Ethanol as an alternative to formaldehyde for the enhancement of manganese(IV) chemiluminescence detection.

Previous applications of manganese(IV) as a chemiluminescence reagent have required the use of formaldehyde to enhance the emission intensity to analytically useful levels. However, this known human carcinogen (by inhalation) is not ideal for routine application. A wide range of alternative enhancers have been examined but to date none have been found to provide the dramatic increase in chemiluminescence intensities obtained using formaldehyde. Herein, we demonstrate that ethanol offers a simple, safe and inexpensive alternative to the use of formaldehyde for manganese(IV) chemiluminescence detection, without compromising signal intensity or sensitivity. For example, chemiluminescence signals for opiate alkaloids using 50-100% ethanol were 0.8-1.6-fold those using 2M formaldehyde. This innocuous alternative enhancer is shown to be a particularly effective for the direct detection of thiols and disulfides by manganese(IV) chemiluminescence, which we have applied to a simple HPLC procedure to determine a series of biomarkers of oxidative stress.

Utilization of organic matter by invertebrates along an estuarine gradient in an intermittently open estuary

In intermittently open estuaries, the sources of organic matter sustaining benthic invertebrates are likely to vary seasonally, particularly between periods of connection and disconnection with the ocean and higher and lower freshwater flows. This study investigated the contribution of allochthonous and autochthonous primary production to the diet of representative invertebrate species using stable isotope analysis (SIA) during the austral summer and winter (2008, 2009) in an intermittently open estuary on the south-eastern coast of Australia. As the study was conducted towards the end of a prolonged period of drought, a reduced influence of freshwater/terrestrial organic matter was expected. Sampling was conducted along an estuarine gradient, including upper, middle and lower reaches and showed that the majority of assimilated organic matter was derived from autochthonous estuarine food sources. Additionally, there was an input of allochthonous organic matter, which varied along the length of the estuary, indicated by distinct longitudinal trends in carbon and nitrogen stable isotope signatures along the estuarine gradient. Marine seaweed contributed to invertebrate diets in the lower reaches of the estuary, while freshwater/terrestrial organic matter had increased influence in the upper reaches. Suspension-feeding invertebrates derived large parts of their diet from freshwater/terrestrial material, despite flows being greatly reduced in comparison with non-drought years.

Integrated aquaculture systems approach to multi water-use in irrigated agriculture.

This study explored feasibility of an integrated agri-aquaculture systems (IAAS) approach to multiple water-use within Australian irrigated agriculture, emphasising adding value and sustainability to water resources. It focussed on development, demonstration and evaluation of a case-study of IAAS-based, open-water production of Murray cod in the Sunraysia Irrigation Region, NW Victoria.

Fluctuations of redox conditions across the Permian–Triassic boundary : new evidence from the GSSP section in Meishan of South China

Oceanic anoxia has long been considered as one of the main causes for the end-Permian mass extinction. However, the results obtained by different researchers are rather divergent from different sections, or even on the same section using the same redox proxy. This study aims to examine the causes for some of these divergent results using high-resolution pyrite framboid sampling at the Meishan GSSP section in South China. Detailed microfacies analysis shows that the uppermost Late Permian strata comprises two significantly different sedimentary facies: one characterized by silicious muddy limestone and recognized as representing autochthonous background sediments; the other distinguished by bioclastic grainstone, interpreted to be allochthonous in origin and have been transported from the nearby platform margin. These two different sedimentary facies represent two distinctly different redox conditions. Together with the facies analysis, a statistical analysis of pyrite framboids was carried out to evaluate the redox evolution across the Permian-Triassic boundary. Abundant framboids with average diameters of about 6μm are found in background sediments beneath the extinction boundary, indicating generally anoxic bottom water conditions. But this condition was punctuated by transient intervals of rapid oxygenation interpreted to have been caused by intrusion of intermittent turbidity flows. Our study also showed that anoxic conditions persisted into the immediate aftermath of the mass extinction, thereafter it was quickly followed by a relatively long period of oxic conditions (with rare framboids). However, the redox conditions returned to anoxia (with abundant pyrite framboids averaging about 5μm in diameter), accompanied by a rapid global transgression. The oxygenation manifested near the Permian-Triassic boundary coincides with the negative excursion of carbon isotope. This would imply that, contrary to previous interpretations, this great δ13C negative excursion was probably not caused by the upwelling of anoxic deep ocean waters.

