Electrochemistry of carbon based engineered structures

The main aims of my PhD research work have been the investigation of the redox, photophysical and electronic properties of carbon nanotubes (CNT) and their possible uses as functional substrates for the (electro)catalytic production of oxygen and as molecular connectors for Quantum-dot Molecular Automata. While for CNT many and diverse applications in electronics, in sensors and biosensors field, as a structural reinforcing in composite materials have long been proposed, the study of their properties as individual species has been for long a challenging task. CNT are in fact virtually insoluble in any solvent and, for years, most of the studies has been carried out on bulk samples (bundles). In Chapter 2 an appropriate description of carbon nanotubes is reported, about their production methods and the functionalization strategies for their solubilization. In Chapter 3 an extensive voltammetric and vis-NIR spectroelectrochemical investigation of true solutions of unfunctionalized individual single wall CNT (SWNT) is reported that permitted to determine for the first time the standard electrochemical potentials of reduction and oxidation as a function of the tube diameter of a large number of semiconducting SWNTs. We also established the Fermi energy and the exciton binding energy for individual tubes in solution and, from the linear correlation found between the potentials and the optical transition energies, one to calculate the redox potentials of SWNTs that are insufficiently abundant or absent in the samples. In Chapter 4 we report on very efficient and stable nano-structured, oxygen-evolving anodes (OEA) that were obtained by the assembly of an oxygen evolving polyoxometalate cluster, (a totally inorganic ruthenium catalyst) with a conducting bed of multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT). Here, MWCNT were effectively used as carrier of the polyoxometallate for the electrocatalytic production of oxygen and turned out to greatly increase both the efficiency and stability of the device avoiding the release of the catalysts. Our bioinspired electrode addresses the major challenge of artificial photosynthesis, i.e. efficient water oxidation, taking us closer to when we might power the planet with carbon-free fuels. In Chapter 5 a study on surface-active chiral bis-ferrocenes conveniently designed in order to act as prototypical units for molecular computing devices is reported. Preliminary electrochemical studies in liquid environment demonstrated the capability of such molecules to enter three indistinguishable oxidation states. Side chains introduction allowed to organize them in the form of self-assembled monolayers (SAM) onto a surface and to study the molecular and redox properties on solid substrates. Electrochemical studies on SAMs of these molecules confirmed their attitude to undergo fast (Nernstian) electron transfer processes generating, in the positive potential region, either the full oxidized Fc+-Fc+ or the partly oxidized Fc+-Fc species. Finally, in Chapter 6 we report on a preliminary electrochemical study of graphene solutions prepared according to an original procedure recently described in the literature. Graphene is the newly-born of carbon nanomaterials and is certainly bound to be among the most promising materials for the next nanoelectronic generation.

Innovative Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Systems for Electrochemically Generated Luminescence Investigations: Towards One-Dimensional ECL

My research PhD work is focused on the Electrochemically Generated Luminescence (ECL) investigation of several different homogeneous and heterogeneous systems. ECL is a redox induced emission, a process whereby species, generated at electrodes, undergo a high-energy electron transfer reaction to form excited states that emit light. Since its first application, the ECL technique has become a very powerful analytical tool and has widely been used in biosensor transduction. ECL presents an intrinsically low noise and high sensitivity; moreover, the electrochemical generation of the excited state prevents scattering of the light source: for all these characteristics, it is an elective technique for ultrasensitive immunoassay detection. The majority of ECL systems involve species in solution where the emission occurs in the diffusion layer near to the electrode surface. However, over the past few years, an intense research has been focused on the ECL generated from species constrained on the electrode surface. The aim of my work is to study the behavior of ECL-generating molecular systems upon the progressive increase of their spatial constraints, that is, passing from isolated species in solution, to fluorophores embedded within a polymeric film and, finally, to patterned surfaces bearing “one-dimensional” emitting spots. In order to describe these trends, I use different “dimensions” to indicate the different classes of compounds. My thesis was mostly developed in the electrochemistry group of Bologna with the supervision of Prof Francesco Paolucci and Dr Massimo Marcaccio. With their help and also thanks to their long experience in the molecular and supramolecular ECL fields and in the surface investigations using scanning probe microscopy techniques, I was able to obtain the results herein described. Moreover, during my research work, I have established a new collaboration with the group of Nanobiotechnology of Prof. Robert Forster (Dublin City University) where I spent a research period. Prof. Forster has a broad experience in the biomedical field, especially he focuses his research on film surfaces biosensor based on the ECL transduction. This thesis can be divided into three sections described as follows: (i) in the fist section, homogeneous molecular and supramolecular ECL-active systems, either organic or inorganic species (i.e., corannulene, dendrimers and iridium metal complex), are described. Driving force for this kind of studies includes the search for new luminophores that display on one hand higher ECL efficiencies and on the other simple mechanisms for modulating intensity and energy of their emission in view of their effective use in bioconjugation applications. (ii) in the second section, the investigation of some heterogeneous ECL systems is reported. Redox polymers comprising inorganic luminophores were described. In such a context, a new conducting platform, based on carbon nanotubes, was developed aimed to accomplish both the binding of a biological molecule and its electronic wiring to the electrode. This is an essential step for the ECL application in the field of biosensors. (iii) in the third section, different patterns were produced on the electrode surface using a Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy. I developed a new methods for locally functionalizing an inert surface and reacting this surface with a luminescent probe. In this way, I successfully obtained a locally ECL active platform for multi-array application.

