A relação do beisebol e as drogas para aumento de desempenho esportivo

O beisebol que possui origens incertas apresenta um grande número de fãs espalhados pelo mundo todo, especialmente em países como Japão e os Estados Unidos, na América do Sul, há a Venezuela e a Colômbia que se destacam no cenário internacional pelo número de atletas em ligas espalhadas pelo mundo. O Brasil apresenta três jogadores atuando na liga americana de beisebol (MLB) atualmente, e no país ainda falta a criação de uma liga forte para o desenvolvimento do esporte. As drogas para aumento de desempenho esportivo presente quase que maciçamente no beisebol, durante a era dos esteróides, período do final dos anos 80 até o começo dos anos 2000, levou a mudanças em sua política antidrogas, principalmente na liga americana de beisebol, em uma busca para tornar o esporte limpo. O hormônio do crescimento e os esteróides anabólicos androgênicos foram as drogas mais consumidas pelos atletas durante a era dos esteróides, no qual não havia testes antidoping, e foi justamente nesse período que houve os maiores avanços nos números ofensivos do esporte, levantando suspeitas sobre as conquistas dos jogadores. Os efeitos adversos e os objetivos dos jogadores de beisebol no uso das drogas para aumento de desempenho esportivo serão abordados, assim como as reações dos fãs ao doping no esporte. A metodologia foi feita através da revisão bibliográfica, no qual busquei na literatura existente, e também em websites, livros, revistas e documentários esportivos, dados que fornecem informações sobre as drogas para aumento esportivo relacionadas ao beisebol, no período de setembro de 2014 a setembro de 2015

Irradiação e atmosfera modificada passiva na qualidade pós-colheita de goiabas 'Pedro Sato'

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of gamma radiation associated with modified atmosphere on postharvest quality of guavas ‘Pedro Sato’. It was used guavas from the region of Vista Alegre do Alto/São Paulo/Brazil. After harvest, the fruits were immediately transported to the Fruit and Vegetables Laboratory from the Agroindustrial Management and Technology Department, Agronomic Sciences College - UNESP - Botucatu / SP, where they were kept at 10 ° C and 90-95% RH in cold storage, for 28 days. It was used the randomized design, with factorial scheme 5 x 5, three repetitions. The first factor consisted of the following effects: control 1 (without package or irradiation), control 2 (polystyrene package/PS + package low density polyethylene/LDPE and without irradiation), treatment 1 (PS + LDPE and 0.2 kGy ), treatment 2 (PS + LDPE and 0.6 kGy) and treatment 3 (PS + LDPE and 1.0 kGy). The second factor consisted of the evaluation periods: 0, 7, 14, 21 and 28 days. The analyses were: firmness, soluble solids (SS), titratable acidity (TA), maturity index, pH, respiration rate. Concluded that high doses of irradiation promoted a negative effect on physical-chemical characteristics of guava ‘Pedro Sato’, verifying that only the lowest dose associated with modified atmosphere provided fruits with higher quality and acceptability, due to higher maturation rate and soluble solids obtained. Regarding the days of analysis, there were no positive effect of the treatments during storage, where only the early days promoted better values for the variables studied.

Qualidade pós-colheita de abacates "hass" mantidos em temperatura ambiente e tratados com diferentes radiações

This study aimed the avocado ‘Hass’ conservation with the use of radiation. We performed two experiments: Experiment I – fruits irradiated with different doses of cobalt-60 gamma irradiation(0,0; 0,2; 0,4; 0,6 e 1,0 kGy); Experiment II – fruit irradiated by electron accelerator in different doses (0,0; 0,48; 0,8; 1,12 e 1,45 MeV), both maintained at room temperature of 21±1 °C and at relative humidity of 79±5 %. Antioxidant capacity, total phenolic compounds, fresh weight loss, and respiration rate evaluation were performed every three days for 12 days. The experimental design was completely randomized with three replicates per treatment. For statistical analysis, the Tukey test at 5% probability was employed. Under the conditions in which the experiments were performed, the results showed that the gamma radiation use retained the fruits for 12 days, regardless the doses applied. The radiation by electron accelerator use also promote the fruits preservation, regardless the doses employed.

