Inoculantes e fertilizantes foliares na soja em área de populações estabelecidas de Bradyrhizobium sob sistema plantio direto

O trabalho foi realizado em soja nos anos agrícolas de 1996/97, 1997/98 e 2000/01, objetivando avaliar a eficiência de formulações de inoculantes comerciais, isolados e associados a fertilizantes foliares à base de Mo e Co, em área de populações estabelecidas de Bradyrhizobium. Os experimentos foram instalados em Cruz Alta (RS), em áreas sob sistema plantio direto de 8 a 12 anos. No ano agrícola 1996/97, foram usados os tratamentos: testemunha sem inoculação; 200 kg ha-1 de N, parcelados; inoculante Nitragin Cell-Tech por 50 ou 80 kg de semente, com ou sem fungicida, e com ou sem fertilizante foliar Basfoliar Co Mol; inoculante Emerge Pó; inoculante Emerge PM e Basfoliar Co Mol. Em 1997/98, além da testemunha sem inoculação, utilizaram-se os inoculantes Emerge Pó; Emerge PM; Nitragin Cell-Tech e Rizo-liq, Nitragin Cell-Tech + Basfoliar Co Mol e Basfoliar Co Mol. No ano agrícola 2000/2001, os tratamentos foram: testemunha sem inoculação; 200 kg ha-1 de N, parcelados; inoculante turfoso padrão; Emerge PM; Rizo-liq Plus; Rizo-liq Plus + fertilizante foliar Rizomicro; Rizomicro; Gelfix; Gelfix + fertilizante foliar CoMofix; Rhizofix; Rhizofix + CoMofix; CoMofix e inoculante Bionutri. Nos três anos agrícolas avaliados, não houve diferenças entre os tratamentos para matéria seca de raízes, teor de N total no grão e produtividade de grãos. Somente no ano agrícola 1997/98, a matéria seca da parte aérea apresentou diferença entre os tratamentos, com destaque para Nitragin Cell-Tech + Basfoliar Co Mol. O tratamento com 200 kg ha-1 de N reduziu a massa de nódulos. As plantas de soja não responderam à prática da inoculação, porque, provavelmente, as populações de Bradyrhizobium existentes no solo já apresentavam estirpes eficientes e em número adequado.

Alguns problemes de catalogació de revistes electròniques d'accéss remot i l'estat actual de revisió de les regles

El desenvolupament dels recursos electrònics d¿accés remot, amb unes característiques ben diferents dels materials que tradicionalment han omplert els prestatges de les biblioteques, ha accelerat la revisió de les normatives de descripció i de catalogació i dels principis mateixos en què es basen. Es repassa l¿estat actual de la revisió de les normes pel que fa a les publicacions seriades i es comenten alguns problemes del tractament catalogràfic deles revistes en línia.

Les set vides del paper: formats de presentació i models de distribució en línia dels treballs publicats en revistes científiques digitals

Study of the publication models and the means of accessing scientific literature in the current environment of digital communication and the web. The text introduces the concept of journal article as a well-defined and stable unit within the publishing world, and as a nucleus on which professional and scholarly communication has been based since its beginnings in the 17th century. The transformation of scientific communication that the digital world has enabled is analysed. Descriptions are provided of some of the practices undertaken by authors, research organisations, publishers and library-related institutions as a response to the new possibilities being unveiled for articles, both as products as well as for their creation and distribution processes. These transformations affect the very nature of articles as a minimal unit -both unique and stable- of scientific communication. The article concludes by noting that under varying documentary forms of publisher aggregation and bibliographic control -sometimes simultaneously and, even, apparently contradictory- there flourishes a more pluralistic type of scientific communication. This pluralism offers: more possibilities for communication among authors; fewer levels of intermediaries such as agents that intervene and provide added value to the products; greater availability for users both economically speaking and from the point of view of access; and greater interaction and wealth of contents, thanks to the new hypertext and multimedia possibilities.

Fonts i recursos d'informació per a la recerca

Accedir a la informació és el procés que s'emporta la major part del temps i deis esforyos per part de qui esta portant a terme una investigació. El coneixement de les fonts d'informació més adequades per a cada projecte i el domini de les técniques per a la consulta d'aquestes fonts, són factors decisius per reeixir en l'elaboració d'un treball d'investigació rigorós i ben construit. Cada vegada més, les tecnologies de la informació i de la comunicació faciliten l'accés a fonts d'informació que fins ara eren costoses i complicades de consultar. Avui no és cap problema, teóricament, arribar al coneixement d'alló que s'ha publicat recentment en qualsevol lloc sobre qualsevol materia. Les biblioteques universitaries han jugat un paper molt important en aquest punt, ja que han permés en bona mesura l'accés a aquestes fonts per part deis investigadors. Han mantingut el nivell d'adquisicions i han comenyat a oferir tot un nou ventall de serveis aprofitant aquestes noves tecnologies: la distribució via correu electrónic de sumaris de les revistes pré-viament escollides per l'usuari, la distribució en xarxa de bases de dades en CD-ROM, l'elaboració de reculls de recursos d'internet de qualitat, etc