Sedimentary factors are key predictors of carbon storage in SE Australian saltmarshes

Although coastal vegetated ecosystems are widely recognised as important sites of long-term carbon (C) storage, substantial spatial variability exists in quantifications of these ‘blue C’ stocks. To better understand the factors behind this variability we investigate the relative importance of geomorphic and vegetation attributes to variability in the belowground C stocks of saltmarshes in New South Wales (NSW), southeast Australia. Based on the analysis of over 140 sediment cores, we report mean C stocks in the surface metre of sediments (mean ± SE = 164.45 ± 8.74 Mg C ha−1) comparable to global datasets. Depth-integrated stocks (0–100 cm) were more than two times higher in fluvial (226.09 ± 12.37 Mg C ha−1) relative to marine (104.54 ± 7.11) geomorphic sites, but did not vary overall between rush and non-rush vegetation structures. More specifically, sediment grain size was a key predictor of C density, which we attribute to the enhanced C preservation capacity of fine sediments and/or the input of stable allochthonous C to predominantly fine-grained, fluvial sites. Although C density decreased significantly with sediment depth in both geomorphic settings, the importance of deep C varied substantially between study sites. Despite modest spatial coverage, NSW saltmarshes currently hold approximately 1.2 million tonnes of C in the surface metre of sediment, although more C may have been returned to the atmosphere through habitat loss over the past approximately 200 years. Our findings highlight the suitability of using sedimentary classification to predict blue C hotspots for targeted conservation and management activities to reverse this trend.

Can mud (silt and clay) concentration be used to predict soil organic carbon content within seagrass ecosystems?

The emerging field of blue carbon science is seeking cost-effective ways to estimate the organic carbon content of soils that are bound by coastal vegetated ecosystems. Organic carbon (Corg) content in terrestrial soils and marine sediments has been correlated with mud content (i.e. silt and clay), however, empirical tests of this theory are lacking for coastal vegetated ecosystems. Here, we compiled data (n = 1345) on the relationship between Corg and mud (i.e. silt and clay, particle sizes <63 μm) contents in seagrass ecosystems (79 cores) and adjacent bare sediments (21 cores) to address whether mud can be used to predict soil Corg content. We also combined these data with the δ13C signatures of the soil Corg to understand the sources of Corg stores. The results showed that mud is positively correlated with soil Corg content only when the contribution of seagrass-derived Corg to the sedimentary Corg pool is relatively low, such as in small and fast growing meadows of the genera Zostera, Halodule and Halophila, and in bare sediments adjacent to seagrass ecosystems. In large and long-living seagrass meadows of the genera Posidonia and Amphibolis there was a lack of, or poor relationship between mud and soil Corg content, related to a higher contribution of seagrass-derived Corg to the sedimentary Corg pool in these meadows. The relative high soil Corg contents with relatively low mud contents (i.e. mud-Corg saturation) together with significant allochthonous inputs of terrestrial organic matter could overall disrupt the correlation expected between soil Corg and mud contents. This study shows that mud (i.e. silt and clay content) is not a universal proxy for blue carbon content in seagrass ecosystems, and therefore should not be applied generally across all seagrass habitats. Mud content can only be used as a proxy to estimate soil Corg content for scaling up purposes when opportunistic and/or low biomass seagrass species (i.e. Zostera, Halodule and Halophila) are present (explaining 34 to 91% of variability), and in bare sediments (explaining 78% of the variability).

