Water Content Distribution in the Surface Layer of Maoping Slope

The water content distribution in the surface layer of Maoping slope has been studied by testing the water content at 31 control sites. The water content profiles at these sites have also been determined. The water content distributions at different segments have been obtained by using the Kriging method of geostatistics. By comparing the water content distributions with the landform of the slope, it was shown that the water content is closely dependent on the landform of the slope. The water content distribution in the surface layer provided a fundamental basis for landslide predication and treatment.

Spark plasma sintering of TiNi nano-powders for biological application

Nano-sized TiNi powder with an average size of 50nm was consolidated using spark plasma sintering (SPS) at 800 °C for 5min. A layer of anatase TiO 2 coating was formed on the sintered TiNi by chemical reaction with a hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) solution at 60 °C followed by heat treatment at 400 °C to enhance the bioactivity of the metal surface. Cell culture using osteoblast cells and a biomimetic test in simulated body fluid proved the biocompatibility of the chemically treated SPS TiNi. © IOP Publishing Ltd.

Semi-insulating layer for novel high voltage polysilicon thin film transistors

This work describes the deposition and characterisation of semi-insulating oxygen-doped silicon films for the development of high voltage polycrystalline silicon (poly-Si) circuitry on glass. The performance of a novel poly-Si High Voltage Thin Film Transistor (HVTFT) structure, incorporating a layer of semi-insulating material, has been investigated using a two dimensional device simulator. The semi-insulating layer increases the operating voltage of the HVTFT structure by linearising the potential distribution in the device offset region. A glass compatible semi-insulating layer, suitable for HVTFT applications, has been deposited by the Plasma Enhanced Chemical Vapour Deposition (PECVD) technique from silane (SiH4), nitrous oxide (N2O) and helium (He) gas mixtures. The as-deposited films are furnace annealed at 600°C which is the maximum process temperature. By varying the N2O/SiH4 ratio the conductivity of the annealed films can be accurately controlled up to a maximum of around 10-7 Ω-1cm-1. Helium dilution of the reactant gases improves both film uniformity and reproducibility. Raman analysis shows the as-deposited and annealed films to be completely amorphous. A model for the microstructure of these Semi-Insulating Amorphous Oxygen-Doped Silicon (SIAOS) films is proposed to explain the observed physical and electrical properties.

Linear Stability Analysis of Convection in Two-Layer System with an Evaporating Vapor-Liquid Interface

Classical theories have successfully provided an explanation for convection in a liquid layer heated from below without evaporation. However, these theories are inadequate to account for the convective instabilities in an evaporating liquid layer, especially in the case when it is cooled from below. In the present paper, we study the onset of Marangoni convection in a liquid layer being overlain by a vapor layer.A new two-sided model is put forward instead of the one-sided model in previous studies. Marangoni-Bénard instabilities in evaporating liquid thin layers are investigated with a linear instability analysis. We define a new evaporation Biot number, which is different from that in previous studies and discuss the influences of reference evaporating velocity and evaporation Biot number on the vapor-liquid system. At the end, we explain why the instability occurs even when an evaporating liquid layer is cooled from below.

DNS of Compressible Turbulent Boundary Layer Over a Blunt Wedge

Direct numerical simulation of spatially evolving compressible boundary layer over a blunt wedge is performed in this paper. The free-stream Mach number is 6 and the disturbance source produced by wall blowing and suction is located downstream of the sound-speed point. Statistics are studied and compared with the results in incompressible flat-plate boundary layer. The mean pressure gradient effects on the vortex structure are studied.

Heating characteristics of blunt swept fin-induced shock wave turbulent boundary layer interaction

An experimental study was conducted on shock wave turbulent boundary layer interactions caused by a blunt swept fin-plate configuration at Mach numbers of 5.0, 7.8, 9.9 for a Reynolds number range of (1.0.similar to 4.7) x 10(7)/m. Detailed heat transfer and pressure distributions were measured at fin deflection angles of up to 30 degrees for a sweepback angle of 67.6 degrees. Surface oil flow patterns and liquid crystal thermograms as well as schlieren pictures of fin shock shape were taken. The study shows that the flow was separated at deflection of 10 degrees and secondary separation were detected at deflection of theta greater than or equal to 20 degrees. The heat transfer and pressure distributions on flat plate showed an extensive plateau region followed by a distinct dip and local peak close to the fin foot. Measurements of the plateau pressure and heat transfer were in good agreement with existing prediction methods, but pressure and heating peak measurements at M greater than or equal to 6 were significantly lower than predicted by the simple prediction techniques at lower Mach numbers.

Silicon Surface Modification with a Mixed Silanes Layer to Immobilize Proteins for Biosensor with Imaging Ellipsometry

One kind of surface modification method on silicon wafer was presented in this paper. A mixed silanes layer was used to modify silicon surface and rendered the surface medium hydrophobic. The mixed silanes layer contained two kinds of compounds, aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES) and methyltriethoxysilane (NITES). A few of APTES molecules in the layer was used to immobilize covalently human immunoglobulin G (IgG) on the silicon surface. The human IgG molecules immobilized covalently on the modified surface could retain their structures well and bind more antibody molecules than that on silicon surface modified with only APTES. This kind of surface modification method effectively improved the sensitivity of the biosensor with imaging ellipsometry.

Investigating the hydrothermal growth of zinc oxide nanostructures through seed layer control

Controlling the growth of ZnO nanostructures for photovoltaic applications will ensure greater device efficiency and parameter control. This paper reports on methods to engineer the morphology and tailor the nanostructure growth direction through the hydrothermal synthesis method. Effective control is achieved through the use of a sputtered zinc layer together with modifications of the growth solution. These nanostructures have been developed with a view to incorporation into excitonic solar cells, and methods to improve surface stability using a fully aqueous synthesis method will be discussed. © by Oldenbourg Wissenschaftsverlag, München.

