Cerâmicas unguladas do povoado calcolítico da Penha Verde

Na sequência da revisão do espólio arqueológico exumado no povoado da Penha Verde, por G. Zbyszewski e O. da Veiga Ferreira, os autores estudam alguns fragmentos decorados por ungulações. Com efeito, dadas as características pouco frequentes deste tipo decorativo, entendemos pertinente apresentar neste trabalho algumas considerações sobre a sua integração cronológico-cultural.

Cerâmicas da necrópole da idade do bronze de Alfarrobeira (Silves) : análises macro e microscópicas

Neste trabalho estudam-se três fragmentos de recipientes cerâmicos, recolhidos no interior de duas cistas da necrópole, do Bronze do Sudoeste, de Alfarrobeira (Silves). Os trabalhos efectuados sobre tais fragmentos constaram: da observação macroscópica, na superfície de fractura; da observação em lâmina delgada, ao microscópio petrográfico. São, até ao presente, escassos os trabalhos realizados, no nosso país, sobre análises de pastas cerâmicas recorrendo ao microscópio petrográfico. Parece-nos, no entanto, que se trata de método particularmente aplicável ao estudo das cerâmicas pré-históricas. Estas, com efeito, ao contrário das cerâmicas mais recentes, em geral de pastas mais finas e depuradas, encerram grande quantidade de elementos não plásticos, frequentemente de mineralogia variada. Estão, pois, reunidas as condições para que, através do estudo petrográfico, se possam constituir agrupamentos de pastas, de acordo com a respectiva mineralogia para, numa fase ulterior, tendo presente as características petrográficas dos afloramentos geológicos da região mais ou menos adjacente, se possam definir prováveis zonas de abastecimento da respectiva matéria-prima ou outras informações a que o estudo comparado dos diferentes tipos de pastas devam conduzir. Foi tendo em consideração tais preocupações que se decidiu pela realização do presente trabalho.

Formulação e caracterização de matérias-primas para revestimento cerâmico Semi-Poroso com adição de chamote de telhas

The ceramics industry in Piauí is nowadays with 55 industries where 11 are in Teresina which is the mainstream of the state, producing 55 million shingles; in which 10 % is of this production is wasted being sometimes thrown on the margins of rivers, roads and highways provoking an environmental degradation. The main goal of this work is to verify the potential of producing semi porous ceramic using grog of shingles, on the first part of this work bodies-of-proof were produced from a basic formula of an industry, doping it with 5 %, 10 %, 15 % and 20 % in mass and in the second part of this work some bodies-of-proof were produced from a formula where one raw material was substituted by 50 % of grog and another substituting it all by grog, bodies-of-proof made of a basic formula previously announced was used for experiment control.The grog and the raw materials were characterized by: particle size analysis , thermal differential analysis, X ray diffraction , X ray fluorescence, an thermal gravimetric analysis and rational analyses. The bodies-of-proof were sintetisized in an industrial oven obeying the normal cycle adopted by an industry, with peak temperatures of 1135 oC and a fast burning cycle of 25 minutes having as energetic fuel liquefied petroleum gas . The pieces that were obtained by this were submersed in rehearsed physics of: water absorption of, apparent specific mass, apparent porosity, lineal retraction, rupture tension to the flexural and dilatometry; mineralogical analysis for X ray diffraction; and microstructural for electronic microscope of sweeping. For all the formulas with addition of grog, superior priorities to the requested by the requirements for semi porous and for the formula to F2-2,5 superior priorities to standard formulas which justifies the incorporation of the shingles in mass for the semi porous ceramic

A Baixa Estremadura dos finais do IV milénio a.C. até à chegada dos romanos : um ensaio de história regional

