochemical delivery.

The controlled release of salicylic acid (SA), a key phytohormone, was mediated by using a novel decanethiol gatekeeper system grafted onto mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs). The decanethiol was conjugated only to the external surfaces of the MSNs through glutathione (GSH)-cleavable disulfide linkages and the introduction of a process to assemble gatekeepers only on the outer surface so that the mesopore area can be maintained for high cargo loading. Raman and nitrogen sorption isotherm analyses confirmed the successful linkage of decanethiol to the surface of MSNs. The in vitro release of SA from decanethiol gated MSNs indicated that the release rate of SA in an environment with a certain amount of GSH was significantly higher than that without GSH. More importantly, in planta experiments showed the release of SA from decanethiol gated MSNs by GSH induced sustained expression of the plant defense gene PR-1 up to 7 days after introduction, while free SA caused an early peak in PR-1 expression which steadily decreased after 3 days. This study demonstrates the redox-responsive release of a phytohormone in vitro and also indicates the potential use of MSNs in planta as a controlled agrochemical delivery system.

Reduced graphene oxide directed self-assembly of phospholipid monolayers in liquid and gel phases

The response of cell membranes to the local physical environment significantly determines many biological processes and the practical applications of biomaterials. A better understanding of the dynamic assembly and environmental response of lipid membranes can help understand these processes and design novel nanomaterials for biomedical applications. The present work demonstrates the directed assembly of lipid monolayers, in both liquid and gel phases, on the surface of a monolayered reduced graphene oxide (rGO). The results from atomic force microscopy indicate that the hydrophobic aromatic plane and the defect holes due to reduction of GO sheets, along with the phase state and planar surface pressure of lipids, corporately determine the morphology and lateral structure of the assembled lipid monolayers. The DOPC molecules, in liquid phase, probably spread over the rGO surface with their tails associating closely with the hydrophobic aromatic plane, and accumulate to form circles of high area surrounding the defect holes on rGO sheets. However, the DPPC molecules, in gel phase, prefer to form a layer of continuous membrane covering the whole rGO sheet including defect holes. The strong association between rGO sheets and lipid tails further influences the melting behavior of lipids. This work reveals a dramatic effect of the local structure and surface property of rGO sheets on the substrate-directed assembly and subsequent phase behavior of the supported lipid membranes.

Distinct kinetics of molecular gelation in a confined space and its relation to the structure and property of thin gel films

Thin films of molecular gels formed in a confined space have potential applications in transdermal delivery, artificial skin, molecular electronics, etc. The microstructures and properties of thin gel films can be significantly different from those of their bulk counterparts. However, so far a comprehensive understanding of the effects of spatial confinement on the molecular gelation kinetics, fiber network structure and related mechanical properties is still lacking. In this work, using rheological techniques, we investigated the effect of one-dimensional confinement on the formation kinetics of fiber networks in the molecular gelation process. Fractal analyses of the kinetic information in terms of an extended Dickinson model enabled us to describe quantitatively the distinct kinetic signature of molecular gelation. The structural features derived from gelation kinetics support well the fractal patterns of the fiber networks acquired by optical and electron microscopy. With the kinetics-structure correlation, we can gain an in-depth understanding of the confinement-induced differences in the structure and consequently the mechanical properties of a model molecular gelling system. Particularly, the confinement induced structural transition, from a three-dimensional, dense and compact spherulitic network composed of highly branched fibers to a quasi-two-dimensional sparse spherulitic network composed of less branched fibers and entangled fibrils at the boundary areas, renders a gel film to become less stiff but more ductile. Our study suggests here a new strategy of engineering the fiber network microstructure to achieve functional gel films with unusual but useful properties.

