Aumento della risoluzione spaziale per il sondaggio di temperatura e umidità da satellite geostazionario mediante radiometria ad onde millimetriche e submillimetriche

The purpose of this study is to develop and evaluate techniques that improve the spatial resolution of the channels already selected in the preliminary studies for Geostationary Observatory for Microwave Atmospheric Soundings (GOMAS). Reference high resolution multifrequency brightness temperatures scenarios have been derived by applying radiative transfer calculation to the spatially and microphysically detailed output of meteorological events simulated by the University of Wisconsin - Non-hydrostatic Model System (UW-NMS). Three approaches, Wiener filter, Super-Resolution and Image Fusion have been applied to some representative GOMAS frequency channels to enhance the resolution of antenna temperatures. The Wiener filter improved resolution of the largely oversampled images by a factor 1.5- 2.0 without introducing any penalty in the radiometric accuracy. Super-resolution, suitable for not largely oversampled images, improved resolution by a factor ~1.5 but introducing an increased radiometric noise by a factor 1.4-2.5. The image fusion allows finally to further increase the spatial frequency of the images obtained by the Wiener filter increasing the total resolution up to a factor 5.0 with an increased radiometric noise closely linked to the radiometric frequency and to the examined case study.

Cross-layer optimizations in multi-hop ad hoc networks

Unlike traditional wireless networks, characterized by the presence of last-mile, static and reliable infrastructures, Mobile ad Hoc Networks (MANETs) are dynamically formed by collections of mobile and static terminals that exchange data by enabling each other's communication. Supporting multi-hop communication in a MANET is a challenging research area because it requires cooperation between different protocol layers (MAC, routing, transport). In particular, MAC and routing protocols could be considered mutually cooperative protocol layers. When a route is established, the exposed and hidden terminal problems at MAC layer may decrease the end-to-end performance proportionally with the length of each route. Conversely, the contention at MAC layer may cause a routing protocol to respond by initiating new routes queries and routing table updates. Multi-hop communication may also benefit the presence of pseudo-centralized virtual infrastructures obtained by grouping nodes into clusters. Clustering structures may facilitate the spatial reuse of resources by increasing the system capacity: at the same time, the clustering hierarchy may be used to coordinate transmissions events inside the network and to support intra-cluster routing schemes. Again, MAC and clustering protocols could be considered mutually cooperative protocol layers: the clustering scheme could support MAC layer coordination among nodes, by shifting the distributed MAC paradigm towards a pseudo-centralized MAC paradigm. On the other hand, the system benefits of the clustering scheme could be emphasized by the pseudo-centralized MAC layer with the support for differentiated access priorities and controlled contention. In this thesis, we propose cross-layer solutions involving joint design of MAC, clustering and routing protocols in MANETs. As main contribution, we study and analyze the integration of MAC and clustering schemes to support multi-hop communication in large-scale ad hoc networks. A novel clustering protocol, named Availability Clustering (AC), is defined under general nodes' heterogeneity assumptions in terms of connectivity, available energy and relative mobility. On this basis, we design and analyze a distributed and adaptive MAC protocol, named Differentiated Distributed Coordination Function (DDCF), whose focus is to implement adaptive access differentiation based on the node roles, which have been assigned by the upper-layer's clustering scheme. We extensively simulate the proposed clustering scheme by showing its effectiveness in dominating the network dynamics, under some stressing mobility models and different mobility rates. Based on these results, we propose a possible application of the cross-layer MAC+Clustering scheme to support the fast propagation of alert messages in a vehicular environment. At the same time, we investigate the integration of MAC and routing protocols in large scale multi-hop ad-hoc networks. A novel multipath routing scheme is proposed, by extending the AOMDV protocol with a novel load-balancing approach to concurrently distribute the traffic among the multiple paths. We also study the composition effect of a IEEE 802.11-based enhanced MAC forwarding mechanism called Fast Forward (FF), used to reduce the effects of self-contention among frames at the MAC layer. The protocol framework is modelled and extensively simulated for a large set of metrics and scenarios. For both the schemes, the simulation results reveal the benefits of the cross-layer MAC+routing and MAC+clustering approaches over single-layer solutions.