Normal shock boundary layer control with various vortex generator geometries

Various vortex generators which include ramp, split-ramp and a new hybrid concept "ramped-vane" are investigated under normal shock conditions with a diffuser at Mach number of 1.3. The dimensions of the computational domain were designed using Reynolds Average Navier-Stokes studies to be representative of the flow in an external-compression supersonic inlet. Using this flow geometry, various vortex generator concepts were studied with Implicit Large Eddy Simulation. In general, the ramped-vane provided increased vorticity compared to the other devices and reduced the separation length downstream of the device centerline. In addition, the size, edge gap and streamwise position respect to the shock were studied for the ramped-vane and it was found that a height of about half the boundary thickness and a large trailing edge gap yielded a fully attached flow downstream of the device. This ramped-vane also provided the largest reduction in the turbulent kinetic energy and pressure fluctuations. Additional benefits include negligible drag while the reductions in boundary layer displacement thickness and shape factor were seen compared to other devices. © 2010 by Sang Lee.

Normal shock boundary layer control with various vortex generator geometries

Various vortex generators which include ramp, split-ramp and a new hybrid concept "ramped-vane" are investigated under normal shock conditions with a diffuser at Mach number of 1.3. The dimensions of the computational domain were designed using Reynolds Average Navier-Stokes studies to be representative of the flow in an external-compression supersonic inlet. Using this flow geometry, various vortex generator concepts were studied with Implicit Large Eddy Simulation. In general, the ramped-vane provided increased vorticity compared to the other devices and reduced the separation length downstream of the device centerline. In addition, the size, edge gap and streamwise position respect to the shock were studied for the ramped-vane and it was found that a height of about half the boundary thickness and a large trailing edge gap yielded a fully attached flow downstream of the device. This ramped-vane also provided the largest reduction in the turbulent kinetic energy and pressure fluctuations. Additional benefits include negligible drag while the reductions in boundary layer displacement thickness and shape factor were seen compared to other devices. © 2011 Elsevier Ltd.

In Situ Synthesis Of Nanocrystalline Intermetallic Layer During Surface Plastic Deformation Of Zirconium

By means of a surface plastic deformation method a nanocrystalline (NC) intermetallic compound was in situ synthesized on the surface layer of bulk zirconium (Zr). Hardened steel shots (composition: 1.0C, 1.5Cr, base Fe in wt.%) were used to conduct repetitive and multidirectional peening on the surface layer of Zr. The microstructure evolution of the surface layer was investigated by X-ray diffraction and scanning and transmission electron microscopy observations. The NC intermetallic layer of about 25 gm thick was observed and confirmed by concentration profiles of Zr, Fe and Cr, and was found to consist of the Fe100-xCrx compound with an average grain size of 22 nm. The NC surface layer exhibited an extremely high average hardness of 10.2 GPa. The Zr base immediately next to the compound/Zr interface has a grain size of similar to 250 nm, and a hardness of similar to 3.4 GPa. The Fe100-xCrx layer was found to securely adhere to the Zr base. (c) 2007 Elsevier B.V All rights reserved.

Influence Of Rayleigh Effect Combined With Marangoni Effect On The Onset Of Convection In A Liquid Layer Overlying A Porous Layer

The coupling mechanism of Rayleigh effect and Marangoni effect in a liquid-porous system is investigated using a linear stability analysis. The eigenvalue problem is solved by means of a Chebyshev tau method. Results indicate that there are three coupling modes between the Rayleigh effect and the Marangoni effect for different depth ratios. (C) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Experimental Investigation Of Thermocapillary Convection In A Liquid Layer With Evaporating Interface

Thermocapillary convection coupling with the evaporation effect of evaporating liquids is studied experimentally. This study focused on an evaporation liquid layer in a rectangular cavity subjected to a horizontal temperature gradient when the top evaporating surface is open to air, while most previous works only studied pure thermocapillary convection without evaporation. Two liquids with different evaporating rates are used to study the coupling of evaporation and thermocapillary convection, and the interfacial temperature profiles for different temperature gradients are measured. The experimental results indicate evidently the influence of evaporation effect on the thermocapillary convection and interfacial temperature profiles. The steady multicellular flow and the oscillatory multicellular flow in the evaporation liquid layer are observed by using the particle-image-velocimetry method.

Direct Numerical Simulation Of Hypersonic Boundary-Layer Transition Over A Blunt Cone

Direct numerical simulation of transition How over a blunt cone with a freestream Mach number of 6, Reynolds number of 10,000 based on the nose radius, and a 1-deg angle of attack is performed by using a seventh-order weighted essentially nonoscillatory scheme for the convection terms of the Navier-Stokes equations, together with an eighth-order central finite difference scheme for the viscous terms. The wall blow-and-suction perturbations, including random perturbation and multifrequency perturbation, are used to trigger the transition. The maximum amplitude of the wall-normal velocity disturbance is set to 1% of the freestream velocity. The obtained transition locations on the cone surface agree well with each other far both cases. Transition onset is located at about 500 times the nose radius in the leeward section and 750 times the nose radius in the windward section. The frequency spectrum of velocity and pressure fluctuations at different streamwise locations are analyzed and compared with the linear stability theory. The second-mode disturbance wave is deemed to be the dominating disturbance because the growth rate of the second mode is much higher than the first mode. The reason why transition in the leeward section occurs earlier than that in the windward section is analyzed. It is not because of higher local growth rate of disturbance waves in the leeward section, but because the growth start location of the dominating second-mode wave in the leeward section is much earlier than that in the windward section.