Viabilidad, condiciones requeridas para la germinación y métodos de interrupción de dormancia en semillas de Echinochloa colona (L.) LINK

En la búsqueda de alternativas ecológicas para enfrentar los problemas de malezas en los agroecosistemas, estudiamos viabilidad, contenido de humedad, condiciones requeridas para la germinación (Fase 1), y el efecto de métodos de interrupción de dormancia sobre las semillas de Echinochloa colona (L.) Link (Fase 2) colectadas en la comunidad de Malacatoya, Granada, Nicaragua. La Fase 1, fue un experimento bifactorial en un Diseño Completo al Azar (DCA), con cuatro réplicas. Los factores estudiados fueron: condición de siembra y posición de la semilla. En esta fase se investigó la germinación de semillas precalentadas a 60 o C. Los resultados mostraron, aproximadamente un 90% de via- bilidad de las semillas, determinada con Trifeniltetrazolium; sin embargo, éstas no germinaron, aunque se encontró un 4% de germinación en semillas precalentadas. Finalmente, se evaluaron ocho métodos para interrumpir la dormancia (Factor A), a dos niveles de temperatura (20 o C y 26 o C) (Factor B). El control fue colocado en condiciones ambientales sin ningún tratamiento previo. La prueba Duncan para tasa y porcentaje de germinación, señala que los mejores tratamientos para la interrupción de dormancia fueron etanol (0.5 M) más luz roja continua, y luz continua. Esto sugiere que la germinación de esta especie requiere del factor luz, en contraste, es posible que el uso de cobertura sea una opción a considerar como componente importante en el manejo ecológico de E. colona, que puede tener efectos físicos y químicos, y reducir la germinación de las malezas . Los resultados permiten también postular que para el manejo ecológico de esta arvense es importante controlarla en los primeros dieciséis días después de su emergencia

Characteristics of the interface of a laser-quenched steel substrate and chromium electroplate

The interface of a laser-discrete-quenched steel substrate and as-deposited chromium electroplate was investigated by ion beam etching, dissolving-substrate-away and using a Vickers microhardness tester, in an attempt to reveal the mechanism that the service life of the chromium-coated parts is increased by the duplex technique of laser pre-quenching plus chromium post-depositing. The laser quenching of the steel substrate can reduce the steep hardness gradient at the substrate/chromium interface and improve the load-bearing capacity of chromium electroplate. Moreover, the laser quenching prior to plating has an extremely great effect on the morphologies and microstructure of the substrate/chromium interface: there is a transient interlayer at the original substrate/chromium interface while there is not at the laser-quenchedzone/chromium interface; the near-substrate surface microstructure and morphologies of the free-standing chromium electrodeposits, whose substrate was dissolved away with nital 30% in volume, inherit the periodically gradient characteristics of the laser-discrete-quenched substrate surface. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Characteristics of deep penetration laser welding of dissimilar metal Ni-based cast superalloy K418 and alloy steel 42CrMo

Experimental trials of autogenous deep penetration welding between dissimilar cast Ni-based superalloy K418 and alloy steel 42CrMo flat plates with 5.0 mm thickness were conducted using a 3 kW continuous wave (CW) Nd:YAG laser. The influences of laser output power, welding velocity and defocusing distance on the morphology, welding depth and width as well as quality of the welded seam were investigated. Results show that full keyhole welding is not formed on both K4.18 and 42CrMo side, simultaneously, due to the relatively low output power. Partial fusion is observed on the welded seam near 42CrMo side because of the large disparity of thermal-physical and high-temperature mechanical properties of these two materials. Tile rnicrohardness of the laser-welded joint was also examined and analyzed. It is suggested that applying negative defocusing in the range of Raylei length can increase the welding depth and improve tile coupling efficiency of the laser materials interaction. (c) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Study on flow characteristics of solid/liquid system in lysozyme crystal growth

During the process of lysozyme protein crystallization with batch method, the macroscopic flow field of solid/liquid system was observed by particle image velocimetry (PIV). Furthermore, a normal growth rate of (110) face and local flow field around a single protein crystal were obtained by a long work distance microscope. The experimental results showed that the average velocity, the maximal velocity of macroscopic solid/liquid system and the velocity of local flow field around single protein crystal were fluctuant. The effective boundary layer thickness delta(eff), the concentration at the interface Q and the characteristic velocity V were calculated using a convection-diffusion model. The results showed that the growth of lysozyme crystal in this experiment was dominated by interfacial kinetics rather than bulk transport, and the function of buoyancy-driven flow in bulk transport was small, however, the effect of bulk transport in crystal growth had a tendency to increase with the increase of lysozyme concentration. The calculated results, also showed that the order of magnitude of shear force was about 10(-21) N, which was much less than the bond force between the lysozyme molecules. Therefore the shear force induced by buoyancy-driven flows cannot remove the protein molecules from the interface of crystal.

Wave pattern characteristics of a two-phase nozzle flow by shock propagation

In this paper, the wave pattern characteristics of shock-induced two-phase nozzle Hows with the quiescent or moving dusty gas ahead of the incident-shock front has been investigated by using high-resolution numerical method. As compared with the corresponding results in single-phase nozzle flows of the pure gas, obvious differences between these two kinds of flows can be obtained.