Miz-zikronot yeme yalduti ¿o mar¿e ha-¿ir Dwinsq

Warsha 1903

El enigma del voto étnico o las tribulaciones del movimiento indígena: reflexiones sobre los resultados de la primera vuelta electoral (2006) en las províncias de la sierra (Coyuntura)

Con toda seguridad, uno de los aspectos que más sorprendieron a la opinión pública ecuato" riana de los resultados de la primera vuelta de las elecciones presidenciales de octubre de 2006, fue el triunfo sin paliativos de la candidatura de Gilmar Gutiérrez en las provincias del callejón interandino y el aparente hundimiento del candidato de Pachakutik en escenarios como los de Cañar; Chimborazo, Bolívar, Cotopaxi o lmbabura, otrora verdaderos baluartes del poder de convocatoria del movimiento indígena.

Historical first descriptions of Cajal-Retzius cells: from pioneer studies to current knowledge

Santiago Ramón y Cajal developed a great body of scientific research during the last decade of 19th century, mainly between 1888 and 1892, when he published more than 30 manuscripts. The neuronal theory, the structure of dendrites and spines, and fine microscopic descriptions of numerous neural circuits are among these studies. In addition, numerous cell types (neuronal and glial) were described by Ramón y Cajal during this time using this 'reazione nera' or Golgi method. Among these neurons were the special cells of the molecular layer of the neocortex. These cells were also termed Cajal cells or Retzius cells by other colleagues. Today these cells are known as Cajal-Retzius cells. From the earliest description, several biological aspects of these fascinating cells have been analyzed (e.g., cell morphology, physiological properties, origin and cellular fate, putative function during cortical development, etc). In this review we will summarize in a temporal basis the emerging knowledge concerning this cell population with specific attention the pioneer studies of Santiago Ramón y Cajal.

Patterns of nucleotide diversity at the regions encompassing the Drosophila insulin-like peptide (dilp) genes: demography vs positive selection in Drosophila melanogaster.

In Drosophila, the insulin-signaling pathway controls some life history traits, such as fertility and lifespan, and it is considered to be the main metabolic pathway involved in establishing adult body size. Several observations concerning variation in body size in the Drosophila genus are suggestive of its adaptive character. Genes encoding proteins in this pathway are, therefore, good candidates to have experienced adaptive changes and to reveal the footprint of positive selection. The Drosophila insulin-like peptides (DILPs) are the ligands that trigger the insulin-signaling cascade. In Drosophila melanogaster, there are several peptides that are structurally similar to the single mammalian insulin peptide. The footprint of recent adaptive changes on nucleotide variation can be unveiled through the analysis of polymorphism and divergence. With this aim, we have surveyed nucleotide sequence variation at the dilp1-7 genes in a natural population of D. melanogaster. The comparison of polymorphism in D. melanogaster and divergence from D. simulans at different functional classes of the dilp genes provided no evidence of adaptive protein evolution after the split of the D. melanogaster and D. simulans lineages. However, our survey of polymorphism at the dilp gene regions of D. melanogaster has provided some evidence for the action of positive selection at or near these genes. The regions encompassing the dilp1-4 genes and the dilp6 gene stand out as likely affected by recent adaptive events.

Establishment of an In Vitro Photoallergy Test Using NCTC2544 Cells and IL-18 Production

Differentiation between photoallergenic and phototoxic reactions induced by low molecular weight compounds represents a current problem. The use of eratinocytes as a potential tool for the detection of photoallergens as opposed to photoirritants is considered an interesting strategy for developing in vitro methods. We have previously demonstrated the possibility to use the human keratinocyte cell line NCTC2455 and the production of interleukin-18 (IL-18) to screen low molecular weight sensitizers. The purpose of this work was to explore the possibility to use the NCTC2544 assay to identify photoallergens and discriminate from phototoxic chemicals. First, we identified suitable condition of UV-irradiation (3.5 J/cm2) by investigating the effect of UVAirradiation on intracellular IL-18 on untreated or chloropromazine (a representative phototoxic compound)- treated NCTC2544 cells. Then, the effect of UVA-irradiation over NCTC2544 cells treated with increasing concentrations of 15 compounds including photoallergens (benzophenone, 4-ter-butyl-4-methoxydibenzoylmethane, 2-ethylexyl-p-methoxycinnamate, ketoprofen, 6-methylcumarin); photoirritant and photoallergen (4-aminobenzoic acid, chlorpromazine, promethazine); photoirritants (acridine, ibuprofen, 8-methoxypsoralen, retinoic acid); and negative compounds (lactic acid, SDS and p-phenilendiamine) was investigated. Twenty-four hours after exposure, cytotoxicity was evaluated by the MTT assay or LDH leakage, while ELISA was used to measure the production of IL-18. At the maximal concentration assayed with non-cytotoxic effects (CV80 under irradiated condition), all tested photoallergens induced a significant and a dose-dependent increase of intracellular IL-18 following UVA irratiation, whereas photoirritants failed. We suggest that this system may be useful for the in vitro evaluation of the photoallergic potential of chemicals.

