Chemical composition of a manganese nodule from the Tiki Basin, Touamotou Archipelago, Pacific Ocean

The text studies the deep-sea red clays in the East-Central Pacific ocean (Tahiti-Touamotou Archipelago), their authigenic formation, transport and diagenetic character in particular through their composition in REE.

The relationship among serum levels of manganese superoxide dismutase and mtDNA 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine, and dietary antioxidants intake in Type 2 Diabetes

Oxidative stress plays a key role in the development of Type 2 Diabetes (T2D). This cross-sectional study examined the relationship among serum levels of manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD), 8-hydroxy-2’-deoxyguanosine (8OHdG), dietary antioxidant intakes and glycemic control in African Americans (n=209) and Haitian Americans (n=234) with and without T2D. African Americans had higher BMI (32.8 vs. 29.3 kg/m2), higher energy intake (2148 vs. 1770 kcal), and were more educated as compared to Haitian Americans; all variables were significant at p < .001. Serum levels of 8OHdG and MnSOD for African Americans (1691.0 ± 225.1 pg/ml, 2538.0 ± 1091.8 pg/ml; respectively) were significantly higher than for Haitian Americans (1626.2 ± 222.9, 2015.8 ± 656.3 pg/ml; respectively). 8OHdG was negatively correlated with MnSOD (r = -.167, p < .001) in T2D. Having T2D was negatively correlated with MnSOD (r = -.337; p < .01) and positively correlated with 8OHdG (r = .500; p < .01). African Americans and Haitian Americans with T2D had fasting plasma glucose (FPG) levels of 143.0 ± 61.0 mg/dl and 157.6 ± 65.5 mg/dl, and A1C of 7.5 ± 1.8 % and 8.4 ± 2.4 %, respectively. African Americans and Haitian Americans without T2D had FPG levels of 95.8 ± 13.2 mg/dl and 98.7 ± 16.9 mg/dl, and A1C of 5.9 ± 0.4% and 6.0 ± 0.5%, respectively. Dietary intakes of vitamin C and vitamin D were negatively correlated with FPG (r = -.21; r = -.19, p < .05) respectively. Carotenoids negatively correlated with A1C (r = -.19, p < .05). Lower levels of MnSOD were associated with lower levels of zinc, r = .10, p < .05, and higher levels of carotenoids r = -.10, p < .05. Higher levels of 8OHdG were associated with lower levels of Vitamin D, r = -.14, p < .01, and carotenoids, r = -.09, p < .05. The results demonstrate greater oxidative mtDNA damage in persons with T2D compared to those without T2D and in African Americans compared with Haitian Americans. The inverse relationship between dietary intake of antioxidants and oxidative stress implies a potential to reduce oxidative stress with diet. African Americans were significantly younger (53.3 vs. 55.6 years), had higher BMI (32.8 vs. 29.3 kg/m2), higher energy intake (2148 vs. 1770 kcal), and were more educated as compared to Haitian Americans; all variables were significant at p < .001. Serum levels of 8OHdG and MnSOD for African Americans (1691.0 ± 225.1 pg/ml, 2538.0 ± 1091.8 pg/ml; respectively) were significantly higher than for Haitian Americans (1626.2 ± 222.9, 2015.8 ± 656.3 pg/ml; respectively). 8OHdG was negatively correlated with MnSOD (r = -.167, p < .001) in T2D. Having T2D was negatively correlated with MnSOD (r = -.337; p < .01) and positively correlated with 8OHdG (r = .500; p < .01). African Americans and Haitian Americans with T2D had fasting plasma glucose (FPG) levels of 143.0 ± 61.0 mg/dl and 157.6 ± 65.5 mg/dl, and A1C of 7.5 ± 1.8 % and 8.4 ± 2.4 %, respectively. African Americans and Haitian Americans without T2D had FPG levels of 95.8 ± 13.2 mg/dl and 98.7 ± 16.9 mg/dl, and A1C of 5.9 ± 0.4% and 6.0 ± 0.5%, respectively. Dietary intakes of vitamin C and vitamin D were negatively correlated with FPG (r = -.21; r = -.19, p < .05) respectively. Carotenoids negatively correlated with A1C (r = -.19, p < .05). Lower levels of MnSOD were associated with lower levels of zinc, r = .10, p < .05, and higher levels of carotenoids r = -.10, p < .05. Higher levels of 8OHdG were associated with lower levels of Vitamin D, r = -.14, p < .01, and carotenoids, r = -.09, p < .05. The results demonstrate greater oxidative mtDNA damage in persons with T2D compared to those without T2D and in African Americans compared with Haitian Americans. The inverse relationship between dietary intake of antioxidants and oxidative stress implies a potential to reduce oxidative stress with diet.

