The short-chain fatty acid acetate reduces appetite via a central homeostatic mechanism

Increased intake of dietary carbohydrate that is fermented in the colon by the microbiota has been reported to decrease body weight, although the mechanism remains unclear. Here we use in vivo11C-acetate and PET-CT scanning to show that colonic acetate crosses the blood–brain barrier and is taken up by the brain. Intraperitoneal acetate results in appetite suppression and hypothalamic neuronal activation patterning. We also show that acetate administration is associated with activation of acetyl-CoA carboxylase and changes in the expression profiles of regulatory neuropeptides that favour appetite suppression. Furthermore, we demonstrate through 13C high-resolution magic-angle-spinning that 13C acetate from fermentation of 13C-labelled carbohydrate in the colon increases hypothalamic 13C acetate above baseline levels. Hypothalamic 13C acetate regionally increases the 13C labelling of the glutamate–glutamine and GABA neuroglial cycles, with hypothalamic 13C lactate reaching higher levels than the ‘remaining brain’. These observations suggest that acetate has a direct role in central appetite regulation.

Urban design, central London and the ‘crisis’ 2007-2013: business as usual?

London is changing, to a breath-taking extent. Beneath this fast paced activity, new patterns are forming and divisions that had been relatively unremarked before are now becoming increasingly visible. The ‘square mile’ of the City of London, which is now identified by some dramatically tall buildings, forms a contrast to the traditional urbanism of the City of Westminster, the majority of which is covered by conservation area legislation. This paper will consider this contrast from the perspective of urban design, examining both the wider development context for these changes and the separate design policies of these two historic organisations of local government. One of the key questions to be investigated is how these changes have impacted on the character of central London as a place. Moving on from the well-rehearsed debates about London’s skyline, the paper considers the significance of urban design in the context of a global urban spatial economy. It suggests that central London faces severe dilemmas about its future if the growth scenario continues.

Transitions In Regional Science – Regions In Transitions: Regional Research In Central Europe

There are no exact boundaries of what constitutes Central Europe, but it is nevertheless very evident as a zone of interloping forces stretching across Europe. The result has been negotiated, conflictual and contested processes defining an essentially virtual, discursive, yet also actually existing, space of ‘Central Europe’. Yet, and this is the particular message of this collection of essays, ‘transition’ has not merely been a process ‘on the ground’ as object of investigation and discussion, but has also affected the observers, especially academic commentators and analysts – both within Central Europe, but also outside. This includes a growing interaction between discussions and analyses ‘inside’ and ‘outside’ Central Europe on the phenomenon of ‘transition’. The result has been mutual learning processes and changes of ways of looking at things and interpreting them. The book is divided into two parts, roughly reflecting the two key research questions.The first part (A) is devoted to transitions in regional science. Part B focuses on changes in variety of territorial structures and developmentissues caused by Central-European transitions and which are resulting in differential pathways of regional development in the region.

Avaliação do desempenho de fibras óticas de plástico

A fibra ótica de plástico (POF) tem despertado um grande interesse nas comunicações de banda larga em curtas distâncias, devido à sua simplicidade de instalação, grande flexibilidade e custo reduzido. Por estas razões consiste numa boa alternativa ao cabo coaxial, de par entrelaçado ou mesmo à fibra ótica de sílica (GOF) multimodo. As POFs trabalham na região do visível do espectro eletromagnético ao contrário das GOFs que operam no infravermelho. O valor do índice de refração do núcleo de uma POF depende do tipo de material constituinte, em que o mais comum é o polimetilmetacrilato (PMMA) e o polímero de flúor (PF). O perfil do índice de refração do núcleo pode ser índice em degrau (SI) ou índice gradual (GI). Por serem constituídas por materiais poliméricos, a atenuação e dispersão do sinal é muito maior do que nas GOFs, levando a que só possam ser utilizadas em ligações de distâncias inferiores a 1 km. De forma a fazer a análise do desempenho de sistemas de comunicação ótica com POF, foi utilizado o software de simulação VPIphotonics™ com o qual se fez a parametrização dos componentes, nomeadamente a fonte ótica, a fibra e o fotodetetor. A qualidade do sinal foi analisada através de figuras de mérito como o BER, o diagrama de olho, o diagrama da constelação QAM e o EVM. Dos resultados obtidos concluiu-se que a POF Lucina™ é a que apresenta o melhor desempenho para transmissão de dados com elevados débitos binários (até 40 Gbps), devido a ser constituída por PF e ter um perfil do índice de refração do núcleo do tipo GI. Como tal, esta POF foi escolhida para se implementar na simulação de uma arquitetura DVB-c FTTH, juntamente com uma GOF monomodo, onde os sinais QAM transmitidos a partir da central do operador foram recebidos com sucesso na casa do cliente.

Central de produção de energia eléctrica a partir de energia solar térmica

Trabalho Final de Mestrado para obtenção do grau de Mestre em Engenharia Mecânica

Segurança contra incêndio em edifícios no núcleo histórico de Ponta Delgada : acessibilidade, estado de conservação dos edifícios e disponibilidade de água para o combate a incêndios

Dissertação de Mestrado em Ambiente, Saúde e Segurança.

Clay body wrap with microcurrent: effects in central adiposity

Introduction Increased fat mass is becoming more prevalent in women and its accumulation in the abdominal region can lead to numerous health risks such as diabetes mellitus. The clay body wrap using compounds such as green clay, green tea and magnesium sulfate, in addition to microcurrent, may reduce abdominal fat mass and minimize or prevent numerous health problems. Objective This study aims at measuring the influence of the clay body wrap with microcurrent and aerobic exercise on abdominal fat. Methods Nineteen female patients, randomized into intervention (n = 10) and control (n = 9) groups, were evaluated using ultrasound for visceral and subcutaneous abdominal fat, calipers and abdominal region perimeter for subcutaneous fat and bioimpedance for weight, fat mass percentage and muscular mass. During 10 sessions (5 weeks, twice a week) both groups performed aerobic exercise in a cycloergometer and a clay body wrap with microcurrent was applied to the intervention group. Results When comparing both groups after 5 weeks of protocol, there was a significant decrease in the subcutaneous fat around left anterior superior iliac spine in the intervention group (ρ = 0.026 for a confidence interval 95%). When comparing initial and final abdominal fat in the intervention group, measured by ultrasound (subcutaneous and visceral fat) and by skinfold (subcutaneous fat), we detected a significant abdominal fat reduction. Conclusion This study demonstrated that the clay body wrap used with microcurrent and aerobic exercise can have a positive effect on central fat reduction.