Management and routing algorithms for ad-hoc and sensor networks

Large scale wireless adhoc networks of computers, sensors, PDAs etc. (i.e. nodes) are revolutionizing connectivity and leading to a paradigm shift from centralized systems to highly distributed and dynamic environments. An example of adhoc networks are sensor networks, which are usually composed by small units able to sense and transmit to a sink elementary data which are successively processed by an external machine. Recent improvements in the memory and computational power of sensors, together with the reduction of energy consumptions, are rapidly changing the potential of such systems, moving the attention towards datacentric sensor networks. A plethora of routing and data management algorithms have been proposed for the network path discovery ranging from broadcasting/floodingbased approaches to those using global positioning systems (GPS). We studied WGrid, a novel decentralized infrastructure that organizes wireless devices in an adhoc manner, where each node has one or more virtual coordinates through which both message routing and data management occur without reliance on either flooding/broadcasting operations or GPS. The resulting adhoc network does not suffer from the deadend problem, which happens in geographicbased routing when a node is unable to locate a neighbor closer to the destination than itself. WGrid allow multidimensional data management capability since nodes' virtual coordinates can act as a distributed database without needing neither special implementation or reorganization. Any kind of data (both single and multidimensional) can be distributed, stored and managed. We will show how a location service can be easily implemented so that any search is reduced to a simple query, like for any other data type. WGrid has then been extended by adopting a replication methodology. We called the resulting algorithm WRGrid. Just like WGrid, WRGrid acts as a distributed database without needing neither special implementation nor reorganization and any kind of data can be distributed, stored and managed. We have evaluated the benefits of replication on data management, finding out, from experimental results, that it can halve the average number of hops in the network. The direct consequence of this fact are a significant improvement on energy consumption and a workload balancing among sensors (number of messages routed by each node). Finally, thanks to the replications, whose number can be arbitrarily chosen, the resulting sensor network can face sensors disconnections/connections, due to failures of sensors, without data loss. Another extension to {WGrid} is {W*Grid} which extends it by strongly improving network recovery performance from link and/or device failures that may happen due to crashes or battery exhaustion of devices or to temporary obstacles. W*Grid guarantees, by construction, at least two disjoint paths between each couple of nodes. This implies that the recovery in W*Grid occurs without broadcasting transmissions and guaranteeing robustness while drastically reducing the energy consumption. An extensive number of simulations shows the efficiency, robustness and traffic road of resulting networks under several scenarios of device density and of number of coordinates. Performance analysis have been compared to existent algorithms in order to validate the results.

Metodi numerici per lo studio di centri di lavoro ad alta velocità

A Machining Centre is nowadays a complex mechanical, electronic, electrical system that needs integrated design capabilities which very often require a high time-consuming effort. Numerical techniques for designing and dimensioning the machine structure and components usually requires different knowledge according to the system that have to be designed. This Ph. D Thesis is related about the efforts of the Authors to develop a system that allows to perform the complete project of a new machine optimized in its dynamic behaviour. An integration of the different systems developed, each of which respond to specific necessities of designer, is here presented. In particular a dynamic analysis system, based on a lumped mass approach, that rapidly allows to setup the drives of the machine and an Integrated Dynamic Simulation System, based on a FEM approach, that permit a dynamic optimization, are shown. A multilevel Data Base, and an operator interface module provide to complete the designing platform. The proposed approach represents a significant step toward the virtual machining for the prediction of the quality of the worked surface.

Tecnologie ad agenti e sistemi embedded

Information technology (IT) is on the verge of another revolution. Driven by the increasing capabilities and ever declining costs of computing and communications devices, IT is being embedded into a growing range of physical devices linked together through networks and will become ever more pervasive as the component technologies become smaller, faster, and cheaper. [..] These networked systems of embedded computers, referred to as EmNets throughout this report, have the potential to change radically the way people interact with their environment by linking together a range of devices and sensors that will allow information to be collected, shared, and processed in unprecedented ways.[..] The use of EmNets throughout society could well dwarf previous milestones in the information revolution.[..] IT will eventually become \textbf{an invisible component of almost everything} in everyone`s surroundings. Con il ridursi dei costi e l'aumentare della capacità di computazione dei componenti elettronici sono proliferate piattaforme che permettono al bambino come all'ingegnere di sviluppare un'idea che trasversalmente taglia il mondo reale e quello virtuale. Una collisione tra due mondi che fino a poco tempo fa era consentita esclusivamente a professionisti. Oggetti che possono acquisire o estendere funzionalità, che ci permettono di estendere la nostra percezione del mondo e di rivalutarne i suoi limiti. Oggetti connessi alla 'rete delle reti' che condividono ed elaborano dati per un nuovo utilizzo delle informazioni. Con questa tesi si vuole andare ad esplorare l'applicazione degli agenti software alle nuove piattaforme dei sistemi embedded e dell'Internet of Things, tecnologie abbastanza mature eppure non ancora esplorate a fondo. Ha senso modellare un sistema embedded con gli agenti?

