Biomasas de las once especies pesqueras más abundancia en el mar peruano durante el verano 2000

Para efectuar el siguiente estudio se utilizó la técnica hidroacústica, se estimaron las biomasas de onces especies.

Perdas por erosão e rendimentos de soja e de trigo em diferentes sistemas de preparo de um latossolo roxo de Dourados (MS)

Avaliaram-se as perdas de solo e de água por erosão, em um latossolo roxo muito argiloso, com 0,03 m m-1 de declividade, da área experimental da Embrapa-Centro de Pesquisa Agropecuária do Oeste, em Dourados (MS), entre junho de 1987 e maio de 1995. Os tratamentos, aplicados antes da semeadura de trigo e de soja, cultivados em sucessão, foram: (i) escarificação + gradagem niveladora (ES), (ii) gradagens pesada + niveladora (GP), (iii) plantio direto (PD) e (iv) aração com arado de discos + duas gradagens niveladoras, sem cobertura vegetal (DE). O preparo de solo e a semeadura foram realizados no sentido do declive. O PD foi o tratamento mais eficiente, tanto no controle de perdas de solo e de água quanto em rendimentos de grãos de soja e de trigo. As perdas médias de solo e de água por erosão, relativas aos sistemas PD, ES, GP e DE, foram, respectivamente, de: 0,8; 2,8; 5,3 e 7,3 t ha-1 ano-1 e 27, 80, 112 e 149 mm ano-1. O PD, quando comparado ao DE, controlou 89% das perdas de solo e 82% das de água. O PD mostrou rendimentos médios de grãos, tanto de soja como de trigo, 17% superiores aos do GP. O ES apresentou rendimentos médios 5% superiores em soja e 12% superiores em trigo, quando comparados aos do GP. Este último, dos tratamentos cultivados, foi o menos eficaz, seja no controle à erosão, seja nos rendimentos de soja e trigo. O fator erosividade, R, foi estimado em 6.411 MJ mm ha-1 h-1 ano-1, e a erodibilidade, K, foi de 0,0045 t h MJ-1 mm-1. Entre junho/94 e maio/95, o período de maior intensidade de perdas por erosão por unidade de tempo foi do preparo de solo à semeadura da soja, e o de maiores perdas absolutas foi o de 30 a 60 dias após a semeadura dessa cultura. Isso demonstra a importância de adequada cobertura do solo, entre novembro e março, e reforça a recomendação do Sistema de Plantio Direto para a região de Dourados (MS).

Caracterización de la Zona de Mínimo de Oxígeno (ZMO) frente a la costa peruana entre 3°N y 14°S, 1999 - 2009

Se analizaron datos de oxígeno disuelto, frente a las costas del Perú, para comprender las variaciones de la ZMO, caracterizadas por: a) el espesor de esa zona, limitada por las isolíneas de oxígeno de 0,5 mL.L-1; y b) la profundidad de su límite superior en la franja marino costera. Se muestran los resultados de las evaluaciones en la columna de agua, en la bahía de Callao en el periodo 1999 – 2009, y además en enero - febrero 2009 en un estudio de la ZMO, durante el Crucero Meteor 77-4 0901-02: Interacción en el Océano Tropical, Biogeoquímica y Clima. En la zona costera del Callao (12°S) se acentúa la hipoxia; la ZMO se ve restringida por la plataforma y su límite superior más superficial se ubicó a los 2,5 m de profundidad. A partir de la información obtenida en enero–febrero 2009 (Crucero 0901-02) se analizó la variabilidad espacial de la ZMO, en donde se halló un espesor de ~637,8 m, en la sección Punta Falsa (6°S). Se analizó la dinámica de la ZMO y su límite superior, debido al gran interés que ha tomado, por el posible incremento de su espesor, en el contexto de cambio climático, con grandes repercusiones sobre los recursos pesqueros.

Estudi de la interacció de tres complexos de Pt amb proteïnes i oligonucleòtids mitjançant ESI-MS

En aquest treball s’investiga la reactivitat de tres complexos de Pt, cisplatí, complex 1, [Pt(dmba)(aza-N1)(dmso)], complex 2, i [Pt(dmba)(N9-9AA)(PPh3)]+, complex 3; els quals presenten activitat antitumoral, amb diferents proteïnes i oligonucleòtids mitjançant espectrometria de masses (ESI-TOF MS). ). L’estudi del cisplatí, 1, droga molt coneguda i emprada avui en dia pel tractament de molts tipus de càncer, permet comparar la reactivitat dels nous complexos d’estudi, 2 i 3, els quals presenten un IC50 més baix que el cisplatí en algunes línies de cèl·lules tumorals.