Características pós-colheita em frutos de pitaya orgânica submetida a diferentes doses de irradiação

The objective was to evaluate the influence of different irradiation doses in post-harvest characteristics of pitaya organic species Hylocereus undatus grown in the municipality of Itajobi - SP. The experiment was conducted at the Fruit and Vegetable Department of Agribusiness Management and Technology - FCA / UNESP - Botucatu - SP from December 2008 to January 2009. The radiation process was conducted at the Institute for Energy and Nuclear Research (IPEN) located in Sao Paulo. The design was randomized blocks with six treatments and three replications. The fruits were harvested on the third day after onset of color, selected, cleaned, packed in polystyrene trays covered with PVC film, pre - cooled (8 ° C for 24 hours) and subjected to different doses of gamma irradiation (0.0; 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8 and 1.0 kGy of cobalt-60) and subsequently stored in cold temperature of 8 degrees C, with relative humidity of about 85 ± 5%. The fruits were evaluated at twenty days after irradiation for pH, soluble solids (SS), Titratable Acidity (TA), ratio (SS / TA) and percentage loss of mass (weight). Data were subjected to analysis of variance and means compared by Tukey test at 5% probability. There were no statistically significant differences (p <0.05) for pH (4.82), soluble solids (11.33) Titratable acidity (0.12) and ratio (79.42) compared to non-irradiated fruit. Regarding the percentage of loss of mass (weight), the highest among the patients treated irradiated with 0.8 kGy (12.12%), whereas for treatment at a dose of 0.0 kGy (irradiated) showed a lower loss weight (11.59%), a result that differs significantly (P <0.05) from the remaining doses of irradiation. The loss of mass (weight) of fruit irradiated with other doses was not statistically significant (P> 0.05).

Avaliação da cinetica bacteriana na biolixiviação de calcopirita

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Avaliação da resistência à corrosão da liga Ti-30Ta submetida a diferentes taxas de deformação visando aplicações biomédicas

This study aims to evaluate the corrosion resistance of Ti-30Ta alloy when subjected to different strain rates. Samples of the alloy Ti-30Ta were obtained from the melting of pure elements in the arc furnace in inert atmosphere (argon gas). Then, the samples were subjected to a thermal treatment and to cold worked to obtain bars. After forging, the samples were machined in accordance with ASTME9-09 standard for carried out compression tests. To microstructural characterization, samples were sectioned longitudinal and transversally and embedded in resin. After, the wet sanding and polishing were performed, followed by a chemical attack, in order to study the microstructure under an optical microscope. Microhardness was measured on the samples that were subjected to microstructural characterization by using microhardness tester. Phases were evaluated by x-rays diffraction. Corrosion tests were carried out to evaluate the influence of deformation on the corrosion resistance. Results show that microstructure was not influenced by deformation

Estudo das propriedades ópticas de pós cerâmicos à base de Zn3Ga2Ge2O10: X% Cr3+ (X = 0 ; 0,5 ; 0,75 ; 1,0)