Variability of sedimentary organic carbon in patchy seagrass landscapes

Seagrass ecosystems, considered among the most efficient carbon sinks worldwide, encompass a wide variety of spatial configurations in the coastal landscape. Here we evaluated the influence of the spatial configuration of seagrass meadows at small scales (metres) on carbon storage in seagrass sediments. We intensively sampled carbon stocks and other geochemical properties (δ(13)C, particle size, depositional fluxes) across seagrass-sand edges in a Zostera muelleri patchy seagrass landscape. Carbon stocks were significantly higher (ca. 20%) inside seagrass patches than at seagrass-sand edges and bare sediments. Deposition was similar among all positions and most of the carbon was from allochthonous sources. Patch level attributes (e.g. edge distance) represent important determinants of the spatial heterogeneity of carbon stocks within seagrass ecosystems. Our findings indicate that carbon stocks of seagrass areas have likely been overestimated by not considering the influence of meadow landscapes, and have important relevance for the design of seagrass carbon stock assessments.

Comparison of marine macrophytes for their contributions to blue carbon sequestration

Many marine ecosystems have the capacity for long-term storage of organic carbon (C) in what are termed "blue carbon" systems. While blue carbon systems (saltmarsh, mangrove, and seagrass) are efficient at long-term sequestration of organic carbon (C), much of their sequestered C may originate from other (allochthonous) habitats. Macroalgae, due to their high rates of production, fragmentation, and ability to be transported, would also appear to be able to make a significant contribution as C donors to blue C habitats. In order to assess the stability of macroalgal tissues and their likely contribution to long-term pools of C, we applied thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) to 14 taxa of marine macroalgae and coastal vascular plants. We assessed the structural complexity of multiple lineages of plant and tissue types with differing cell wall structures and found that decomposition dynamics varied significantly according to differences in cell wall structure and composition among taxonomic groups and tissue function (photosynthetic vs. attachment). Vascular plant tissues generally exhibited greater stability with a greater proportion of mass loss at temperatures > 300 degrees C (peak mass loss -320 degrees C) than macroalgae (peak mass loss between 175-300 degrees C), consistent with the lignocellulose matrix of vascular plants. Greater variation in thermogravimetric signatures within and among macroalgal taxa, relative to vascular plants, was also consistent with the diversity of cell wall structure and composition among groups. Significant degradation above 600 degrees C for some macroalgae, as well as some belowground seagrass tissues, is likely due to the presence of taxon-specific compounds. The results of this study highlight the importance of the lignocellulose matrix to the stability of vascular plant sources and the potentially significant role of refractory, taxon-specific compounds (carbonates, long-chain lipids, alginates, xylans, and sulfated polysaccharides) from macroalgae and seagrasses for their long-term sedimentary C storage. This study shows that marine macroalgae do contain refractory compounds and thus may be more valuable to long-term carbon sequestration than we previously have considered.

Processamento e interpretação de dados aerogeofísicos magnetométricos e gamaespectrométricos no estudo do controle das mineralizações auríferas na região do Complexo Bossoroca, São Sepé, RS