Evaluation of electrochemical methods for determination of the seebeck coefficient of redox electrolytes

Recent advances in thermoelectrochemical cells, which are being developed for harvesting low grade waste heat, have shown the promise of cobalt bipyridyl salts as the active redox couple. The Seebeck coefficient, Se, of a redox couple determines the open circuit voltage achievable, for a given temperature gradient, across the thermoelectrochemical cell. Thus, the accurate determination of this thermodynamic parameter is key to the development and study of new redox electrolytes. Further, techniques for accurate determination of Se using only one half of the redox couple reduces the synthetic requirements. Here, we compare three different experimental techniques for measuring Se of a cobalt tris(bipyridyl) redox couple in ionic liquid electrolytes. The use of temperature dependent cyclic voltammetry (CV) in isothermal and non-isothermal cells was investigated in depth, and the Se values compared to those from thermo-electromotive force measurements. Within experimental error, the Se values derived from CV methods were found to be in accordance with those obtained from electromotive force (emf) measurements. The applicability of cyclic voltammetry techniques for determining Se when employing only one part of the redox couple was demonstrated.

Fluctuations of redox conditions across the Permian–Triassic boundary : new evidence from the GSSP section in Meishan of South China

Oceanic anoxia has long been considered as one of the main causes for the end-Permian mass extinction. However, the results obtained by different researchers are rather divergent from different sections, or even on the same section using the same redox proxy. This study aims to examine the causes for some of these divergent results using high-resolution pyrite framboid sampling at the Meishan GSSP section in South China. Detailed microfacies analysis shows that the uppermost Late Permian strata comprises two significantly different sedimentary facies: one characterized by silicious muddy limestone and recognized as representing autochthonous background sediments; the other distinguished by bioclastic grainstone, interpreted to be allochthonous in origin and have been transported from the nearby platform margin. These two different sedimentary facies represent two distinctly different redox conditions. Together with the facies analysis, a statistical analysis of pyrite framboids was carried out to evaluate the redox evolution across the Permian-Triassic boundary. Abundant framboids with average diameters of about 6μm are found in background sediments beneath the extinction boundary, indicating generally anoxic bottom water conditions. But this condition was punctuated by transient intervals of rapid oxygenation interpreted to have been caused by intrusion of intermittent turbidity flows. Our study also showed that anoxic conditions persisted into the immediate aftermath of the mass extinction, thereafter it was quickly followed by a relatively long period of oxic conditions (with rare framboids). However, the redox conditions returned to anoxia (with abundant pyrite framboids averaging about 5μm in diameter), accompanied by a rapid global transgression. The oxygenation manifested near the Permian-Triassic boundary coincides with the negative excursion of carbon isotope. This would imply that, contrary to previous interpretations, this great δ13C negative excursion was probably not caused by the upwelling of anoxic deep ocean waters.

Influence of non-hydrolysable groups in silane precursor on pore dimension and photochromic properties of sol-gel silica embedded with a spirooxazine dye

In this work, silica embedded with a spirooxazine dye was prepared by hydrolysis of silanes that bear a nonhydrolyzable group of different structures through a sol-gel route in the presence of a spirooxazine dye, and the pore dimension and photochromic properties of photochromic silica coatings on fabric were studied. The pore dimension in the silica was examined by small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and nitrogen adsorption porosimetry. The SAXS results revealed that the distance between pores was in the range between 0.8 nm and 1.9 nm and it increased with increasing the size of the non-hydrolyzable group. Pore size measured by nitrogen adsorption porosimetry was in the range of 2.1-2.7 nm. The photochromic optical absorption was influenced mainly by the hydrophobicity of the non-hydrolyzable groups, while the color changing rates were influenced by the steric effect of the non-hydrolyzable groups and their interaction with the dye.