Les Biblioteques per a infants malalts als hospitals: a la recerca d'un espai propi

Les "Pautas para bibliotecas al servicio de pacientes de hospital, ancianos y discapacitados en centros de atención de larga duración" elaborades per l'IFLA són el marc normatiu de les biblioteques per a pacients. La seva existència, però, no garanteix el seu compliment; és per això que trobem realitats ben diverses, des dels hospitals que les reinterpreten i adeqüen a les seves necessitats i mitjans fins als que les ignoren o les desconeixen. En aquesta comunicació farem un recorregut per diverses alternatives o interpretacions als espais hospitalaris dedicats tant a l'oci com a la informació dels pacients en un context internacional. Es conclou que la biblioteca per a pacients és un servei en si mateix i es reivindica com un servei més al qual el malalt té dret.

Comparação de métodos de determinação de carbono orgânico total no solo

O teor de C orgânico total do solo (COT) pode ser determinado por métodos que se baseiam nos princípios de combustão a seco e combustão úmida. Ambos apresentam inconvenientes, principalmente o de combustão úmida, que exige grande quantidade de reagentes, gerando, por conseqüência, alta quantidade de resíduos tóxicos que contêm Cr. O método denominado Mebius no bloco de digestão (Mebius no bloco) permite a diminuição do uso de dicromato de potássio em análises de solo. Nesse sentido, o presente estudo objetivou verificar a precisão e exatidão do método Mebius no bloco em relação a outros de combustão úmida e o de combustão a seco. O trabalho foi realizado na Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, em duas etapas: os teores de COT foram determinados em 18 amostras de duas camadas (0-5 e 5-10 cm) de um Latossolo Vermelho distrófico típico com diferentes usos. Os métodos usados foram Walkley-Black, Mebius modificado, Mebius no bloco e por captura de CO2; os teores de COT foram determinados por combustão a seco e Mebius no bloco em 75 amostras coletadas nos horizontes A1 (0-7,5 e 7,5-15 cm), A2, E e Bt de um Argissolo Vermelho-Amarelo distrófico abrúptico submetido a cinco sistemas de manejo e três repetições. A precisão apresentada pelos métodos de combustão úmida é similar e com coeficiente de variação abaixo de 10 %, com exceção do método de captura de CO2, que apresentou valores de COT inferiores aos dos demais e com maior coeficiente de variação. O método Mebius no bloco permite processar maior número de amostras por tempo, com menor consumo de reagentes, e seus resultados apresentam boa precisão (coeficiente de variação menor que 2,60 %) entre os métodos de combustão úmida testados. Um fator de correção de 1,14 deverá ser aplicado aos resultados obtidos pelo método Mebius no bloco para equivaler aos obtidos por combustão a seco (analisador elementar de carbono).

Time-scale and other invariants of integrative mechanical behavior in living cells.

In dealing with systems as complex as the cytoskeleton, we need organizing principles or, short of that, an empirical framework into which these systems fit. We report here unexpected invariants of cytoskeletal behavior that comprise such an empirical framework. We measured elastic and frictional moduli of a variety of cell types over a wide range of time scales and using a variety of biological interventions. In all instances elastic stresses dominated at frequencies below 300 Hz, increased only weakly with frequency, and followed a power law; no characteristic time scale was evident. Frictional stresses paralleled the elastic behavior at frequencies below 10 Hz but approached a Newtonian viscous behavior at higher frequencies. Surprisingly, all data could be collapsed onto master curves, the existence of which implies that elastic and frictional stresses share a common underlying mechanism. Taken together, these findings define an unanticipated integrative framework for studying protein interactions within the complex microenvironment of the cell body, and appear to set limits on what can be predicted about integrated mechanical behavior of the matrix based solely on cytoskeletal constituents considered in isolation. Moreover, these observations are consistent with the hypothesis that the cytoskeleton of the living cell behaves as a soft glassy material, wherein cytoskeletal proteins modulate cell mechanical properties mainly by changing an effective temperature of the cytoskeletal matrix. If so, then the effective temperature becomes an easily quantified determinant of the ability of the cytoskeleton to deform, flow, and reorganize.