Sviluppo di modelli motore e veicolo per l'analisi di strategie di controllo in applicazioni Software e Hardware In the Loop

This work describes the development of a simulation tool which allows the simulation of the Internal Combustion Engine (ICE), the transmission and the vehicle dynamics. It is a control oriented simulation tool, designed in order to perform both off-line (Software In the Loop) and on-line (Hardware In the Loop) simulation. In the first case the simulation tool can be used in order to optimize Engine Control Unit strategies (as far as regard, for example, the fuel consumption or the performance of the engine), while in the second case it can be used in order to test the control system. In recent years the use of HIL simulations has proved to be very useful in developing and testing of control systems. Hardware In the Loop simulation is a technology where the actual vehicles, engines or other components are replaced by a real time simulation, based on a mathematical model and running in a real time processor. The processor reads ECU (Engine Control Unit) output signals which would normally feed the actuators and, by using mathematical models, provides the signals which would be produced by the actual sensors. The simulation tool, fully designed within Simulink, includes the possibility to simulate the only engine, the transmission and vehicle dynamics and the engine along with the vehicle and transmission dynamics, allowing in this case to evaluate the performance and the operating conditions of the Internal Combustion Engine, once it is installed on a given vehicle. Furthermore the simulation tool includes different level of complexity, since it is possible to use, for example, either a zero-dimensional or a one-dimensional model of the intake system (in this case only for off-line application, because of the higher computational effort). Given these preliminary remarks, an important goal of this work is the development of a simulation environment that can be easily adapted to different engine types (single- or multi-cylinder, four-stroke or two-stroke, diesel or gasoline) and transmission architecture without reprogramming. Also, the same simulation tool can be rapidly configured both for off-line and real-time application. The Matlab-Simulink environment has been adopted to achieve such objectives, since its graphical programming interface allows building flexible and reconfigurable models, and real-time simulation is possible with standard, off-the-shelf software and hardware platforms (such as dSPACE systems).

Stellar Relics of the hierarchical assembly of the Galaxy

This PhD Thesis is part of a long-term wide research project, carried out by the "Osservatorio Astronomico di Bologna (INAF-OABO)", that has as primary goal the comprehension and reconstruction of formation mechanism of galaxies and their evolution history. There is now substantial evidence, both from theoretical and observational point of view, in favor of the hypothesis that the halo of our Galaxy has been at least partially, built up by the progressive accretion of small fragments, similar in nature to the present day dwarf galaxies of the Local Group. In this context, the photometric and spectroscopic study of systems which populate the halo of our Galaxy (i.e. dwarf spheroidal galaxy, tidal streams, massive globular cluster, etc) permits to discover, not only the origin and behaviour of these systems, but also the structure of our Galactic halo, combined with its formation history. In fact, the study of the population of these objects and also of their chemical compositions, age, metallicities and velocity dispersion, permit us not only an improvement in the understanding of the mechanisms that govern the Galactic formation, but also a valid indirect test for cosmological model itself. Specifically, in this Thesis we provided a complete characterization of the tidal Stream of the Sagittarius dwarf spheroidal galaxy, that is the most striking example of the process of tidal disruption and accretion of a dwarf satellite in to our Galaxy. Using Red Clump stars, extracted from the catalogue of the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) we obtained an estimate of the distance, the depth along the line of sight and of the number density for each detected portion of the Stream (and more in general for each detected structure along our line of sight). Moreover comparing the relative number (i.e. the ratio) of Blue Horizontal Branch stars and Red Clump stars (the two features are tracers of different age/different metallicity populations) in the main body of the galaxy and in the Stream, in order to verify the presence of an age-metallicity gradient along the Stream. We also report the detection of a population of Red Clump stars probably associated with the recently discovered Bootes III stellar system. Finally, we also present the results of a survey of radial velocities over a wide region, extending from r ~ 10' out to r ~ 80' within the massive star cluster Omega Centauri. The survey was performed with FLAMES@VLT, to study the velocity dispersion profile in the outer regions of this stellar system. All the results presented in this Thesis, have already been published in refeered journals.