Muscle redox signalling pathways in exercise. Role of antioxidants

Recent research highlights the importance of redox signalling pathway activation by contraction-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nitric oxide (NO) in normal exercise-related cellular and molecular adaptations in skeletal muscle. In this review, we discuss some potentially important redox signalling pathways in skeletal muscle that are involved in acute and chronic responses to contraction and exercise. Specifically, we discuss redox signalling implicated in skeletal muscle contraction force, mitochondrial biogenesis and antioxidant enzyme induction, glucose uptake and muscle hypertrophy. Furthermore, we review evidence investigating the impact of major exogenous antioxidants on these acute and chronic responses to exercise. Redox signalling pathways involved in adaptive responses in skeletal muscle to exercise are not clearly elucidated at present, and further research is required to better define important signalling pathways involved. Evidence of beneficial or detrimental effects of specific antioxidant compounds on exercise adaptations in muscle is similarly limited, particularly in human subjects. Future research is required to not only investigate effects of specific antioxidant compounds on skeletal muscle exercise adaptations, but also to better establish mechanisms of action of specific antioxidants in vivo. Although we feel it remains somewhat premature to make clear recommendations in relation to application of specific antioxidant compounds in different exercise settings, a bulk of evidence suggests that N-acetylcysteine (NAC) is ergogenic through its effects on maintenance of muscle force production during sustained fatiguing events. Nevertheless, a current lack of evidence from studies using performance tests representative of athletic competition and a potential for adverse effects with high doses (>70 mg/kg body mass) warrants caution in its use for performance enhancement. In addition, evidence implicates high dose vitamin C (1 g/day) and E (≥260 IU/day) supplementation in impairments to some skeletal muscle cellular adaptations to chronic exercise training. Thus, determining the utility of antioxidant supplementation in athletes likely requires a consideration of training and competition periodization cycles of athletes in addition to type, dose and duration of antioxidant supplementation.

Estudo da transição de fase sol-gel em reticulados de polibutadieno

A transição de fase sol-gel em reticulados de poli-(butadieno) sintetizados com 1,6-hexano-bis-1,2,4-triazolina-3,5-diona (HMTD) foi caracterizada através de um estudo cinético e de um estudo viscosimétrico. Verificou-se que a reação de reticulação segue um esquema cinético de pseudo-primeira ordem, o qual a baixas conversões é equivalente a um de primeira ordem, sendo a reação neste estágio controlada por processo de ativação. A conversões mais altas ocorre um desvio do comportamento inicial, tornando-se a reção acentuadamente mais lenta. Através de medidas de viscosidade intrínseca de sistemas ramificados (estado de sol), determinou-se o ponto de gelificação em função da concentração inicial HMTD. Verificou-se ser necessário observar-se um aumento acentuado da viscosidade intrínseca com a concentração de HMTD, para que o ponto de gelificação obtido seja coerente aos dados experimentais. Relacionando-se a cinética da reação à viscosimetria, calculou-se o tempo de gelificação, i.e. o ponto de gelificação em função do tempo. Através da constante de velocidade da reação, do ponto de gelificação em função da concentração de HMTD, da conversão crítica e do tempo de gelificação, caracterizou-se a transição de fase sol-gel do sistema estudado.

Híbridos à base de anilina/sílica obtidos através do processo sol-gel: síntese, caracterização e propriedades

Neste trabalho inicialmente foi sintetizado o precursor organoalcoxisilano 3- anilinapropiltrimetoxisilano, APTMS, a partir da reação entre a anilina e o 3- cloropropiltrimetoxisilano, CPTMS, usando hidreto de sódio, NaH, como ativador de base. O precursor inorgânico tetraetilortosilicato, TEOS, foi polimerizado na presença do precursor orgânico, e catalisador. Durante a etapa de polimerização dos precursores alcóxidos, foram investigadas as influências da temperatura, do tipo e concentração do catalisador e da concentração de precursor orgânico adicionado nas propriedades finais dos híbridos anilinapropilsilica resultantes. Os materiais híbridos foram caracterizados através das técnicas: espectroscopia no infravermelho (FT-IR), técnica de espalhamento de Raios-x a baixos ângulos (SAXS), microscopia eletrônica de varredura (SEM), isotermas de adsorção e dessorção de nitrogênio, análise elementar, espectroscopia de aniquilação de pósitrons (PALS), análise termogravimétrica (TGA), espectroscopia de elétrons dispersos (EDS). A potencialidade de aplicação dos híbridos obtidos como materiais adsorventes na extração dos cátions Cu(II), Zn(II), Cd(II) e Co(II), em solução, foi investigada usando-se isotermas de adsorção pelo método batelada. Através das técnicas de caracterização foi possível observar que as propriedades morfológicas dos materiais como área superficial, distribuição do tamanho de poros, forma e tamanho das partículas, além da estabilidade e grau de incorporação orgânica podem ser controladas em maior ou menor grau, dependendo da variável usada durante a polimerização dos precursores alcóxidos. O material apresentou propriedades promissoras como adsorvente seletivo para o cobre.