Ceramic powders based on Zn3Ga2Ge2O10: Cr3+ X% (X = 0.0; 0.5; 0.75; 1.0) were synthesized by solid-state reaction method. The gallium-zinc germanate doped with chromium presents an interesting property of phosphorescence, that means, it is capable of emitting light when excited by a source of radiation, and such emission remains for some time after stopping the source. For this reason, these materials can be widely applied in night-vision surveillance, (through the use of solar energy, for example), electronic devices screen, emergency routes signals, control panels indicators in dark environments, etc. In this job were considered different amounts of dopant in order to perform a comparison of structural and photoluminescent properties. For that, some analyses were performed on samples, such as XRD, FT-Raman, SEM, UV-vis and photoluminescence measurements (PL). Such analysis allowed to infer that the presence of chromium results in no phase transformation, so that the four compositions have the same set of phases: cubic, rhombohedral and hexagonal. Although the structure was not changed, chromium influences other properties / characteristics of these materials. Examples are: increase of band-gap, decrease of average particle size, small changes in binding energy checked by Raman and especially the increase of photoluminescent property. The chromium ions have great ease in replacing gallium ions in octahedral sites, resulting in emission of light with a wavelength of about 700 nm (infrared region), which is justified by the spin-forbidden 2E 4A2 transition. In other words, chromium is a favorable luminescent center, acting as a trap in the crystal structure, since it imprisons the excitation energy easily and releases it gradually, allowing the phosphorescence. It was observed that the composition ... (Complete abastract click electronic access below)

Síntese, caracterização e avaliação biológica de quelatos metálicos contendo ligantes de origem natural

O trabalho que será aqui apresentado teve como finalidade reunir os resultados obtidos dentro do Laboratório de Organometálicos II em relação aos estudos realizados acerca da interação de íons metálicos com ligantes orgânicos naturais. Os dados apresentados foram obtidos pela autora deste trabalho, e também pelos professores Francisco Otávio Cintra Ferrarini, José Roberto Stefanelli Junior e pela aluna de Iniciação Científica Angélica Romão Carvalho. Hidrolisado proteico de soro de leite bovino e torta de linhaça foram os materiais obtidos, após uma série de operações que envolveram filtração com caulim, diálise, hidrólise enzimática, liofilização, etc., após as quais foram utilizados neste trabalho como ligantes de origem natural. Os metais de transição cobre, ferro, cobalto, zinco, paládio, platina e prata foram utilizados nas reações de complexação com os hidrolisados para obtenção de complexos metálicos, através do uso de diferentes rotas sintéticas (convencional, micro-ondas, hidrotérmica, difusão) e parâmetros experimentais (pH, solvente, natureza do precursor, etc.). A escolha dos íons metálicos baseou-se no interesse em preparar compostos que apresentassem ao mesmo tempo alta biodisponibilidade, baixa citotoxicidade e diversas aplicações biológicas. O uso do cobalto deveu-se à reconhecida propriedade que os micro-organismos do sistema digestório dos ruminantes apresenta de sintetizar a vitamina B12 e, portanto, os compostos desse metal podem ser usados em rações visando um melhor desenvolvimento do animal. O ferro, conhecidamente, é um importante metal para os seres humanos, estando presente na hemoglobina, sendo assim, também consiste em uma substância nutracêutica de relevado interesse. À propósito, cabe salientar que os compostos de ferro (III) obtidos nesse trabalho serão objeto de avaliação do uso como suplemento alimentar, em colaboração com o Departamento de...

Caracterização da liga Ti-30Ta após tratamento biomimético associado à incorporação de antibiótico

Surface treatments have been used to modify the surface of titanium alloys. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the surface of Ti-30Ta alloy after biomimetic approach associated to antibiotic incorporation. The ingots were obtained in arc melting furnace, treated and cold-worked by swaging. The surface treatment was performed in two steps: biomimetic treatment and antibiotic incorporation. For biomimetic treatment, first an alkaline treatment (NaOH 1M at 60ºC) was performed, followed by heat treatment and immersion in SBFx5 (Simulated Body Fluid) for a period of 24 hours. In order to incorporate the antibiotic, samples were immersed in a solution formed by drugs plus SBFx5 for 48 hours. The sample surfaces were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-Ray diffraction (XRD), atomic force microscopy (AFM) and contact angle measurements. The release of antibiotic from coated implants was measured in phosphate buffer saline at pH 7.4 by using UV/VIS spectrometry. Results have shown changes on the surface after incorporating the drug, which is gradually co-precipitated with the Ca-P crystals, forming a uniform and rough layer on the metal surface

