Um estudo comparativo entre os indicadores de inovação utilizados pelos métodos de scorecard para o cálculo de ativos intangíveis com os utilizados pelos fundos de capital de risco para investimentos em empresas spin-offs acadêmicas incubadas.

Este trabalho pretende verificar o alinhamento entre os indicadores de inovação utilizados pelos métodos Scorecard de mensuração dos ativos intangíveis e pelas agências governamentais nacionais e internacionais com aqueles utilizados pelos fundos de capital de risco na cidade do Rio de Janeiro, para investimento em empresas spin-offs acadêmicas incubadas. A metodologia constou de uma revisão bibliográfica sobre os métodos de mensuração e valoração dos ativos intangíveis, indicadores de inovação propostos por agências governamentais nacionais e internacionais e fundos de capital de risco que atuam na cidade do Rio de Janeiro. Além de serem aplicados questionários nas empresas de fundos de capital de risco desta cidade. Foram levantados diversos métodos Scorecards na literatura com seus indicadores, além dos indicadores de inovação de agências governamentais nacionais e internacionais. Adicionando-se a isso, identificou-se o foco de investimento, o processo de seleção, o método utilizado de avaliação de oportunidades de investimento e indicadores relevantes para as empresas de capital de risco da cidade do Rio de Janeiro. Observou-se que os ativos intangíveis, entre eles os de inovação, não são avaliados individualmente. A informação obtida com as empresas que receberão investimentos dessas empresas de capital de risco é utilizada para se entender a origem dos fluxos de caixa projetados e os principais fatores de risco. E esses dados aplicados ao método do fluxo de caixa descontado permitem que se estime o valor da empresa. Pela vasta experiência dos gestores dos fundos de capital de risco com micro e pequenas empresas inovadoras, espera-se que o estudo das práticas deste segmento traga importantes reflexões para as discussões relativas aos ativos intangíveis e a inovação.

Improving aquaculture feed in Bangladesh: From feed ingredients to farmer profit to safe consumption

Use of manufactured feeds in aquaculture in Bangladesh has grown rapidly over the last five years. More than 1 million tonnes of commercially formulated feeds and 0.3-0.4 million tonnes of farm-made feeds were produced in 2012, and sectoral growth is projected to increase substantially over the medium term. This working paper summarizes findings from a study, conducted as part of the WorldFish/USAID “Feed the Future-Aquaculture” project in 2012, assessing the current status of the aquaculture feed sector in Bangladesh. Fish feed value chains, market trends, ingredients and formulation systems, farm feeding practices, ancillary services and feed regulations were investigated. The study identifies a number of entry points for interventions in the sector, and investments which would improve feed quality and farmer access to better feeds and support the growth of sustainable aquaculture.

Temperatura atmosférica e internações hospitalares por doenças cardíacas no município do Rio de Janeiro.

Os efeitos das temperaturas elevadas na saúde humana representam um problema de grande magnitude na saúde pública. A temperatura atmosférica e a poluição do ar são fatores de risco para as doenças crônicas não transmissíveis, em particular as doenças isquêmicas do coração. O estudo teve como objetivo analisar a associação entre a temperatura atmosférica e internações hospitalares por doenças cardíacas isquêmicas no município do Rio de Janeiro entre os anos de 2009 e 2013. Utilizaram-se modelos de séries temporais, via modelos aditivos generalizados, em regressão de Poisson, para testar a hipótese de associação. Como variáveis de controle de confusão foram utilizadas as concentrações de poluentes atmosféricos (ozônio e material particulado) e umidade relativa o ar; utilizou-se método de defasagem simples e distribuída para avaliar o impacto da variação de 1oC nas internações hospitalares diárias. No modelo de defasagem simples foram encontradas associações estatisticamente significativas para as internações por DIC no dia concorrente a exposição ao calor, tanto para a temperatura média quanto para a máxima. No modelo de defasagem distribuída polinomial, essa associação foi observada com 1 e 2 dias de defasagem e no efeito acumulado tanto para a temperatura média quanto para a máxima. Ao estratificarmos por faixa etária, as associações para as internações por DIC e exposição ao calor não foram estatisticamente significativas no modelo de defasagem simples para as temperaturas média e máxima. Em contrapartida, no modelo de defasagem distribuída polinomial, a correlação entre internações por DIC e exposição ao calor foi observada na faixa de 30 a 60 anos no efeito acumulado para a temperatura média; e com defasagem de 1 e 2 dias para 60 anos ou mais de idade para a temperatura média. Estes resultados sugerem associação positiva entre as internações hospitalares por doença cardíaca isquêmica e temperatura na cidade do Rio de Janeiro. Os resultados do presente estudo fornecem informações para o planejamento de investimentos de áreas urbanas climatizadas e para a preparação dos hospitais para receber emergências relacionadas aos efeitos de calor que é uma das consequências mais importantes das mudanças climáticas.