Oscillatory magnetic tweezers based on ferromagnetic beads and simple coaxial coils

We report the design and validation of simple magnetic tweezers for oscillating ferromagnetic beads in the piconewton and nanometer scales. The system is based on a single pair of coaxial coils operating in two sequential modes: permanent magnetization of the beads through a large and brief pulse of magnetic field and generation of magnetic gradients to produce uniaxial oscillatory forces. By using this two step method, the magnetic moment of the beads remains constant during measurements. Therefore, the applied force can be computed and varies linearly with the driving signal. No feedback control is required to produce well defined force oscillations over a wide bandwidth. The design of the coils was optimized to obtain high magnetic fields (280 mT) and gradients (2 T/m) with high homogeneity (5% variation) within the sample. The magnetic tweezers were implemented in an inverted optical microscope with a videomicroscopy-based multiparticle tracking system. The apparatus was validated with 4.5 ¿m magnetite beads obtaining forces up to ~2 pN and subnanometer resolution. The applicability of the device includes microrheology of biopolymer and cell cytoplasm, molecular mechanics, and mechanotransduction in living cells.

Mechanical properties of cultured human airway smooth muscle cells from 0.05 to 0.4 Hz.

We investigated the rheological properties of living human airway smooth muscle cells in culture and monitored the changes in rheological properties induced by exogenous stimuli. We oscillated small magnetic microbeads bound specifically to integrin receptors and computed the storage modulus (G') and loss modulus (G") from the applied torque and the resulting rotational motion of the beads as determined from their remanent magnetic field. Under baseline conditions, G' increased weakly with frequency, whereas G" was independent of the frequency. The cell was predominantly elastic, with the ratio of G" to G' (defined as eta) being ~0.35 at all frequencies. G' and G" increased together after contractile activation and decreased together after deactivation, whereas eta remained unaltered in each case. Thus elastic and dissipative stresses were coupled during changes in contractile activation. G' and G" decreased with disruption of the actin fibers by cytochalasin D, but eta increased. These results imply that the mechanisms for frictional energy loss and elastic energy storage in the living cell are coupled and reside within the cytoskeleton.

Scaling the microrheology of living cells

We report a scaling law that governs both the elastic and frictional properties of a wide variety of living cell types, over a wide range of time scales and under a variety of biological interventions. This scaling identifies these cells as soft glassy materials existing close to a glass transition, and implies that cytoskeletal proteins may regulate cell mechanical properties mainly by modulating the effective noise temperature of the matrix. The practical implications are that the effective noise temperature is an easily quantified measure of the ability of the cytoskeleton to deform, flow, and reorganize.

Carbon dioxide efflux in a rhodic hapludox as affected by tillage systems in southern Brazil

Agricultural soils can act as a source or sink of atmospheric C, according to the soil management. This long-term experiment (22 years) was evaluated during 30 days in autumn, to quantify the effect of tillage systems (conventional tillage-CT and no-till-NT) on the soil CO2-C flux in a Rhodic Hapludox in Rio Grande do Sul State, Southern Brazil. A closed-dynamic system (Flux Chamber 6400-09, Licor) and a static system (alkali absorption) were used to measure soil CO2-C flux immediately after soybean harvest. Soil temperature and soil moisture were measured simultaneously with CO2-C flux, by Licor-6400 soil temperature probe and manual TDR, respectively. During the entire month, a CO2-C emission of less than 30 % of the C input through soybean crop residues was estimated. In the mean of a 30 day period, the CO2-C flux in NT soil was similar to CT, independent of the chamber type used for measurements. Differences in tillage systems with dynamic chamber were verified only in short term (daily evaluation), where NT had higher CO2-C flux than CT at the beginning of the evaluation period and lower flux at the end. The dynamic chamber was more efficient than the static chamber in capturing variations in CO2-C flux as a function of abiotic factors. In this chamber, the soil temperature and the water-filled pore space (WFPS), in the NT soil, explained 83 and 62 % of CO2-C flux, respectively. The Q10 factor, which evaluates CO2-C flux dependence on soil temperature, was estimated as 3.93, suggesting a high sensitivity of the biological activity to changes in soil temperature during fall season. The CO2-C flux measured in a closed dynamic chamber was correlated with the static alkali adsorption chamber only in the NT system, although the values were underestimated in comparison to the other, particularly in the case of high flux values. At low soil temperature and WFPS conditions, soil tillage caused a limited increase in soil CO2-C flux.

Pageantry for Iowa Communities, 1923

George O. Hurley is the author and Ben J. Shambaugh is the editor of this document, which is also called Bulletin of Information Series No.10 published by the State Historical Society of Iowa. The purpose of this bulletin is to offer a practical discussion of some of the problems involved in the writing, organization and production of a community pageant which is defined as a community institution, such as churches, schools, chambers of commerce, woman's clubs, lodges and other organizations may us pageantry to advantage and profit. A bibliography is included.

Tunisian population data on 10 Y-chromosomal loci.

Alleles and haplotypes frequencies for 10 Y-chromosome STR loci (DYS19, DYS385 I/II, DYS389I, DYS389II, DYS390, DYS391, DYS392, DYS393, DYS438 and DYS439), included in the Y-Plex6 and Y-Plex5 kits were determined for a Tunisian population sample of 100 male individuals.