Usinagem do alumínio da classe 6005 com uso de ferramenta cerâmica

The machining process is so much important in the economic world. Many machining parameters have been studied to maximize results, in terms of cost and lifetime. (decrease of cutting tool wear, improved surface finish, among others). The objective of this study is to evaluate the wear of a ceramic tool in the machining of the aluminum alloy 6005 A. The analysis of the wear of the cutting tools is very important due to its big impact on the final finishing of the piece as a whole. The evaluation took place in two stages, first it was done a detailed study of the literature of the whole machining process, where the study of the formation and swarf classification were among the most important steps in this phase. The second step consisted in the machining of the piece of aluminum 6005 A with a ceramic cutting tool constituded of aluminum oxide and magnesium oxide with silicon carbide impregnation. The swarf generated in this process was then photographed with a Zeiss optical microscope and analyzed for its size and shape. Through this comparison it was concluded that the swarf are generated shear swarfs, shaped like a tangled, fragmented and arcs connected, thus classifying the material as medium difficulty machining. Through the image analysis tool it was concluded that the parameter of lower wear was the: Vc = 500m / min, f = 0.10mm / rev and ap = 0.5mm

Caracterização da liga Ti-15Zr visando aplicações biomédicas

With advances in health care, has been na increase of demand for material that could replace the functions of the human body parts, thus evolved biomedic prosthesis which today are responsible for the constant improvement of the quality of life. The Titanium alloys are widely used as implants due to its properties, like high mechanical resistance, biocompatibility and corrosion resistance, and the addition alloying elements like Zirconium, may improve some of those properties. Such properties are related to the microstructure and consequently to the type of processing performed. The purpose of this dissertation was to characterize the experimental alloy Ti15Zr after route of processsing and heat treatment in order to extend the knowledge about this alloy. The latter has been abtained by fusion of pure metals in a arc melting furnace with an inert argon atmosphere. The material has been homogenized in a tube furnace at 950ºC for 24h and cold worked by swaging, after that, bars with 10 mm of diameter were obtained by the process of rotary forging. The samples were solubilized at 900º C for 2 hours and quenched in water. After that, 4 samples were submitted to the aging, at 400º C, 450º C, 500º C and 550º C. The microstructure and phase analysis was done by optical microscopy and X-rays diffraction (XRD), the mechanical characterization was carried out by microhardness test and finally, evaluation of corrosion resistance of the alloy by electrochemical tests. The XRD and the optical microscopy made it possible to analyze that the heat treatment influenced the phase shifting from α to α', and probably affected the alloy hardness, at the first aged sample at 500º Chas been a sudden increase in the value of hardness, probably by appearance of omega phase, unwanted phase to the medical application duo to great fragility, and finally ... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Torneamento da liga de alumínio da classe 6005 utilizando ferramenta cerâmica

Machining processes are one of the most important manufacturing processes in the modern world. In these processes, there are many elements which will influence in the final result of the machined part. Among them, the tools are the principal factor of the rising cost, because its global influence on the process. In aeronautical industries, this can be more evidenced due the need to machining several alloys, between them, aluminum alloys. These alloys have to demonstrate a specific surface finishing to be used in aircraft's fuselage. This kind of industry is one of the segments which is still rising in Brazil, and they are looking viable alternatives in the manufacturing processes of materials, due the need to produce more and more parts and equipment, with costs increasingly reduced. The purpose of this project is the development of a ceramic with differentiated properties. The ceramics were developed using a pre-sintering at 1200 °C, with posterior sintering at 1600°C, and subjected to dry turning process on aluminum alloy 6005. The characterizations showed that ceramics presented with toughness on the center of 1700 MPa and on the surface of 1950 MPa, density 98,5 ±0,14. g/cm³. Ceramics were grinded and faceted, according to ISO standard 1832, and subjected to turning tests in a ROMI lathe brand, model GL240M, using cutting speeds of 500, 800 and 1000 m/min with different feed rates. The machining results showed low occurrence of flank wear to all cutting speeds, and better surface finishing average values of Ra = 0,4935 μm and Rt = 8,112 μm. In general, it could be seen that the tool presents important potential to machining 6005 alloy, and that the use of correct parameters can decrease and/or eliminate subsequent processes, providing important reductions in costs related to the machining processes