Approccio modellistico al processo di selezione e separazione dimensionale dei RSU ed applicazione ad un impianto TMB

Nel presente lavoro sono stati illustrati i risultati preliminari di uno studio mirato alla modellazione del processo di vagliatura di RSU. Il modello, sviluppato sulla base di ipotesi sia cinematiche che probabilistiche, è stato implementato ed applicato per la verifica dell’influenza delle condizioni operative sull’efficienza del processo di separazione. La modellazione è stata sviluppata studiando la cinematica di una particella all’interno di un vaglio rotante, prima studiando il comportamento della singola particella e poi studiando il comportamento di più particelle. Lo sviluppo di tale modello, consente di determinare l’efficienza di rimozione per le diverse frazioni merceologiche di un rifiuto, ciascuna caratterizzata da una propria distribuzione dimensionale,. La validazione è stata svolta effettuando una campagna di misurazioni utilizzando un vaglio in scala (1:10) e un vaglio di dimensioni reali . Da queste misurazioni è emerso che il modello è ben rappresentativo della realtà, in alcuni casi, si sono evidenziate delle discrepanze dal comportamento reale del rifiuto, ciò è senz’altro da attribuite alla forte eterogeneità dei materiali costituenti il rifiuto solido urbano e dall’interferenza che le une causano sulle altre. Si è appurato che, variando i parametri quali: l’angolo di inclinazione longitudinale del vaglio, la velocità di rotazione si ha un diverso comportamento del rifiuto all’interno del vaglio e quindi una variazione dell’efficienza di separazione di quest’ultimo. In particolare è stata mostrata una possibile applicazione del modello legata alla valutazione delle caratteristiche del sopravaglio nel caso questo sia destinato alla produzione di CDR. Attraverso la formula di Dulong si è calcolato il potere calorifico superiore, (sia allo stato umido che allo stato secco), ottenuto effettuando delle variazioni dei parametri citati precedentemente, calcolato sulla massa uscente dal sopravaglio e quindi quella utilizzata come combustibile per gli impianti di termovalorizzazione.( C.D.R.) Si è osservato il legame esistente tra le condizioni operative inclinazione e velocità di rotazione del tamburo ed il potere calorifico del flusso selezionato con l’obiettivo di massimizzare quest’ultimo. Dalle è prove è emerso come il fattore umidità giochi un ruolo fondamentale per l’ottimizzazione del CDR, l’umidità infatti incide negativamente sul potere calorifico del rifiuto invertendo il rapporto normalmente direttamente proporzionale tra percentuale di sopravaglio e potere calorifico, dunque a causa dell’umidità all’aumentare del flusso di sopravaglio si ha una diminuzione del potere calorifico. Lo sviluppo e la validazione di un modello teorico, ci permette di affrontare il problema della selezione e separazione dei RSU,non più solo tramite un procedimento induttivo basato unicamente sulle osservazioni, ma tramite un procedimento deduttivo grazie al quale "conoscendo l’input si prevede quale sarà l’output". Allo stato attuale la scelta e il dimensionamento delle unità di separazione dimensionale nei processi di selezione è basata unicamente su conoscenze di natura empirica L’obiettivo principale è stato dunque quello di costruire uno strumento in grado di determinare le caratteristiche dei flussi uscenti dall’unità di vagliatura, note che siano le caratteristiche del flusso in ingresso ed i parametri operativi Questo approccio permette di eseguire valutazioni oggettive circa la reale rispondenza delle caratteristiche dei flussi in uscita a standard prefissati,peraltro consente di eseguire valutazioni sulle uscite di processo rispetto alla variabilità delle caratteristiche dei rifiuti in ingresso .