Diversidade genética de seleções de goiabeiras Cortibel

O Brasil é um dos maiores produtores de goiaba, Psidium guajava L., do mundo. Pomares de propagação seminal, devido à polinização cruzada, apresentam ampla variabilidade, permitindo a seleção de genótipos ao melhoramento. O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar a diversidade genética de genótipos de goiabeiras selecionadas em pomar de origem seminal (denominadas Cortibel de I a XIII) e compará-las às cultivares Paluma e Pedro Sato, e ao genótipo Roxa, quanto a características morfológicas e de qualidade de frutos. Verificou-se divergência entre os genótipos Cortibel. A Cortibel I, de polpa vermelha, foi o genótipo mais divergente, exibindo o melhor desempenho para as características de frutos. Os genótipos CVIII e CIV apresentaram os melhores desempenhos dentre os genótipos de polpa clara. As seleções de Cortibel apresentaram desempenho semelhante a cultivares comerciais para a qualidade do fruto, sendo bons materiais para o uso como novas cultivares ou para hibridações em programas de melhoramento.

Análisis de los indicadores RSC / Indicadores financieros en las empresas no financieras del IBEX

Este trabajo investiga la relación existente entre la Responsabilidad Social Corporativa (RSC) y los indicadores financieros (Rentabilidad financiera, rentabilidad económica, solvencia y endeudamiento) de las empresas no financieras del IBEX 35. Como medida de la RSC se ha utilizado el índice publicado por el Observatorio de la Responsabilidad Social Corporativa de las memorias anuales de las empresas del IBEX 35 de los ejercicios comprendidos entre el período 2007-2010. La fuente de datos referentes a los indicadores financieros de las empresas de este índice bursátil proceden del Sistema de Análisis de Balances Ibéricos (SABI) que contiene información financiera depositada en el Registro Mercantil. El principal resultado alcanzado se concreta en la correlación nula entre los indicadores de calidad de la RSC y los financieros. También se ha detectado una evolución positiva de los indicadores de calidad de información de la RSC a lo largo del período analizado aunque sigue siendo necesaria una mayor transparencia para apostar decididamente por la RSC.

Implementació de l'aprenentatge cooperatiu com a metodologia a l'aula per millorar la cohesió i la participació del grup

Actualment una de les preguntes que es fan els docents, és com donar resposta a la diversitat dels alumnes. És per aquest motiu que aquesta recerca vol portar a la pràctica la metodologia de l’aprenentatge cooperatiu, amb l’objectiu de facilitar a l’aula estratègies per atendre a la diversitat dels alumnes. Més concretament, el treball està format per dos grans apartats; en primer lloc, hi han reflectides aportacions respecte a la definició, característiques i principis bàsics de l’atenció a la diversitat i l’educació inclusiva. I, en segon lloc, la part pràctica, representa l’aplicació i l’avaluació de la metodologia de l’aprenentatge cooperatiu, en un grup d’alumnes de primer cicle inicial de l’escola Sant Joan de Berga. La metodologia de l’aprenentatge cooperatiu que volem implementar a l’aula es basa en el Programa CA/AC elaborat per el GRAD (Grup de Recerca en Atenció a la Diversitat) de la Universitat de Vic, on la seva finalitat és introduir a l’aula una estructura cooperativa de l’aprenentatge a partir d’un seguit de fases i estratègies, per tal de millorar la cohesió i la participació del grup classe.

Evaluación de las curvaturas locales de un frente de onda mediante interferometria de difracción por múltiples puntos

El objetivo fundamental de este trabajo es modificar el diseño clásico del interferómetro de difracción por punto para que permita medir simultáneamente las curvaturas locales de la fase de una onda en distintos puntos de un plano transversal a la dirección de propagación de un haz de luz con aberraciones. Para ello, y como segundo objetivo, propondremos un método de cálculo nuevo y sencillo que nos permitirá diseñar el componente fundamental del interferómetro para cada aplicación deseada.

Tecnología y humanización en la asistencia al nacimiento. La percepción de las mujeres

Objetivos: Conocer la opinión de las mujeres en relación con la tecnología sanitaria aplicada al seguimiento del embarazo y asistencia al parto, así como sus vivencias y sentimientos respecto a la calidad humana de la relación asistencial, y si ésta se adecuó a sus expectativas. Personas y método: Estudio con metodología cualitativa. Los datos se han obtenido mediante la realización de cuatro grupos focales. Resultados: El análisis de los datos ha permitido la construcción de dos categorías básicas: la opinión sobre las diferentes tecnologías aplicadas a lo largo del proceso asistencial, y la adecuación a las expectativas previas de la vivencia de la calidad humana en la relación asistencial. Conclusiones: La mayoría de las mujeres acepta las tecnologías sanitarias a su alcance. El significado del aumento de la dependencia tecnológica, sobre todo para la ecografía obstétrica, permite diferentes lecturas; un sector minoritario de mujeres prefiere una atención menos medicalizada durante el proceso de atención al parto. Todas las mujeres quieren sentirse protagonistas de su embarazo y parto. Confían plenamente en la competencia profesional de los expertos, cuya presencia les confiere seguridad, pero demandan mayor presencia de cualidades personales como el cariño y el trato deferente.