Sete ocorrências auriferas estão inseridas na Seqüência Campestre do Complexo Bossoroca, no Escudo Sul-rio-grandense, municípios de São Sepé, no Estado do Rio Grande do Sul. Nessa região, foi realizado um aerolevantamento geofisico no qual foram coletados dados magnetométricos e aerogamaespectrométricos (K, U, Th e contagem total), em convênio finnado entre órgãos federais brasileiros (CPRM, DNPM e CNEN) e a empresa canadense Texas Instruments no período 1972-1973. Nessa dissertação são apresentados as interpretações e resultados dos dados e a metodologia utilizada para a interpretação das principais estruturas magnéticas e radiométricas visando aplicação na exploração mineral de ouro. Esse tipo de processamento, correlacionado aos dados geológicos, é uma prática usual de campanhas de prospecção mineral desde 1940 e é considerada como uma ferramenta de grande potencial para esse propósito. O processamento de dados magnetométricos forneceu mapas de primeira e segunda derivadas verticais, sinal analítico, gradiente horizontal, integral vertical, continuação para cima (1000, 2000 e 3000 metros) e seus principais lineamentos do campo magnético residual. Os dados foram tratados e posterionnente transfonnados em mapas de contorno e imagens pseudocoloridos e em tons de cinza com relevo sombreado (iluminação N, NE e SE) para realçar os principais lineamentos. Os mapas produzidos a partir dos dados aerogamaespectrométricos foram os de contagem total, K, U e Th, suas razões Th/K, U/K e UITh; mapas temários nos padrões RGB e CMY, potássio e urânio anômalos e parfunetro F, também foram transfonnados em mapas de contorno, pseudocolridos e tons de cinza com relevo sombreado (iluminação a N, NE e SE) e um mapa geológico interpretativo da região do Complexo Bossoroca As imagens magnetométricas mostraram-se importantes na caracterização estrutural regional, possibilitando a identificação de lineamentos NE-SW e NW-SE, não mapeados anterionnente e que podem estar relacionadas diretamente às ocorrências auriferas da região do Complexo Bossoroca. A aplicação das técnicas de processamento e interpretação de estruturas magnéticas por meio dos filtros como gradiente horizontal, primeira e segunda derivada, sinal analítico, continuação para cima, possibilitaram a determinação de descontinnidades fisicas que podem ser traduzidas em estruturas geológicas. O processamento de dados aerogamaespectrométricos possibilitou a caracterização de unidades geológicas regionais, a identificação de possíveis trends e zonas anômalas em potássio, relacionadas com as principais ocorrências auriferas da região. As imagens ternárias nos padrões RGB e CMY pennitiram a distinção e a caracterização das grandes unidades geológicas. Pode-se individualizar três regiões principais dentro da Seqüência Campestre, não mapeadas anterionnente, onde se encontram as ocorrências auriferas.

Manejo reprodutivo pós-parto de vacas primíparas e desenvolvimento de terneiros

O trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar os efeitos de cargas animais de 240 e 320 kg PV/ha em campo nativo (T1 e T2, respectivamente), de 400 kg PV/ha em pastagem melhorada com azevém (Lolium multiflorum L.) por 80 dias pós-parto e, após, carga animal igual a T2 em campo nativo (T3), e do desmame dos terneiros aos 100 dias (DP) ou aos 180 dias (DC) de idade sobre o desempenho reprodutivo de vacas de corte primíparas Hereford e Braford, e sobre o desenvolvimento de seus terneiros. A taxa de prenhez (TP) não foi influenciada (P>0,05) pelos tratamentos (T1 = 93,8%; T2= 90,6%; T3= 100%), nem pela idade de desmame (DP= 97,8%; DC= 91,3%). Houve efeito significativo dos tratamentos (P<0,05) sobre a TP aos 21 dias (T1= 15,6%; T2= 0,0%; T3= 17,9%) e aos 42 dias (T1= 46,9%; T2= 37,5%; T3= 71,4%) após iniciada a estação de acasalamento. O intervalo entre partos (IEP) e o intervalo parto-concepção (IPC) foram influenciados (P<0,01) pelos tratamentos. O IEP e o IPC para T1, T2 e T3 foram 390,9; 399,0 e 386,8 dias e 105,9; 114,0 e 101,8 dias, respectivamente Terneiros filhos de vacas Braford no T2 foram mais pesados ao desmame (P<0,05) do que terneiros filhos de vacas da mesma raça no T1 e filhos de vacas Hereford no T2. Os terneiros do DP tiveram pesos ajustados aos 180 dias menores (P<0,01) do que os do DC (174,6 kg vs. 197,2 kg, respectivamente). Não houve efeito (P>0,05) dos tratamentos, nem da idade de desmame sobre o peso dos terneiros aos 365 dias de idade. Os novilhos do DP tiveram pesos de abate e de carcaça, aos 14 meses, inferiores (P<0,01) aos novilhos do DC. Entretanto, o ganho de peso e o rendimento de carcaça dos novilhos do DP foram superiores (P<0,01) aos novilhos do DC. Não houve efeito (P>0,05) da idade de desmame sobre a espessura de gordura subcutânea.