Esta obra trata da sucessão cultural registada na Estremadura portuguesa desde a emergência das sociedades complexas do Calcolítico até à chegada dos Romanos, correspondendo a um lapso de tempo entre os finais do IV milénio e os finais do século II a.C. Embora corresponda apenas a intervalo temporal de aproximadamente três mil anos, é o que, no registo material da nossa Pré-História e Proto-História, se afigura mais rico e diversificado de informação, com o desenvolvimento e fixação de regionalismos culturais, que na Estremadura cunharam identidades próprias, as quais persistiram nalguns casos até época recente, no quotidiano dos seus habitantes. A percepção geral desta evolução, bem como as suas determinantes, é o primeiro, e talvez mais importante objectivo desta obra, a par de outros a seguir enunciados: – a génese dos povoados fortificados calcolíticos, em resultado da crescente intensificação económica e da especialização das produções – a Revolução dos Produtos Secundários (RPS), que decorreu ao longo de boa parte do III milénio a.C. – a par do crescimento demográfico, que determinou, por seu turno, a competição inter-grupos, com a consequente necessidade de fortificação; – a monumentalização / fortificação de alguns dos sítios habitados como expressão da coesão social da respectiva comunidade, acompanhada da emergência de diferenciações inter e intra-comunitárias, indício de diferenciação social, em crescente afirmação, decorrente do processo de desenvolvimento económico complexo, característico do Calcolítico; – as arquitecturas defensivas do III milénio a.C., como expressão pública indissociável da monumentalização acima referida: exemplos mais importantes no território estremenho, distribuição geográfica, características principais, semelhanças e diferenças; neste âmbito, importa conhecer as diversas teorias explicativas para o seu surgimento, desde o modelo difusionista e orientalista vigente em Portugal (dos anos 40 aos anos 70), passando pelo modelo indigenista (anos 80), até às formas difusionistas mitigadas, de expressão regional, dos finais da década de 80 em diante, e principais argumentos invocados; – a desarticulação do modelo de sociedade calcolítica, caracterizada pela concentração da população em sítios fortificados ou pelo menos implantados predominantemente em locais altos e defensáveis; – os moldes em que se processou a acentuação das influências mediterrâneas no decurso do Calcolítico (em especial na metade meridional do território): a generalização do comércio transregional calcolítico e a intensificação e especialização das produções, no quadro da Revolução dos Produtos Secundários (RPS), exemplificada pela exploração de jazidas cupríferas, como veículo de difusão de novas técnicas (metalurgia), matérias-primas exógenas (marfim) e artefactos ideotécnicos de características até então desconhecidas (generalização do culto da divindade feminina e correspondentes expressões simbólicas, algumas de âmbito estritamente regional), acompanhada da difusão, de Sul para Norte, de novas arquitecturas funerárias (tholoi); – sobre o Campaniforme, fenómeno cultural com identidade própria da fase média e tardia do Calcolítico estremenho, serão discutidas as características e cronologia da sua emergência, na Estremadura (um dos pólos mais importantes, a nível europeu) no quadro da sociedade calcolítica pré-existente: tipo de povoamento e de necrópoles, bem como as relações estabelecidas com as comunidades de tradição cultural mais antiga; o faseamento interno do “fenómeno”, com base nas diferenças identificadas no registo material (em particular a tipologia das cerâmicas); e principais tipos artefactuais que o integram. O campaniforme deverá ser entendido como uma expressão material específica, associada a um novo tipo de povoamento, que resultou do decréscimo do interesse oferecido pelos sítios fortificados edificados no início do Calcolítico. Neste sentido, corresponde a período de transição para a Idade do Bronze: existem argumentos, com base no registo arqueológico (jóias de ouro, artefactos de prestígio) que ilustram o incremento do processo de diferenciação social, então verificado, ao contrário do que uma abordagem mais superficial, com base simplesmente no reordenamento demográfico, faria supor; – o registo arqueológico do Bronze Pleno configura a acentuação dos regionalismos, apesar de similitudes do sistema de povoamento face ao período imediatamente anterior, o que indicia realidades socioeconómicas comparáveis. Importa, assim, conhecer as principais características dos escassos povoados identificados, bem como a organização social a ele subjacente, a partir dos testemunhos arqueológicos conhecidos, incluindo os de carácter funerário; – segue-se o Bronze Final, período dominado pela plena afirmação do comércio transregional atlântico-mediterrâneo, favorecido pela própria realidade geográfica do território português. Devem valorizar-se os testemunhos materiais desse período e as respectivas balizas cronológicas: Assim, deverão os leitores ficar familiarizados com as produções de carácter atlântico, como as armas, objectos utilitários e respectivas tipologias e com as de cunho mediterrâneo (com destaque para objectos de indumentária e de carácter cultual, embora estes últimos quase se desconheçam na área estremenha), cujo comércio e difusão foi suportado pela existência de solidariedades económicas transregionais, baseadas em prováveis pactos formalmente estabelecidos entre comunidades vizinhas. Os respectivos territórios, de norte a sul do País, apresentar-se-iam cada vez melhor delimitados; o mesmo deverá ter-se verificado na Estremadura. A caracterização da respectiva economia será, por isso, objecto da análise e discussão; embora de base agro-pastoril (com importância evidente na Estremadura dadas as características dos solos e a quase inexistência de minérios de cobre ou de estanho), a produção de peças metálicas de bronze assumiu importância crescente, como se conclui pelas ocorrências conhecidas. O reforço e a consolidação das elites então verificada, eram necessários para a boa gestão de grandes povoados muralhados que despontam no Bronze Final; na Estremadura, embora os testemunhos de tais centros demográficos não sejam particularmente evidentes, no fim da Idade do Bronze desponta um vigoroso povoamento de altura; seria a partir desses locais que as elites da época, de cunho guerreiro, administrariam territórios bem delimitados. Também a existência de outros testemunhos arqueológicos são concorrentes para a percepção da realidade social: as jóias auríferas, tornadas então relativamente frequentes, deixam transparecer influências ora atlânticas ora mediterrâneas, por vezes reunidas numa única peça (técnicas e tipologias decorativas), expressivas das correntes culturais que, então, se faziam sentir na Estremadura; também as armas, são testemunho da afirmação das elites guerreiras, encontrando-se representadas por exemplares cujas principais características devem ser conhecidas. As diversas práticas funerárias, apesar de escassamente representadas, revelam influências continentais (cremação e campos de urnas, já fora da área estremenha, mas dela próxima: caso dos campos de urnas de Tanchoal e de Meijão, Alpiarça) e mediterrâneas (inumações na tholos da Roça do Casal do Meio, Sesimbra), que traduzem um mosaico cultural complexo, reforçando a ideia de se tratar de região receptora de influxos culturais de diversas áreas geográficas em simultâneo: é, no essencial, a comprensão global desta realidade, a um tempo económica, social e cultural, coroando um longo processo de diferenciação social, por um lado e, por outro, de intensificação económica e interacção cultural, que lhe está subjacente, que deverá ter-se presente. Por último, segue-se o estudo e caracterização das principais estações e materiais da Idade do Ferro, de início (I Idade do Ferro) profundamente marcadas pela presença, directa ou indirecta, de colonizadores fenícios; depois, pelos comerciantes de origem púnica (II Idade do Ferro) e, enfim, pelos exércitos itálicos. Trata-se, em suma, de processo de características próprias, sempre determinado pelas influências mediterrâneas, largamente dominantes face às originárias do interior peninsular, as quais cunharam uma realidade cultural com características próprias, que persistiu no decurso da dominação romana.