(Table 8, page 38) Spectrographic analyses of deep sea manganese nodules from the Pacific and Indian Oceans

In an earlier paper by two of the authors the conclusion was reached that the 33 recognized species of oxides of Mn could be separated into 3 groups: 1) those which appeared to be persistently supergene in origin, 2) those which appeared to be persistently hypogene, and 3) those which were supergene in some localities and hypogene in other localities. When that paper was written, there were available about 250 X-ray diffraction analyses of mineral specimens, also 35 complete and about 150 partial chemical analyses. The conclusions of that paper were based upon the interpretation of the geologic conditions under which these specimens occurred. Late in the preparation of that paper, it seemed worthwhile to make numerous semiquantitative analyses of specimens, largely from 9 western [U.S.A] states, selected carefully from 5 groups of geologic environments, in the hope that the frequency and percentages of some elements might be distinctive of the several geologic groups. For this purpose, 95 specimens were selected from the 5 groups, as follows: 19 specimens interpreted as supergene oxides by the geologists who collected them, 35 specimens of hypogene vein oxides, 22 specimens of Mn-bearing hot spring aprons, 9 specimens of stratified oxides, and 10 specimens of deep-sea nodules. The spectrographic analyses here recorded indicate that a group of elements - W, Ba, Sr, Be, As, Sb, Tl, and Ge - are present more commonly, and largely in higher percentages, in the hypogene oxide than in the supergene oxides and thus serve to indicate different sources of the Mn. Also, the frequency and percentages of some of these elements indicate a genetic relation of the manganese oxides in hypogene veins, hot spring aprons, and stratified deposits. The analyses indicate a declining percentage of some elements from depth to the surface in these 3 related groups and increasing percentages of some other elements. It is concluded that some of the elements in deep-sea nodules indicate that sources other than rocks decomposed on the continents, probably vulcanism on the floors of the seas, have contributed to their formation.

(Table 1, page 258) Chemical composition of 24 concentric layers inside manganese nodule DH9-9 from the Pacific Ocean

The minor-element composition of concentric layers within a single ferromanganese nodule from the eastern North Pacific exhibits strong correlations with Fe and Mn contents but appears to be independent of pronounced mineralogic variations. On the basis of these correlations, the elemental composition of individual layers apparently is controlled by the relative contribution of two sources: seawater, and interstitial water of associated sediment. In contrast, the mineralogy of the nodule, consisting of birnessite in the outer few layers and todorokite in the inner layers, is considered to be a function of nodule diagenesis.

Lithium concentration in manganese nodules of the Pacific Ocean (Hakurei Maru Cruise GH77-1, January-March, 1977)

Various manganese nodules donated to the Scripps Institution of Oceanography from the Hakurei Maru Cruise GH77-1, January-March, 1977, in the Central Pacific Basin have been analysed for their lithium content by J. Korkish from the Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Analysis of Nuclear Raw Materials Division, University of Vienna, Austria. The author has used a Perkin-Elmer atomic-absorption spectrometer 303 after speration by dissolution in hydrochloric acid.

(Table XIV-1, Page 137-139) Physical characteristics of manganese nodules collected in the Pacific Ocean during cruise GH76-1 of R/V Hakurei Maru

Nodule samples obtained were described and studied on board for 1) observation of occurrence and morphology in and outside samplers, size classification, measurement of weight and calculation of population density (kg/m2); 2) photographing whole nodules on the plate marked with the frames of unit areas of both 0cean-70 (0.50 m2) and freefall grab (0.13 m2), and that of typical samples on the plate with a 5 cm grid scale: 3) observation of internal structures of the nodules on cut section; and 4) determination of mineral composition by X-ray diffractometer. The relation between nodule types and geological environment or chemical composition was examined by referring to other data of related studies, such as sedimentology. acoustic survey, and chemical analysis.

(Table 2, page 156), The comparison of heavy elements in manganese nodules

The comparison of Mn/Fe, Co/Ni, Co/Fe, Ni/Mn, and Cu/Fe ratios is presented and it is noticed that Co/Ni and Ni/Mn ratios of nodules fairly coincide with those of coexisting sediments. This agreement suggests that Mn, Ni, and Co are accumulated in both nodules and sediments at about the same rates. According to the calculation of Somayajulu et al. similar consideration is also applicable to Cu. Results are, however, implying that Cu co-precipitates with Fe, rather than Mn.

Description of manganese nodules and crust collected from the Hakurei Maru Cruise GH76-1, January-March, 1976, in the Central Pacific Basin

This report of the GH76-1 cruise mainly includes the results of the on-board observations in the survey area of the medial-eastern part of Central Pacific Basin (5 degree -10 degree N, 170 degree -175 degree W) and partly of analytical work at the on-shore laboratory. In addition, the results of some on-board optical and geophysical works along the tracks of Japan-Ogasawara-survey area-Hawaii, are described in appendices. The GH76-1 cruise of the R/V Hakurei-maru was carried out from the 10th January to the 9th March, 1976 as the second phase field work of the Geological Survey of Japan five-year research program of study on the manganese nodule deposits of the Central Pacific Basin and also as a part of the National Research Institute for Pollution and Resources research program of technological study on the exploitation of deep sea mineral resources. The GSJ research program (F.Y. 1974-F.Y. 1978) aims at providing basic information on the manganese nodule distribution and their origin on the deep sea floor of the Central Pacific Basin bounded by the Marshall Ridge to the west, the Christmas Ridge to the east, and the Mid-Pacific Mountains to the north. The first phase of investigation was carried out during the GH74-5 cruise in the eastern part of the area (6 degree -10 degree 30'W, 164 degree 30'-171 degree 30'N)(Mizuno and Chujo, eds., 1975), and the present second phase covered an areas of 5 degree square, just west of the GH74-5 area.