Processos e componentes mantélicos no norte da Patagônia (Argentina) e relações com a subducção Andina : Evidências petrográficas, geoquímicas e isotópicas em xenólitos ultramáficos mantélicos

Xenólitos ultramáficos, carregados até a superfície da Terra por magmatismo básico alcalino intraplaca, fornecem evidências diretas da natureza e processos envolvidos em modificações do manto litosférico subcontinental, como fusão parcial e metassomatismo. Estes xenólitos têm sido utilizados para identificar processos relacionados a evolução da litosfera continental, estimar a composição original do manto e a escala das heterogeneidades mantélicas. Raramente xenólitos ultramáficos mantélicos são encontrados em ambientes convergentes, no entanto na Patagônia (sul da América do Sul), diversas ocorrências são identificadas em basaltos alcalinos na região de arco e back arc da Cordilheira do Andes. Estes xenólitos oportunizam o estudo dos processos de interação entre a cunha mantélica, a placa oceânica subductada e a astenosfera. Nesta dissertação são apresentados dados petrográficos, mineralógicos, geoquímicos e de isótopos de Sr e O em 22 xenólitos ultramáficos de dois centros vulcânicos Mioceno-Holoceno distintos: Cerro del Mojon (41°06’S-70°13’W) e Estancia Alvarez (40°46’S-68°46’W), localizados na borda NW do Platô de Somuncura, norte de Patagônia (Argentina). A suíte de xenólitos ultramáficos do Cerro del Mojon consiste de espinélio dunitos e harzburgitos mantélicos anidros (Grupo1), espinélio lherzolitos mantélicos anidros (Grupo 2a) e hidratados (Grupo 2b) e espinélio clinopiroxenitos crustais (Grupo 3). Os xenólitos mantélicos do Grupo 1 são depletados (empobrecidos em ETR pesados e HFSE, com baixas razões 87Sr/86Sr em Cpx – 0,7028-0.7037), de alta PT (16-19 kbar, 950-1078 ºC), e têm evidências de metassomatismo críptico (enriquecimento em K, Na ETR leves) atribuído a componentes derivados de sedimentos da placa oceânica subductada, EM 2 (87Sr/86Sr em RT até 0,7126, 87Rb/86Sr até 1,66 e δ18O até +6.78‰). Estes valores anomalamente altos foram obtidos em amostras com bolsões de reação ao redor do espinélio, induzidos pela percolação de fluidos metassomáticos sob altas pressões seguida por descompressão (Sp+fluido→ Cpx+Ol+Sp+melt-andesítico-traquítico). Os xenólitos do Grupo 2 são moderadamente depletados (empobrecidos em HFSE, com baixas a altas razões 87Sr/86Sr em RT e Cpx – 0,7031-0,7045 e δ18O +5-6.2‰), de baixa PT (14-15 kbar, 936-942 ºC), e têm evidências de metassomatismo modal e críptico (enriquecimento em ETR leves, Na, K, Ti, Sr, Hf e anfibólio modal). O metassomatismo críptico parece estar relacionado ao mesmo agente metassomatizante do Grupo 1, mas ocorre em menor intensidade. O metassomatismo modal, no entanto, tem outra origem, podendo ser derivado de fontes mantélicas profundas. A quebra do anfibólio metassomático durante a descompressão e ascensão dos xenólitos até a superfície formou bolsões de reação ao redor do anfibólio (Anf→Cpx+Ol+Sp+melts-basálticos & andesíticos). A suíte de xenólitos ultramáficos de Estancia Alvarez consiste de espinélio harzburgitos anidros mantélicos (Grupo 1a) e espinélio dunitos anidros crustais (Grupo 1b), ambos com veios de serpentina. Os xenólitos mantélicos do Grupo 1a são depletados (empobrecidos em ETR leves e HFSE), de profundidades variadas (P entre 11-18 kbar) e de baixa T (877-961 ºC). Estes xenólitos têm enriquecimento em ETR leves, B, Rb e K, que pode estar relacionado a percolação de fluidos ricos em H2O e LILE gerados pela desidratação de filossilicatos dos sedimentos da placa oceânica (EM 2), como evidenciado por veios de serpentina e altas razões 87Sr/86Sr (0,7046-0,7298), 87Rb/86Sr (0,07-5,63) e valores de δ18O (até +7,88‰).