Tecnología y humanización en la asistencia al nacimiento. La percepción de las mujeres

Objetivos: Conocer la opinión de las mujeres en relación con la tecnología sanitaria aplicada al seguimiento del embarazo y asistencia al parto, así como sus vivencias y sentimientos respecto a la calidad humana de la relación asistencial, y si ésta se adecuó a sus expectativas. Personas y método: Estudio con metodología cualitativa. Los datos se han obtenido mediante la realización de cuatro grupos focales. Resultados: El análisis de los datos ha permitido la construcción de dos categorías básicas: la opinión sobre las diferentes tecnologías aplicadas a lo largo del proceso asistencial, y la adecuación a las expectativas previas de la vivencia de la calidad humana en la relación asistencial. Conclusiones: La mayoría de las mujeres acepta las tecnologías sanitarias a su alcance. El significado del aumento de la dependencia tecnológica, sobre todo para la ecografía obstétrica, permite diferentes lecturas; un sector minoritario de mujeres prefiere una atención menos medicalizada durante el proceso de atención al parto. Todas las mujeres quieren sentirse protagonistas de su embarazo y parto. Confían plenamente en la competencia profesional de los expertos, cuya presencia les confiere seguridad, pero demandan mayor presencia de cualidades personales como el cariño y el trato deferente.

Wine, beer, alcohol and polyphenols on cardiovascular disease and cancer

Abstract: Since ancient times, people have attributed a variety of health benefits to moderate consumption of fermented beverages such as wine and beer, often without any scientific basis. There is evidence that excessive or binge alcohol consumption is associated with increased morbidity and mortality, as well as with work related and traffic accidents. On the contrary, at the moment, several epidemiological studies have suggested that moderate consumption of alcohol reduces overall mortality, mainly from coronary diseases. However, there are discrepancies regarding the specific effects of different types of beverages (wine, beer and spirits) on the cardiovascular system and cancer, and also whether the possible protective effects of alcoholic beverages are due to their alcoholic content (ethanol) or to their non-alcoholic components (mainly polyphenols). Epidemiological and clinical studies have pointed out that regular and moderate wine consumption (one to two glasses a day) is associated with decreased incidence of cardiovascular disease (CVD), hypertension, diabetes, and certain types of cancer, including colon, basal cell, ovarian, and prostate carcinoma. Moderate beer consumption has also been associated with these effects, but to a lesser degree, probably because of beer"s lower phenolic content. These health benefits have mainly been attributed to an increase in antioxidant capacity, changes in lipid profiles, and the anti-inflammatory effects produced by these alcoholic beverages. This review summarizes the main protective effects on the cardiovascular system and cancer resulting from moderate wine and beer intake due mainly to their common components, alcohol and polyphenols.

3,4-Methylenedioxy-methamphetamine induces in vivo regional up-regulation of central nicotinic receptors in rats and potentiates the regulatory effects of nicotine on these receptors

Nicotine (NIC), the main psychostimulant compound of smoked tobacco, exerts its effects through activation of central nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChR), which become up-regulated after chronic administration. Recent work has demonstrated that the recreational drug 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) has affinity for nAChR and also induces up-regulation of nAChR in PC 12 cells. Tobacco and MDMA are often consumed together. In the present work we studied the in vivo effect of a classic chronic dosing schedule of MDMA in rats, alone or combined with a chronic schedule of NIC, on the density of nAChR and on serotonin reuptake transporters. MDMA induced significant decreases in [3H]paroxetine binding in the cortex and hippocampus measured 24 h after the last dose and these decreases were not modified by the association with NIC. In the prefrontal cortex, NIC and MDMA each induced significant increases in [3H]epibatidine binding (29.5 and 34.6%, respectively) with respect to saline-treated rats, and these increases were significantly potentiated (up to 72.1%) when the two drugs were associated. Also in this area, [3H]methyllycaconitine binding was increased a 42.1% with NIC + MDMA but not when they were given alone. In the hippocampus, MDMA potentiated the a7 regulatory effects of NIC (raising a 25.5% increase to 52.5%) but alone was devoid of effect. MDMA had no effect on heteromeric nAChR in striatum and a coronal section of the midbrain containing superior colliculi, geniculate nuclei, substantia nigra and ventral tegmental area. Specific immunoprecipitation of solubilised receptors suggests that the up-regulated heteromeric nAChRs contain a4 and b2 subunits. Western blots with specific a4 and a7 antibodies showed no significant differences between the groups, indicating that, as reported for nicotine, up-regulation caused by MDMA is due to post-translational events rather than increased receptor synthesis.