Estruturas cerâmicas a base de zircônia e alumina utilizadas na confecção de infra - estruturas para coroas e pontes fixas

The continuous advances in ceramic systems for crowns and bridges infrastructure getting researchers and manufacturers looking for a material that has good mechanical properties and aesthetic. The purpose of this study was to verify in which composition and sintering temperature the ceramic system for infrastructure composed of alumina and zirconia would have the best mechanical properties. With this objective we made in UFRN laboratories 45 test bodies in the form of rectangular bars with the following dimensions: 30mm x 8mm x 3mm, where we separated by the sintering temperature: 1200°C, 1300ºC and 1400ºC, and by comp osition: 33% Zirconia + 67% Alumina; 50% Zirconia + 50% Alumina and 25% Zirconia + 75% Alumina, these test bodies were not infiltrated with glass. Also, were made nine test bodies by a technical from a laboratory with a commercial ceramic system: in the Ceram Zircônia (Vita - Zahnfabrik) with the following dimensions: 20mm x 10mm x 0.5mm, these test bodies following all recommendations of the manufacturer and were infiltrated with glass. Were realized optical and electronic microscopy analyses, hardness testing, resistance to bending in three points, porosity and bulk density. After analysis of the results we verified that with the increasing of sintering temperature, increased the value of resistance to bending, but with the same temperature there was no significant difference between the different compositions, samples made with the commercial ceramic that were infiltrated, presented a resistance to bending six times greater than the samples sintered to 1400°C and which have not been infiltra ted. There was no significant difference between the values of apparent porosity for the samples made in UFRN laboratories, but the samples of commercial ceramic obtained 0% in porosity apparent value. In tests of Rockwell Hardness there is an increase in the value of Hardness, with the increase of sintering temperature for the samples not infiltrated. Samples infiltrated showed similar values as the samples sintered in 1400°C. There was no significant difference between the values of apparent density among samples manufactured in UFRN laboratories and samples made with a commercial ceramic