Comparação estratigráfica e isotópica (Sm-Nd) das regiões do Cerro Morado e La Torre, bacia de Ischigualasto-Villa Unión, noroeste argentino

A bacia de Ischigualasto-Villa Unión (Stipanicic e Bonaparte, 1972), que consiste de uma bacia alongada no sentido NW-SE e preenchida por rochas sedimentares Triássicas, foi gerada durante o Eo-Triássico pela reativação de descontinuidades crustais pré-existentes, associadas ao Gondwanides, na região central andina. Esta limitada a oeste, pelo vale do Rio Bermejo, no qual se encontra a zona de sutura do Vale Fértil, que se caracteriza pela borda ativa da bacia. Aqui, apresentar-se-á uma revisão da estratigrafia da bacia de Ischigualasto-Villa Unión, detalhando-se duas áreas chaves do registro estratigráfico inferior da bacia, na região do Cerro Morado e La Torre. Nestas áreas utilizou-se de técnicas estratigráficas e isotópicas (Sm-Nd em rocha total), com o objetivo de estabelecer uma correlação entre seus registros estratigráficos e suas áreas-fonte, além de caracterizar o comportamento tectônico. Ambos os perfis apresentam na porção inferior o preenchimento por um sistema aluvial-fluvial (Formação Tarjados sensu Romer & Jensen, 1966), subdividido em 4 associações de fácies: leques aluviais, canais fluviais, barras longitudinais e planície de inundação; e, na porção superior, o preenchimento por um sistema lacustre-deltáico (Formação Los Chañares sensu Frenguelli, 1944, no Cerro Morado e, Formação Lomas Blancas sensu Bossi e Herbst, 1968, em La Torre), subdividido em 4 associações de fácies: lacustre, pró delta, frente deltáica e planicie deltáica. Sobre as últimas unidades ocorre um lacólito de diabásio (Formação Los Baldecitos) A formação Tarjados apresenta as maiores idades TDM na região do Cerro Morado, variando entre 1,33 e 1,60 Ga, enquanto que em La Torre os valores oscilam entre 1,03 e 1,30 Ga. Isso é interpretado aqui como uma variação da área fonte entre as duas regiões na época de sua sedimentação, cujas regiões poderiam estar compartimentadas em termos tectônicos a época de sua deposição. A formação Los Chañares possui idades TDM variando entre 0,90 e 1,36 Ga, e a formação Lomas Blancas possui idades TDM entre 0,99 e 1,35 Ga, com dominância de valores próximos a 1 Ga nos dois blocos. Os diabásios da formação Los Baldecitos possuem idades TDM entre 0,51 e 0,33 Ga, cujo dado é interpretado com uma extração mantélica próxima a 130 Ma de um manto modificado pela orogenia do Ciclo Gondwânico, ou até mesmo pelo processo de slab break-off da crosta oceânica consumida pela colisão do micro-continente Cuyania com a proto-margem do Gondwana (Ramos, 1999). Todas as rochas dessa formação obtiveram valores de Epsilon Nd positivos. A integração dos dados estratigráficos e isotópicos nos permite interpretar as duas áreas como meio-grábens distintos na etapa inicial de preenchimento, em função da discrepância entre as idades TDM entre as áreas. A partir da transgressão lacustre as áreas-fonte são uniformizadas e o alto estrutural pré-existente é transgredido.