Análise e comparação de orelhamento na liga AA3104 após laminação a quente

Aluminum has been widely used in the forming and manufacture of beverage cans, specific aluminum alloy AA3104, which manufacturers are increasingly demanding as to mechanical properties, quality and reducing waste. This work describes the analysis and comparison of the behavior of earing AA3104 aluminum alloy samples of final thicknesses of 1.80 and 2.10 mm. Were obtained after a hot rolling process, a total population of 86 samples for the two different thicknesses, of which 23 samples of 1.80 mm and 2.10 mm 63 samples. After removal of samples, there was a mechanical test inlay, then characterizing the earing in them. The results earing to the thicknesses of 1.80 and 2.10 mm were analyzed and compared statistically to give 7.1% and 7.4% on average, respectively, correlated with the hot rolling process variables, showing that they are statistically equal and that the process variables do not affect the end result desired, ranging from 7.0 to 7,5%

Estudo da utilização de ferramentas a base de nitreto de silício (Si3N4) e alumina (Al2O3) na usinagem do ferro fundido vermicular

Machining is one of the most commonly manufacturing processes used in the modern world, consuming millions of dollars annually. Because of this, it is crucial for the automotive industry to reduce costs on their heat-resistant alloy machining processes, such as compacted graphite iron (CGI), which has shown an increasing trend of its application in diesel engine blocks, brakes disks, among other applications, due to its superior mechanical properties to gray cast iron. Despite this advantage, its use is still limited due to its difficulty of machining, moreover, cutting tools are displayed as the main factor in increasing the machining cost. Seeking an alternative to a better machinability of CGI, this paper aims to study two types of ceramic tools developed in Brazil, and benchmark their performance by dry turning. For this, were used CGI class 450 and two tools: ceramic of silicon nitride (Si3N4) and alumina-based (Al2O3), with a cutting speed (Vc) of 300, 400 and 500 m / min; feed (f) of 0.2 mm / rev and depth of cut (ap) of 0.5 mm, using three replicates and starting with new cutting edges. The results showed that the Al2O3 tool had the best performance in Vc of 500 m / min, while the Si3N4 tool had the best results in Vc of 300 m / min. This can be explained by the tool of Si3N4 based include soft intergranular phase, called amorphous, while alumina has higher abrasion resistance due to its high refractoriness. The results make it clear that the tools have significant potential for machining of compacted graphite iron, being necessary a strict control of the cutting parameters used

Solidification thermal parameters and dendritic growth during the horizontal directional solidification of Al-7wt.%Si alloy

O principal objetivo desse trabalho é investigar a influência dos parâmetros térmicos velocidade de solidificação (V_L) e taxa de resfriamento (T_R), nos espaçamentos dendríticos primários (λ₁) da liga hipoeutética Al-7%Si, durante a solidificação direcional horizontal, em regime transiente. Os valores de λ₁ foram medidos ao longo do comprimento do lingote e correlacionados com esses parâmetros. A variação dos espaçamentos dendríticos estudados é expressa por meio de funções na forma de potência de V_Le T_Rdadas, respectivamente, por λ₁= 55(V_L)^-1.1e λ₁= 212 (T_R)^-0.55. Um estudo comparativo é realizado entre os resultados encontrados nesse trabalho e aqueles obtidos para a mesma liga quando solidificada direcionalmente nos sistemas verticais ascendente e descendente, sob as mesmas condições assumidas. Finalmente, os resultados experimentais obtidos são comparados com valores fornecidos por alguns modelos teóricos propostos na literatura para analisar espaçamentos dendríticos primários.