Síntese de zeólitas e argilas ácidas pilarizadas a partir de matérias primas naturais

Structural changes in waste for zeolites synthesis are subject of many studies carried out in the synthesis of molecular sieves. These materials are named molecular sieves because they have well defined pore sizes and they have the capacity of select molecules by its size. In this work, it was studied the synthesis processes of two types of molecular sieves: pillared acid clays using as starting material one natural montmorillonite clay and the synthesis of zeolites from a silico-aluminous residue. This residue is a byproduct of the extraction of lithium -spodumene. The preparation of pillared acid clays was performed in two steps: 1° acid treatment of clay samples (time and temperature studies) and 2°pilarization of them with Al13 (Keggin ion). The temperature and acid concentration affect the removal of cations in the structure and porosity of the material obtained. The analysis of X-ray diffraction (XRD) and infrared spectroscopy (IR), showed that increasing the severity of the acid treatment compromises the structural material. Also the pore size distribution is approximately uniform. Despite presenting a structural disorganization, the samples were pillared. As evidenced by XRD increasing the basal spacing, specific area and uniform porosity by adsorption of N2. Regarding the microporous molecular sieves were synthesized zeolites A and NaP1 from a silico-aluminous residue, a byproduct of extracting lithium. The temperature and time of agitation during the synthesis were the most important factors for obtaining zeolite A. The aging of the gel and the highest crystallization time promoted the formation of zeolite NaP1 using a Si / Al ratio = 3.2

Obtenção de uma porcelana dielétrica a partir de matérias-primas do Rio Grande do Norte

The dielectric porcelain is usually obtained by mixing various raw materials proportions and is used in the production of electronic equipment for various applications, from capacitors of high and low Power to insulators for low, medium, high and extra high voltage, which are used in distribution lines and transmission of electricity.This work was directed to the s tudy of technological properties of technic porcelain, made from raw materials extracted from pegmatites found in the regions of Seridó and the Alto Oeste of Rio Grande do Norte, which are made of kaolin, quartz and feldspar, abundant and high quality in these regions. The technic ceramics were obtained by mixing in appropriate levels, kaolin, feldspar, quartz and clay, the last item from a pottery in the city of Sao Gonçalo do Amarante, Rio Grande do Norte. During the development the following characterizations correlated to raw materials were made: laser particle sizing, x-ray diffraction, DTA and TG. The compositions studied were formed by uniaxial pressing at a pressure of 50 MPa and sintered at temperatures ranging from 1150 to 1350ºC and levels (times) of sintering between 30, 60, 90 and 120 minutes. The characterization of the samples were taken from the analysis of weight loss, linear shrinkage, porosity, stoneware curve, bulk density, flexural strength of three points, SEM and X-ray diffraction, TMA, Dielectric and cross Resistivity. The studied materials can be employed in producing the objects used in electrical engineering such as: insulators for low, medium and high-voltage electrical systems, command devices, bushing insulation for transformers, power capacitors, spark plugs, receptacles for fluorescent and incandescent light bulbs and others

Utilização de matérias primas vegetais para aplicabilidade como inibidores de corrosão