Il diritto di difesa nel procedimento de libertate tra prova del fumus commissi delicti e giusto processo cautelare

Il tema generale di ricerca oggetto della presente trattazione è rappresentato dal diritto di difesa nel procedimento de libertate. Esso costituisce un tema da sempre controverso, materia di vivaci e mai sopiti dibattiti sia in dottrina che in giurisprudenza, poiché si colloca in un punto nevralgico non solo del procedimento penale, ma, addirittura, dell’intero ordinamento giuridico di uno stato, poiché in esso si incontrano, e sovente si scontrano, le istanze di garanzia del cittadino contro indebite limitazioni ante iudicium della libertà personale, da un lato, e le esigenze di tutela della collettività e del processo dai pericula libertatis (inquinamento delle prove, rischio di fuga, pericolo di reiterazione dei reati), dall’altro. Detto in altri termini, il procedimento de libertate è esattamente il luogo in cui un ordinamento che voglia definirsi liberale, nella sua naturale e incessante evoluzione, tenta faticosamente di trovare un equilibrio tra autorità e libertà. Trattandosi, per ovvie ragioni, di un argomento vastissimo, che spazia dall’esercizio del diritto di difesa nella fase applicativa delle misure cautelari personali, alle impugnazioni delle misure medesime, dalla revoca o sostituzione delle stesse al giudicato cautelare sulle decisioni de libertate, etc., il campo della ricerca è stato circoscritto a due temi specifici che interessano direttamente il diritto di difesa, limitatamente alla fase dell’applicazione delle misure cautelari personali, e che presentano profili di originalità, per alcune importanti modifiche intervenute a livello sia di legislazione ordinaria che di legislazione costituzionale: 1) l’accertamento dei gravi indizi di colpevolezza; 2) il principio del contraddittorio nel procedimento cautelare, alla luce dell’art. 111 Cost. Siffatti temi, apparentemente disomogenei, sono, in realtà, profondamente correlati tra loro, rappresentando, per usare una locuzione spicciola, l’uno la “sostanza” e l’altro “la forma” del procedimento de libertate, ed insieme concorrono ad individuare un modello di giusto processo cautelare.

Dalla EN 16001 alla ISO 50001 norme per la gestione dell'energia la riduzione dei consumi, dei costi caso applicativo all'interno della GDO

Lo scopo della seguente trattazione, è quello di introdurre il concetto di efficienza energetica all’interno delle aziende, qualunque sia il loro campo d’applicazione. Per far ciò l’ISO ha emanato una nuova normativa a livello internazionale che ha il compito di aiutare le imprese ad implementare un corretto Sistema di Gestione dell’Energia. Dopo una breve introduzione sul panorama energetico nazionale, nel secondo capitolo verranno introdotte le due normative energetiche e verranno spiegate e commentate. Successivamente ci si concentrerà, a partire dal terzo capitolo, sulla grande distribuzione organizzata, la quale è stata analizzata come caso applicativo; in prima analisi verranno introdotti gli impianti presenti all’interno dei supermercati e che maggiormente impattano sul consumo energetico, in secondo analisi verranno analizzate alcune soluzioni che se correttamente implementate potrebbero portare miglioramenti in termini energetici ed economici all’interno delle GDO. Nell’ultimo capitolo si affronterà una vera e propria diagnosi energetica relativa ad un punto vendita nel quale è stato effettuato un sopralluogo per la raccolta dei dati e si analizzerà l’andamento dei consumi energetici e si introdurranno degli indici di performance appositamente pensati per un monitoraggio efficiente dei consumi energetici, infine si proporranno soluzioni espressamente pensate per il suddetto punto vendita. L’intero lavoro è stato svolto in collaborazione con una società di consulenza, la NIER Ingegneria; una società di servizi che ha come scopo la ricerca delle soluzioni più idonee a problemi di carattere prevalentemente organizzativo e tecnologico in riferimento ai settori ambiente, qualità, sicurezza, energia. Fondata nel 1977, il primo ambito lavorativo fu l’Energia: effettuò ricerche, realizzò simulazioni e banche dati, come la prima Banca Dati Metereologica italiana (su base oraria) e il calcolo dei gradi giorno per tutti i Comuni italiani. Caso raro in Italia, sono rimasti impegnati anche nel Nucleare occupandosi, prima, di sicurezza di reattori a fusione, poi di affidabilità e sicurezza della nuova macchina a fusione, l'ambizioso progetto internazionale Net/Iter. Negli anni '80, dal nucleare si sono allargati al settore dei Rischi e Incidenti rilevanti in campo industriale fornendo assistenza alle imprese e alla pubblica amministrazione e, successivamente, negli anni '90, alle attività di Analisi ambientali e di sicurezza con la produzione di piani di emergenza, manuali operativi, corsi di formazione e strategie di comunicazione ambientale. Infine, l’ Ambiente nelle sue molteplici articolazioni. Acqua, aria, suolo e sottosuolo sono stati oggetto di studi, ricerche e progetti svolti per Autorità Pubbliche, Enti di Ricerca e industrie nella direzione di uno sviluppo durevole e sostenibile. In ambito energetico si occupano di • Diagnosi e certificazioni energetiche • ISO 50001:2011 - Sistema di gestione per l'energia • Piani energetici ambientali • Simulazioni dinamiche di edifici ed impianti • Energie rinnovabili • Risparmio energetico • Attività di ricerca