Gender-sensitive reporting in medical research

Sex and gender differences influence the health and wellbeing of men and women. Although studies have drawn attention to observed differences between women and men across diseases, remarkably little research has been pursued to systematically investigate these underlying sex differences. Women continue to be underrepresented in clinical trials, and even in studies in which both men and women participate, systematic analysis of data to identify potential sex-based differences is lacking. Standards for reporting of clinical trials have been established to ensure provision of complete, transparent and critical information. An important step in addressing the gender imbalance would be inclusion of a gender perspective in the next Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials (CONSORT) guideline revision. Uniform Requirements for Manuscripts Submitted to Biomedical Journals, as a set of well-recognized and widely used guidelines for authors and biomedical journals, should similarly emphasize the ethical obligation of authors to present data analyzed by gender as a matter of routine. Journal editors are also promoters of ethical research and adequate standards of reporting, and requirements for inclusion of gender analyses should be integrated into editorial policies as a matter of urgency.

Elysia timida (Risso, 1818) three decades of research

During the last 30 years, studies on Elysia timida (Risso, 1818) have addressed various aspects related to food sources, photosynthetic efficiency of kleptoplasts, population genetics, chemical ecology and reproductive biology, both in the Mediterranean Sea and in the Mar Menor coastal lagoon. E. timida shows a strong specific interaction with Acetabularia acetabulum, retaining functional chloroplasts for at least 45 days and obtaining extra energy in periods when food resources are scarce. It shows control of parapodia, avoiding pigment photodestruction under oversaturated light conditions. The chemical ecological relationships established between E. timida and its potential predator fish, Thalassoma pavo, have also been evaluated, and it has been found that that the extracts of the mollusc contain repellent and unpalatable polypropionate compounds. Population genetics has demonstrated the genetic divergence between populations showing high and significant values of FST and genetic distances, and at least six privative alleles that are not shared with Mediterranean populations have been detected in lagoon populations. This sacoglossan is a poecilogonic species, and its lagoon populations show a greater reproductive output than Mediterranean populations; they produce a greater number of egg masses and embyros per individual, and the capsules have a wider diameter.

Letter from William Croswell to Daniel P. Colesworthy, 1818 January 8

Draft of a one-page letter concerning the payment of a bill and mentioning Croswell's health.

Letter from Sarah Bumstead to William Croswell, 1818 January 15

One-page letter from Croswell's sister with news about her activities.

Letter from William Croswell regarding Mrs. Collins, 1818 February 19

Draft of a one-page letter to an unidentified recipient regarding payment to Mrs. Collins for washing.

Letter from William Croswell to Ephraim Eliot, 1818 November 10

Draft of a one-page letter thanking Eliot for money.

Note from William Croswell to Levi Frisbie, 1818 November 30

Brief note with a complaint about the servant of Levi Frisbie, Harvard Professor of Natural History.

Letter from William Croswell to John Davis, 1818 December 5

Draft of a one-page letter to Judge John Davis regarding a mathematical problem.

Harvard College quarter bills, 1812-1818

This folder contains sixteen printed Harvard College quarter bills filled out in manuscript primarily for William Croswell's use of wood.

Financial bills and receipts, 1818-1819

This folder contains three bills and receipts.

Proposal for a translation of La Lande's Abridgement, 1812; [1818]

This folder contains two copies of a printed proposal for a translation of Jérôme Lalande's abridgement of his treatise on astronomy, as well as the 1818 Harvard Commencement Theses annotated with a handwritten note "Proposals for La Lande."

Receipt signed by Daniel Marsh, 1756 December 10

Handwritten receipt signed by Daniel Marsh acknowledging payment by John Sale of scholarship funds.

Payment order for Daniel Marsh, 1761 February 16

Handwritten order to John Sale to pay scholarship funds to Deacon Daniel Marsh, signed by Thomas Foxcroft and Charles Chauncey