In the search for products that act as corrosion inhibitors and do not cause environmental, impact the use of plant extracts as corrosion inhibitors is becoming a promising alternative. In this work the efficiency of polar extracts (ethanol extracts) obtained from the plants Anacardium occidentale Linn (AO) and Phyllantus amarus Schum. & Thonn (PA) as corrosion inhibitors were evaluated in different concentrations. For that AO and PA extracts were solubilized in the microemulsion systems (SME) containing saponified coconut oil as surfactant (SME -OCS and SME-OCS-1) in saline (NaCl 3,5 %) solution, which was also used as electrolyte. Both SME-OCS and SME-OCS-1 were characterized by surface tension and viscosity methods showing a Newtonian fluid behavior. The SME-OCS and SME-OCS-1 systems satisfactorily solubilized the polar extracts AO and PA with measurements carried out by ultraviolet spectroscopy. The measurements of corrosion inhibition efficiencies were performed by the electrochemical linear polarization resistance (LPR) technique as well as weight loss, on the surface of AISI 1020 carbon steel. The maximum corrosion inhibition efficiencies were determined by extrapolation of Tafel plots, showing the following values: 95,6 % for the system SME-OCS-AO, 98,9 % for the system SME-OCS-AO-1 and 93,4 % for the system SME-OCS-PA

Síntese e caracterização de cerâmicas nanométricas para produção de gás de síntese

In this work, ceramic powders belonging to the system Nd2-xSrxNiO4 (x = 0, 0.4, 0.8, 1.2 and 1.6) were synthesized for their use as catalysts to syngas production partial. It was used a synthesis route, relatively new, which makes use of gelatin as organic precursor. The powders were analyzed at several temperatures in order to obtain the perovskite phase and characterized by several techniques such as thermal analysis, X-rays diffraction, Rietveld refinement method, specific surface area, scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive spectroscopy of X-rays and temperature programmed reduction. The results obtained using these techniques confirmed the feasibility of the synthesis method employed to obtain nanosized particles. The powders were tested in differential catalytic conditions for dry reforming of methane (DRM) and partial oxidation of methane (POM), then, some systems were chosen for catalytic integrals test for (POM) indicating that the system Nd2-xSrxNiO4 for x = 0, 0.4 and 1.2 calcined at 900 °C exhibit catalytic activity on the investigated experimental conditions in this work without showing signs of deactivation

Uso de resíduo e de minerais de pegmatito da região do seridó RN e de argilas portuguesas em formulações de grês porcelanato

In the State Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil, the most significant deposits of minerals in the production of granite and pegmatite are Seridó region. Municipalities of Parelhas and Equador are the main responsible for the production of feldspar, quartz, kaolin and granite. The ceramic industries are always in search of competitiveness by investing in new products or improving existing techniques. The stoneware is a type of pottery that stands in the market because it presents technical and aesthetic characteristics superior to other existing products. Characteristics of the raw materials initially obtained with chemical analysis and mineralogical analysis are crucial in getting a product that satisfies the conditions in a manufacturing process and is, in principle, directly related to the firing cycle. This research aimed at developing new formulations for the mass production of ceramic stoneware. The raw materials initially characterized were feldspar, quartz, kaolin and granite. As part of the research was developed at the University of Aveiro, in Portugal, we used two clays used in the production of Portuguese ceramics. The raw material Brazilian and Portuguese and the final product, both in Portugal and Brazil, were analyzed for X-ray fluorescence, X-ray diffraction, granulometric analysis, dilatometric analysis, thermal analysis and analysis of scanning electron microscopy (MEV). The specimens prepared at the University of Aveiro (DECV) were sintered at 10000C and 12000C and the specimens prepared in UFRN were sintered at 10000C, 10500C, 11000C, 11500C, 12000C, 12500C and 13000C, but the best results and demonstrating the presence of the mineral mullite were at temperatures of 12000C, 12500C and 13000C. The results showed that the granite waste used may be considered raw material of excellent quality for use in the ceramic industry and coating floors and more accurately by the industry of stoneware. Physical and mechanical tests conducted on samples of the formulations F01 and F02 developed in UFRN showed a water absorption and mechanical strength suitable for the stoneware

Estudo da adição de resíduo de scheelita em matriz cerâmica: formulação, propriedades físicas e microestrutura