Trophic dynamics in the northern Humboldt Current system: insights from stable isotopes and stomach content analyses

The northern Humboldt Current system (NHCS) off Peru is one of the most productive world marine regions. It represents less than 0.1% of the world ocean surface but presently sustains about 10% of the world fish catch, with the Peruvian anchovy or anchoveta Engraulis ringens as emblematic fish resource. Compared with other eastern boundary upwelling systems, the higher fish productivity of the NHCS cannot be explained by a corresponding higher primary productivity. On another hand, the NHCS is the region where El Niño, and climate variability in general, is most notable. Also, surface oxygenated waters overlie an intense and extremely shallow Oxygen Minimum Zone (OMZ). In this context, the main objective of this study is to better understand the trophic flows in the NHCS using both stomach content and stable isotope analyses. The study focuses on a variety of organisms from low trophic levels such as zooplankton to top predators (seabirds and fur seals). The approach combines both long-term and specific studies on emblematic species such as anchoveta, and sardine Sardinops sagax and a more inclusive analysis considering the 'global' food web in the recent years (2008 – 2012) using stable isotope analysis. Revisiting anchovy and sardine we show that whereas phytoplankton largely dominated anchoveta and sardine diets in terms of numerical abundance, the carbon content of prey items indicated that zooplankton was by far the most important dietary component. Indeed for anchovy euphausiids contributed 67.5% of dietary carbon, followed by copepods (26.3%). Selecting the largest prey, the euphausiids, provide an energetic advantage for anchoveta in its ecosystem where oxygen depletion imposes strong metabolic constrain to pelagic fish. Sardine feed on smaller zooplankton than do anchoveta, with sardine diet consisting of smaller copepods and fewer euphausiids than anchoveta diet. Hence, trophic competition between sardine and anchovy in the northern Humboldt Current system is minimized by their partitioning of the zooplankton food resource based on prey size, as has been reported in other systems. These results suggest an ecological role for pelagic fish that challenges previous understanding of their position in the foodweb (zooplanktophagous instead of phytophagous), the functioning and the trophic models of the NHCS. Finally to obtain a more comprehensive vision of the relative trophic position of NHCS main components we used stable isotope analyses. For that purpose we analyzed the δ13C and δ15N stable isotope values of thirteen taxonomic categories collected off Peru from 2008 - 2011, i.e., zooplankton, fish, squids and air-breathing top predators. The δ15N isotope signature was strongly impacted by the species, the body length and the latitude. Along the Peruvian coast, the OMZ get more intense and shallow south of ~7.5ºS impacting the baseline nitrogen stable isotopes. Employing a linear mixed-effects modelling approach taking into account the latitudinal and body length effects, we provide a new vision of the relative trophic position of key ecosystem components. Also we confirm stomach content-based results on anchoveta Engraulis ringens and highlight the potential remarkable importance of an often neglected ecosystem component, the squat lobster Pleuroncodes monodon. Indeed, our results support the hypothesis according to which this species forage to some extent on fish eggs and larvae and can thus predate on the first life stages of exploited species. However, the δ13C values of these two species suggest that anchoveta and squat lobster do not exactly share the same habitat. This would potentially reduce some direct competition and/or predation.

Más con menos

Concurso para la ordenación del centro histórico de Alcalá de los Gazules

El ave más valiosa del mundo (capítulo IV del libro "Bird islands of Perú")

Da una opinión valorativa, en base a fundamentos o criterios económicos, la importancia del Guanay, conocido en la ciencia como Phalacrocorax bouganvillei, en la producción del guano de isla y en el desarrollo económico del país, dándole el título de la ave más valiosa en el mundo.

Direct simulation of interface dynamics: linking capillary pressure, interfacial area and surface energy

We perform direct numerical simulations of drainage by solving Navier- Stokes equations in the pore space and employing the Volume Of Fluid (VOF) method to track the evolution of the fluid-fluid interface. After demonstrating that the method is able to deal with large viscosity contrasts and to model the transition from stable flow to viscous fingering, we focus on the definition of macroscopic capillary pressure. When the fluids are at rest, the difference between inlet and outlet pressures and the difference between the intrinsic phase average pressure coincide with the capillary pressure. However, when the fluids are in motion these quantities are dominated by viscous forces. In this case, only a definition based on the variation of the interfacial energy provides an accurate measure of the macroscopic capillary pressure and allows separating the viscous from the capillary pressure components.

COLLECTION DE MOUCHET, composée de copies d'anciens manuscrits français, faites pour LA CURNE DE SAINTE-PALAYE et annotées de sa main. XII Copie de différents ouvrages de Christine de Pisan, d'après le ms. 625 du Supplément français [ms. franç. 12779].

[Note : Le ms. X de Mouchet, contenant différents ouvrages de Christine des Pisan (XVe s., parch, porte aujourd'hui le n° 12779 du fonds français (anc. Suppl. fr. 6259). — Il faut lire XI et non XII. Le n° XII n'existe pas ; le relieur avait considéré par erreur le ms. 1686 comme formant le premier volume de copies des chansons de Berne (n° 1687)].