(Table 2, Page 275) Elemental concentrations in manganese nodules used in seawater contact experiments

The gross changes in concentrations of several trace elements in seawater after contact with ferro-manganese particle suspensions has been determined. Cobalt, Fe, and Zn concentrations in the seawater were greatly increased after contact with the par¬ticles. The concentrations of Rb, U, Cs, Sb, and Ag were altered to a lesser degree by this treatment. Similar results were observed where seawater was con¬tacted with suspensions of pelagic sediments. Of the trace elements measured, cobalt and iron appear to be the best elemental indicators of the presence of manganese mining effluents in the ocean. The addi¬tions of the essential elements Co, Fe and Zn toge¬ther with nutrients from the bottom waters may pro¬duce increased biological productivity. However, the toxic trace metals, such as Hg, Cu and Cd which could enter ocean water from the nodules and sedi¬ment and which may be high in effluent-affected areas should be investigated before conclusions as to the likely impact can be reached. Trace element analysis of seawater samples collected at a Pacific Ocean manganese nodule dredging site showed high t race element concentrations, but these are believed to have resulted from contamination during sample collection or storage rather than from the dredging operations.

(Table 2, page 607) Composition of manganese nodules in cores from Leg 16, Deep Sea Drilling Project

Buried manganese nodules or encrustations were encountered at five drill sites of Leg 16. Surface nodules were also sampled at two sites. With few exceptions, nodules within any one drill hole are fairly uniform in composition and are similar in composition to samples obtained previously from the eastern equatorial Pacific. Geochemical and paleontological evidence suggests that at least one of the buried samples was in situ when found and that at least one other was not. The remaining nodules may have fallen from the sediment surface to the positions in which they were found during the drilling process.

Geochemistry on manganese crusts from French Polynesia

The Tuamotu Archipelago in French Polynesia is a Co-rich ferromanganese crust province. The NODCO I survey (1986) provided detailed data on Co-rich crusts in this environment through the exploration of a restricted zone in the vicinity of Niau Island on the southern flank of the archipelago. This flat zone is a fossil atoll which, under the action of subsidence and tectonic movements, has collapsed to a water depth of 1000 m. The plateau is partially filled with coralline sediments. Outcrops of ferromanganese crusts, associated with rare nodules and slabs, are located on the inner side of the coral reef which bounds the ancient lagoon. The successive episodes of plateau history have been recorded in the different growth periods of the ferromanganese crusts. The crusts, nodules and slabs belong to the same morphological, mineralogical and geochemical family. Cobalt contents vary from 0.7 to 1.3%. The highest values belong to the thinnest ferromanganese crusts which are located on the flanks of the plateau. Average Ni contents are about 0.5% and Cu contents about 0.1%; Pt contents vary from 0.2 to 1.3 ppm. Platinum and Co are enriched in the outermost oxide zone of the crusts. Poorly crystallized -MnO2 is the dominant mineralogical phase. Cobalt enrichment seems to be related to -MnO2 particle size. The greatest contents are located in the finest material where the particle size is less than 0.1 m. Cobalt-rich crusts of the Niau Zone have the same characteristics as the Co-rich crusts from the Equatorial North Pacific. They differ in original setting: the reefal environment in the Niau Zone is superficial, overlying a volcanic substrate.

(Table 2, page 10) Bulk spectroscopic, X-ray fluorescence and colorimetric analyses of samples from the San Pablo ferro-manganese pavement

The Bedford Institute of Oceanography provided ship time on the C.S.S. Hudson during the B.I.0. 1967 Metrology and IODAL Cruise for surveying two separate bottom features in the North Atlantic; the Flemish Cap and the San Pablo Seamount one of the Kelvin Seamounts (also known as the New England Seamounts) about 400 miles SSE of Halifax, Nova Scotia. Underwater photography, dredging, and drilling showed San Pablo seamount to have a very considerable covering of manganese deposit, which may be recoverable by mining. San Pablo Seamount was surveyed and sampled; good hauls were made both on the top and on the slopes, at various depths from 500-1000 fathoms; in all cases samples of an unusual stratified manganese-iron ore were recovered. In the hope of gaining additional information in the immediate sample area, one of the dredges had been previously modified to accommodate underwater photographic equipment. X-ray chemical analyses indicate that the ore contains 20 to 25 per cent MnO2, with similar amounts of Fe2O3. Since bottom photographs indicate that these deposits form a continuous cover 1 foot to 3 feet thick over most of the seamount, it is estimated that there are ore reserves in the order of 10 to 30 M tons above 1,000 fathoms.