Extractivism mineral is considered an activity highly degrading, due to the large volume of material that he moves in the form of ore and residues. The vast majority of mining companies do not show any technology or economically viable application that will allow the recycling of mineral residue, these being launched in areas receiving located the "open skies" degrade the environment. In Rio Grande do Norte to the production of ceramic red restricts their activities to the production of products such as: solid bricks, ceramic blocks, tiles, among others. Seeking to unite experiences and technical information that favor sustainable development, with important benefits to the construction sector and civil society in general, the present work studies the incorporation of the residue of scheelite in ceramic matrix kaolinitic, coming from the municipality of Boa Saúde - RN, in percentage of 5 %, 10 %, 20 %, 30% 40% and 50 %, by evaluating its microstructure, physical properties and formulation. The raw materials were characterized through the trials of X ray fluorescence, Diffraction of X rays, Differential Thermal Analysis and Termogravimetric Analysis. The samples were formed and fired at temperatures of 850o, 900o, 1000o, 1050o, 1100o, 1150o and 1200 oC, with isotherm of 1 hour and heating rate of 10 oC/min. Assays were performed technological of loss to fire, Water Absorption, Apparent Porosity, Apparent Density, Mass Loss in Fire and Bending Resistance; in addition to the Scanning Electron Microscopy, analyzing their physical and mechanical properties. The use of residue of scheelite in ceramic mass kaolinitic provided a final product with technological properties that meet the technical standards for the production of bricks and roofing tiles, with the percentage of 20% of waste that showed the best results

Diseño de un proceso de inscripción de materias para la Facultad de Ciencias Económicas de la Universidad de El Salvador para el año 2005, aplicando el modelo de teoría de colas.

En los últimos años el crecimiento económico en nuestro país ha sido muy notorio, de ahí que la demanda de las personas que desean estudiar una carrera en el área de las Ciencias Económicas se ve incrementada, esto se ve reflejado en el Proceso de Inscripción de Materias de la Facultad de Ciencias Económicas. El objetivo de este trabajo es Diseñar el Proceso de Inscripción de Materias aplicando el Modelo de Teoría de Colas que facilite a la Administración Académica de la Facultad de Ciencias Económicas el desarrollo de sus actividades de manera efectiva. Para la ejecución de nuestra investigación fue necesario hacer una recopilación Bibliografica que sustentara la misma, y además, realizar un estudio de campo haciendo uso de la observación directa durante la práctica de dicho proceso, así como encuestar a los estudiantes de las distintas carreras que ofrece la Facultad de Ciencias Económicas, y entrevistar al personal de la Administración Académica. Obtenida la información se procedió a la tabulación e interpretación de los datos recabados, con el propósito de identificar los problemas más comunes que presenta el desarrollo del Proceso de Inscripción de Materias. Teniendo ya ésta indagación se realizó la propuesta del Diseño del Proceso de Inscripción aplicando el modelo de Teoría de Colas, considerando que es un modelo práctico y relativamente sencillo de aplicar. Además, consideramos los recursos necesarios para poder implementarlo, tanto materiales, humanos, y tecnológicos. Para finalizar, se proporciona una Guía de Implementación del Proceso de Inscripción de Materias y un Cronograma de Actividades, para facilitar su ejecución. Esta investigación desarrollada en la Universidad de El Salvador, específicamente en la Facultad de Ciencias Económicas, se presenta como un aporte, y para que en caso de que las autoridades consideren conveniente pueda retomarse por la Administración Académica.

Aplicação da metodologia de planejamento de experimentos para formulação de massas cerâmicas para telhas