Moradia como Liberdade

A habitação de interesse social decorre da existência do déficit habitacional que não é passível de ser enfrentado pela lógica do mercado imobiliário. Conforme aponta omainstreamda economia regional, a cidade é foco do crescimento mundial devido ao fluxo de informações e conhecimento; é nas cidades que o déficit habitacional se concentra e por isso o acesso a ela se torna tão relevante. O déficit habitacional urbano confirma a teoria de que habitar no centro urbano é algo que se valorize, deste modo o acesso à cidade é significativo para a expansão da liberdade. Não obstante, nossas observações confirmam que a maioria dos investimentos do Minha Casa Minha Vida do município do Rio de Janeiro são nas periferias urbanas, com infraestrutura precária, o que dificulta o acesso à cidade e ao trabalho, o pode ser um entrave para o desenvolvimento socioeconômico do Brasil. Desse modo, este trabalho analisa a moradia pela abordagem seniana das capacidades. Esta abordagem se faz relevante por considerar fatores sociológicos importantes para a superação da condição de privação econômica e social dos cidadãos. A pesquisa consiste na mensuração do déficit habitacional com a utilização dos dados do Censo Demográfico 2010 do IBGE. O trabalho consiste num esforço para delinear a satisfação e do acesso a cidade dos moradores do Rio de Janeiro que foram beneficiados pelo Programa Minha Casa Minha Vida. Este trabalho ressalta a importância do acesso à cidade bem como da moradia para a expansão das liberdades e para o desenvolvimento do país.

Bycatch in the tuna purse-seine fisheries of the western Indian Ocean

Bycatch taken by the tuna purse-seine fishery from the Indian Ocean pelagic ecosystem was estimated from data collected by scientific observers aboard Soviet purse seiners in the western Indian Ocean (WIO) during 1986–92. A total of 494 sets on free-swimming schools, whale-shark-associated schools, whale-associated schools, and log-associated schools were analyzed. More than 40 fish species and other marine animals were recorded. Among them only two species, yellow-fin and skipjack tunas, were target species. Average levels of bycatch were 0.518 metric tons (t) per set, and 27.1 t per 1000 t of target species. The total annual purse-seine catch of yellowfin and skipjack tunas by principal fishing nations in the WIO during 1985–94 was 118,000–277,000 t. Nonrecorded annual bycatch for this period was estimated at 944–2270 t of pelagic oceanic sharks, 720–1877 t of rainbow runners, 705–1836 t of dolphinfishes, 507–1322 t of triggerfishes, 113–294 t of wahoo, 104–251 t of billfishes, 53–112 t of mobulas and mantas, 35–89 t of mackerel scad, 9–24 t of barracudas, and 67–174 t of other fishes. In addition, turtle bycatch and whale mortalities may have occurred. Because the bycatches were not recorded by some purse-seine vessels, it was not possible to assess the full impact of the fisheries on the pelagic ecosystem of the Indian Ocean. The first step to solving this problem is for the Indian Ocean Tuna Commission to establish a pro-gram in which scientific observers are placed on board tuna purse-seine and longline vessels fishing in the WIO.