Parâmetros de erosividade da chuva e da enxurrada correlacionados com perdas de solo e erodibilidade de um Latossolo Roxo de Dourados (MS)

Estudaram-se as correlações entre os parâmetros de erosividade e as perdas de solo ocorridas de 24/06/1989 a 22/10/1994, num Latossolo Roxo da Unidade de Execução de Pesquisa de Âmbito Estadual (UEPAE) de Dourados (MS) - EMBRAPA. Parâmetros de erosividade da chuva, da enxurrada e da chuva-enxurrada foram analisados por meio de regressão linear simples, múltipla e não-linear, com os objetivos de: (a) definir um parâmetro de erosividade para chuvas individuais, visando aprimorar o uso da equação universal de perda de solo local, e (b) determinar o fator erodibilidade para o solo estudado. Foram tomadas 147 chuvas individuais para o cálculo computacional da erosividade. O modelo com a altura da enxurrada na forma não-linear a (Vu)b foi o que melhor se correlacionou com a capacidade erosiva das chuvas individuais, superando todos os demais modelos, simples ou compostos, da chuva ou da chuva-enxurrada. Surpreendentemente, neste trabalho, o parâmetro EI30 apresentou baixa correlação com as perdas de solo. Assim, o melhor modelo de erosividade estimador da perda de solo local foi dado pelo seguinte modelo da enxurrada 0,1444 (Vu)1,0728. Os fatores erodibilidade do solo, estimados pelos modelos a (Vu)b e a + b EI30, foram, respectivamente, de 0,1444 t ha-1 mm-1 e 0,0037 t ha h ha-1 MJ-1 mm-1.

Discovery of an albite gneiss from the Ile de Groix (Armorican Massif, France): Geochemistry and LA-ICP-MS U-Pb geochronology of its Ordovician protolith

For the first time, an albite orthogneiss has been recognised and dated within the HP-LT blueschist facies metabasites and metapelites of the Ile de Groix. It is characterised by a peraluminous composition, high LILE, Th and U contents, MORB-like HREE abundances and moderate Nb and Y values. A U-Pb age of 480.8 +/- A 4.8 Ma was obtained by LA-ICP-MS dating of zircon and titanite. It is interpreted as the age of the magmatic emplacement during the Early Ordovician. Morphologically different zircon grains yield late Neoproterozoic ages of 546.6-647.4 Ma. Zircon and titanite U-Pb ages indicate that the felsic magmatism from the Ile de Groix is contemporaneous with the acid, pre-orogenic magmatism widely recognised in the internal zones of the Variscan belt, related to the Cambro-Ordovician continental rifting. The magmatic protolith probably inherited a specific chemical composition from a combination of orogenic, back-arc and anorogenic signatures because of partial melting of the Cadomian basement during magma emplacement. Besides, the late Devonian U-Pb age of 366 +/- A 33 Ma obtained for titanite from a blueschist facies metapelite corresponds to the age of the HP-LT peak metamorphism.

Initial Results on the Composition of Fingerprints and its Evolution as a Function of Time by GC/MS Analysis

Determining the time since deposition of fingermarks may prove necessary to assess their relevance to criminal investigations. The crucial factor is the initial composition of fingermarks, because it represents the starting point of any aging model. This study mainly aimed to characterize the initial composition of fingerprints, which show a high variability between donors (inter-variability), but also to investigate the variations among fingerprints from the same donor (intra-variability). Solutions to reduce this initial variability using squalene and cholesterol as target compounds are proposed and should be further investigated. The influence of substrates was also evaluated, and the initial composition was observed to be larger on porous surface than nonporous surfaces. Preliminary aging of fingerprints over 30 days was finally studied on a porous and a nonporous substrate to evaluate the potential for dating of fingermarks. Squalene was observed to decrease in a faster rate on a nonporous substrate.

Evolutionary dynamics of coding and non-coding transcriptomes.

Gene expression changes may underlie much of phenotypic evolution. The development of high-throughput RNA sequencing protocols has opened the door to unprecedented large-scale and cross-species transcriptome comparisons by allowing accurate and sensitive assessments of transcript sequences and expression levels. Here, we review the initial wave of the new generation of comparative transcriptomic studies in mammals and vertebrate outgroup species in the context of earlier work. Together with various large-scale genomic and epigenomic data, these studies have unveiled commonalities and differences in the dynamics of gene expression evolution for various types of coding and non-coding genes across mammalian lineages, organs, developmental stages, chromosomes and sexes. They have also provided intriguing new clues to the regulatory basis and phenotypic implications of evolutionary gene expression changes.