Caracterização batimétrica e fisicooceanográfica do canal de acesso ao porto de Cabedelo/PB: uma análise ambiental ao derrame de óleo

The State of Paraíba is one of the most dynamic states of Brazil, strategically located in the northeast, is notable for the excellent potential for integration of different transportation modes forming the states of Rio Grande do Norte, Pernambuco and Alagoas. The dynamic that occurs with port activity causes changes in the space where it is installed. And the elements of this space are always more than suffering direct or indirect influences as the flow in the port is expanded. Therefore, this region became subject to the accidental spillage of oil, because it presents a heavy traffic of ships of various sizes that can run aground or collide with oil causing accidental events. The study of geomorphological and sedimentological compositions of seafloor becomes important as more is known about the relationships between these parameters and associated fauna, and can identify their preferred habitats. The database background, acoustically collected along the proposed study area, is a wealth of information, which were duly examined, cataloged and made available. Such information can serve as an important tool, providing a geomorphological survey of the sedimentary area studied, and come to subsidize, in a flexible, future decision making. With the study area Port of Cabedelo, Paraíba - Brazil, this research aimed to evaluate the influence of the tidal surface and background in modeling the seabed, including the acquisition of information about the location of submerged rocky bodies and the depth of these bodies may turn out to be natural traps for the trapping of oil in case of leaks, and obtain the relationship between types of bed and the hydrodynamic conditions present in the region. In this context, for this study were collected bathymetric data (depth) and physical oceanographic (height of water column, water temperature, intensity and direction of currents, waves and turbidity), meteorological (rainfall, air temperature, humidity, winds and barometric pressure) of the access channel to the Port of Cabedelo / PB and its basin evolution (where the cruise ships dock), and includes tools of remote sensing (Landsat 7 ETM +, 2001), so that images and the results are integrated into Geographic Information Systems and used in the elaboration of measures aimed at environmental protection areas under the influence of this scale facilities, serving as a grant to prepare a contingency plan in case of oil spills in the region. The main findings highlight the techniques of using hydroacoustic data acquisition together bathymetric surveys of high and low frequency. From there, five were prepared in bathymetric pattern of Directorate of Hydrography and Navigation - DHN, with the depth in meters, on a scale of 1:2500 (Channel and Basin Evolution of Access to Port of Cabedelo), where there is a large extent possible beachrocks that hinder the movement of vessels in the port area, which can cause collisions, running aground and leaking oil. From the scatter diagram of the vectors of currents, it can be seen as the tidal stream and undergoes a channeling effect caused by the bidirectional effect of the tide (ebb and flood) in the basin of the Port of Cabedelo evolution in NW-direction SE and the highest speed of the currents occurs at low tide. The characterization weather for the period from 28/02 to 04/07/2010 values was within the expected average for the region of study. The multidisciplinary integration of products (digital maps and remote sensing images), proved to be efficient for the characterization of underwater geomorphological study area, reaching the aim to discriminate and enhance submerged structures, previously not visible in the images

Source populations in coastal crabs: parameters affecting egg production

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Sediment toxicity assessment of Guanabara Bay, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

Guanabara Bay (GB) comprises of estuarine and marine environments of high ecological and socio-economic relevance, together with port, industrial and urban areas. The anthropogenic activities produce environmental impacts, including the aquatic pollution. The sediment quality assessment is important to evaluate the effects of contamination, once sediments are a repository for most of the contaminants. In this Study, the quality of sediments from GB was evaluated, in rainy and dry periods, throughout the employment of acute toxicity tests with the amphipod Tiburonella viscana, and chronic bioassays with embryos of the sea-urchin Lytechinus variegatus. In the dry period, acute toxicity was found in the sediments from stations 1, 2 3 (NW) and 7 (near Guapimirim Environmental Protection Area). The bioassays with liquid phases showed effects, but were strongly influenced by the unionized ammonia levels, which were high in this period. In the rainy period, acute toxicity was found in sediments samples from stations 1, 2, 3, 6, 8, 10, 11, 12 and 15. Chronic toxicity could be clearly detected, as ammonia concentrations tended to be low in the most part of the samples. The results showed that the sediment toxicity is influenced by precipitation rates, which increase the input of contaminants to the Bay, and also allowed subdividing GB in three main zones: northwest (stations 1, 2, 3, 5), northeast (stations 6, 7, 8, 9) and centre-south (stations 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15). Results also showed that the quality of GB sediments is poor, and that toxicity tests could determine the combined effects of pollutants.