Rio Grande do Norte State stands out as one great producer of structural clay of the brazilian northeastern. The Valley Assu ceramic tiles production stands out obtained from ilitics ball clays that abound in the region under study. Ceramics formulation and the design of experiments with mixture approach, has been applied for researchers, come as an important aid to decrease the number of experiments necessary to the optimization. In this context, the objective of this work is to evaluate the effects of the formulation, temperature and heating rate in the physical-mechanical properties of the red ceramic body used for roofing tile fabrication of the Valley Assu, using design of mixture experiments. Four clays samples used in two ceramics industry of the region were use as raw material and characterized by X-ray diffraction, chemical composition, differential thermal analysis (DTA), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), particle size distribution analysis and plasticity techniques. Afterwards, they were defined initial molded bodies and made specimens were then prepared by uniaxial pressing at 25 MPa before firing at 850, 950 and 1050 ºC in a laboratory furnace, with heating rate in the proportions of 5, 10 e 15 ºC/min. The following tecnologicals properties were evaluated: linear firing shrinkage, water absorption and flexural strength. Results show that the temperature 1050 ºC and heating rate of 5 ºC/min was the best condition, therefore presented significance in all physical-mechanical properties. The model was accepted as valid based of the production of three new formulations with fractions mass diferents of the initial molded bodies and heated with temperature at 1050 ºC and heating rate of 5 ºC/min. Considering the formulation, temperature and heating rate as variables of the equations, another model was suggested, where from the aplication of design of experiments with mixtures was possible to get a best formulation, whose experimental error is the minor in relation to the too much formulations

Aproveitamento de resíduo de beneficiamento do caulim na produção de porcelanato cerâmico

Nowadays, industries from all sectors have great concerns over the disposition of the residues generated along the productive process. This is not different in the mineral sector, as this generates great volumes of residues. It was verified that the kaolin improvement industry generates great volumes of residue basically constituted of kaolinite, muscovite mica and quartz, which are basic constitution elements to formularisations of ceramics masses to the production of covering of stoneware tiles type. This happens because the methodology applied to the improvement process is still very rudimentary, what causes a very low yield, only ¼ from all the material volume that enters the improvement process, in the end, is marketable. The disposal of this residue, in a general way, causes a very big negative environmental impact, what has justified the researches efforts aiming to find a rational solution to this problem. In this way, the intention of this present work is the utilization of this residue in the manufacture of products to high quality ceramics covering, stoneware tiles in an industrial scale. For this purpose, the influence of the addition of the residue to a standard ceramics mass used by a ceramics sector company, already established in the market, with the intention of verifying the possibility of use of this residue as the mass complementary raw material and even the possible partial or total substitution of one of the components of the mass for the raw material in evidence will be studied. To the accomplishment of this work, the kaolin improvement residue generated by an industry of exploitation and improvement of kaolin, located in the region of Equador-RN, in the levels 1,2,4,8, 16 and 32% will be added to the standard mass already used for the production of stoneware tiles. The raw materials used, kaolin residue and the standard mass, were characterized through DRX, FRX, DTA, TGA and dilatometry. After the sintering of the bodies of test, tests of water absorption, apparent porosity, post burning linear retraction, apparent specific mass and flexural strength (3 point bending) were realized to determinate the technological properties of these materials. The results show the studied residue can be considered raw material of great potential to the industry of floor and ceramics covering of the stoneware tiles type

Sinterização de matrizes cerâmicas à base de alumina reforçadas por carbetos a partir de precursores poliméricos

Ceramic composites produced with polymerics precursors have been studied for many years, due to the facility of obtaining a complex shape, at low temperature and reduces cost. The main objective of this work is to study the process of sintering of composites of ceramic base consisting of Al2O3 and silicates, reinforced for NbC, through the technique of processing AFCOP, as well as the influence of the addition of LZSA, ICZ and Al as materials infiltration in the physical and mechanical properties of the ceramic composite. Were produced ceramic matrix composites based SiCxOy e Al2O3 reinforced with NbC, by hidrosilylation reaction between D4Vi and D1107 mixtured with Al2O3 as inert filler, Nb and Al as reactive filler. The specimens produced were pyrolised at 1200, 1250 and 1400°C and infiltred with Al, ICZ and LZSA, respectively. Density, porosity, flexural mechanical strength and fracture surface by scanning electron microscopy were evaluated. The microstructure of the composites was investigated by X-ray diffraction to identify the presence of crystalline phases. The composites presented apparent porosity varying of 31 up to 49% and mechanical flexural strength of 14 up to 34 MPa. The infiltration process improviment of the densification and reduction of the porosity, as well as increased the values of mechanical flexural strength. The obtained phases had been identified as being Al3Nb, NbSi2, Nb5S3, Nb3Si and NbC. The samples that were submitted the infiltration process presented a layer next surface with reduced pores number in relation to the total volume