Obtenção e controle da morfologia de aluminas sintetizadas por sol-gel

Este trabalho apresenta o estudo da obtenção de alumina (óxido de alumínio – Al2O3) pelo método sol-gel coloidal e a caracterização da morfologia dos produtos obtidos, associando-a a parâmetros processuais como pH, tipo de solvente empregado e condições de secagem. Utilizou-se como precursor cloreto de alumínio hexahidratado que, após reações de pectização, levou à formação de um gel viscoso com características amorfas. Este gel, após calcinação, deu origem a diferentes fases de alumina e, apresentou diferentes morfologias: pós, fibras ou corpos cerâmicos porosos, que variaram de acordo com os parâmetros processuais adotados. A fim de se avaliar o comportamento do gel frente às diferentes condições de pH, variou-se o pH do sistema utilizando-se ácido acético glacial para ajustes de pH na faixa ácida e, para o ajuste de pH na faixa básica, uma solução aquosa 30% de amônio. Ambos foram escolhidos para o ajuste de pH por não interferirem no processo de síntese da alumina e, por serem facilmente eliminados com tratamentos térmicos. Na etapa de pectização do gel, foram adicionados diferentes solventes, água, álcool ou uma mistura 1:1 de ambos, a fim de se avaliar a sua influência sob o tempo de secagem e distribuição de tamanho de partículas. O gel foi então seco de acordo com as seguintes metodologias de secagem: secagem do gel em estufa a 110°C por 12 horas, secagem do gel em ambiente aberto, com temperatura variando entre 25 e 30°C, pré-evaporação do solvente sob aquecimento (70 a 80°C) e agitação. Os produtos obtidos seguindo esta metodologia foram caracterizados quanto à distribuição granulométrica, análises térmicas (TGA e DTA), difração de raios X, área superficial, densidade real e morfologia (usando microscopia ótica e de varredura).

Caracterização de filmes ópticos compósitos nano-estruturados, inomogêneos ou anisotrópicos, produzidos por troca iônica e pelo método sol-gel

Este trabalho tem como objetivo o desenvolvimento e a aplicação de métodos de caracterização de filmes ópticos, associados à sua estrutura inomogênea ou anisotrópica. Os materiais estudados são guias ópticos planares e filmes compósitos com propriedades ópticas não-lineares. Esses materiais são relevantes para aplicações na área de optoeletrônica e óptica integrada. O trabalho é dividido em duas partes principais. A primeira parte é dedicada à caracterização de guias de onda planares produzidos por troca iônica, vidros dopados com íons de Ag e/ou K, através de um e/ou dois processos de troca. O perfil de índice de refração é estudado através da técnica de Modos Guiados, uma técnica óptica empregada tradicionalmente em guias desse tipo. Em complementação a essa medida óptica, são realizadas medidas do perfil de concentração do íon dopante, empregando as técnicas de RBS e EDS. É dedicado um interesse especial pela região próxima à superfície da amostra, a região crítica na análise por Modos Guiados. Os métodos de Abelès-Hacskaylo e de Brewster-Pfund são estendidos a esses guias inomogêneos, permitindo a medida direta do valor do índice de refração superficial. Essa informação e os dados obtidos por Modos Guiados permitem a determinação de um perfil de índice de refração mais acurado ao longo da profundidade do guia. A segunda parte é dedicada ao estudo de materiais compósitos: filmes finos constituídos por uma matriz (silicato, silicato + PVP, e PMMA) dopada com moléculas orgânicas que apresentam propriedades ópticas não-lineares de segunda ordem (PNA, DR-1 e HBO-BO6). Nessas amostras, é aplicado um campo elétrico de alta voltagem (efeito corona), gerando um alinhamento dos cromóforos dopantes. Essa mudança na simetria estrutural do material, de isotrópica para uniaxial, é observada através da assimetria correspondente no valor do índice de refração (birrefringência). O valor da birrefringência induzida é obtido através da medida da variação da refletância de luz pelo material, auxiliada por medidas prévias das constantes ópticas do material por Elipsometria.