Agriculture, irrigation and poverty reduction in Cambodia: Policy narratives and ground realities compared

This report is a contribution to an assessment of the current status of agriculture in Cambodia, focusing on the linkages between agriculture and water, mainly in the form of irrigation. It seeks to view current government policies on agriculture and irrigation in the context of experiences on the ground, as communicated through the many field studies that cover varied aspects of performance in the agriculture sector and irrigation schemes. In an effort to identify future research areas, this review examines the status quo, and connects or disconnects with stated policy through a broad lens to capture strengths and challenges across crop production, irrigation management and post-harvest contexts. It places irrigation under scrutiny in terms of its value as a major area of government expenditure in recent years, and asks whether it presents the best potential for future gains in productivity, when compared with the prospects offered by investments in other aspects of agriculture. The fieldwork and review of current literature that form the basis of this report were undertaken at the request of, and partly funded by, the Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research (ACIAR). It is also intended to contribute knowledge to the CGIAR Research Program on Aquatic Agricultural Systems (AAS) led by WorldFish, who co-funded the activities.

New species of Monogenoidea from fishes of Ceylon

During the stay of the vessel "Ob" (Soviet Antarctic Expedition) at Colombo, May, 1957, the author received from Dr. C. H. Fernando some specimens of different species of fishes from Ceylon, preserved in formalin, as a present for the Zoological Institute (Academy of Sciences of the U.S.S.R.) New species of Monogenoidea have been found when examining the gills of the fishes received and the present paper deals with their description. The material was preserved in strong formalin which highly condensed the tissues of the parasites. Therefore the details of the anatomical structure in most of the specimens could not be recognized even by means of phase-contrasting equipment. So the description is confined almost exclusively to the chitinoid armature of the haptor and copulatory organ. The terms and the measurements used in this paper are the same as those used previously (Gussev, 1955).

An assessment of the stock of scad and mackerel at Sofala Bank and Boa Paz, Mozambique

The fishery for scad and mackerel along the coast of Mozambique began as a licensed fishery in 1977. In 1980, Mosopesca, a joint venture between Mozambique and the Soviet Union was formed and the licensed fishery ceased. Mosopesca started fishing with four vessels, but since 1984 the number of vessels has gradually been increased and at the end of 1985 a total of seven vessels was in operation. This report contains an updated assessment based mainly on information collected from July 1984 to May 1986.

Relatório do cruzeiro realizado no Banco de Sofala pelo navio Pantikapey em Julho-Agosto de [1981]: peixes demersais

Thanks to an agreement between the Institute of Fisheries Research of Mozambique and the Soviet part Azcherniro and Ingribpomrazvedka, surveys in the waters of Mozambique were conducted from June to August 1981 on the ship Pantikapei. The survey made along the Sofala Bank and Boa Paz (16°00-21°00'S) was at a depths of 11 and 90 meters. Demersal and pelagic fisheries experiments were conducted using acoustic devices. This paper described the results obtained on demersal fishery resources.

Relatório do cruzeiro realizado no Banco de Sofala pelo navio SRTM "Sebastopolsky ribak" de Setembro a Outubro de 1982: camarāo de águas pouco profundas

In September-October 1982, the Soviet ship "Sebastopolsky Rybak" conducted a cruise on the Sofala Bank in the area between 16°20'S and parallel 19°40'S. Two surveys were made, one from South to North (depth 10-110 meters) and vice versa. The type of coverage used was systematic. The Sofala Bank was divided into seven sub-areas. During this cruise sub-areas 3 and 4 were covered. Sub-area 5 has not been fully covered.

Reservoir fishery resources of south-east Asia

Although the reservoir area in south-east Asia is considerable, the fish production is low in the majority of reservoirs. Although high fish production has been recorded in a number of reservoirs in Sri Lanka and Indonesia, high fish production in reservoirs has with few exceptions resulted from the introduction of typical lake species from Africa. Addition of further lake fish species especially into deeper reservoirs will probably increase present fish yields. Diversification of the lake fish fauna can be achieved by introduction of species indigenous to the region like Etroplus suratensis. In this introduction of fish species, three points may be noted with specific reference to Tilapia spp.: (a) Lakes without indigenous cyprinids show marked fluctuation in fish catch with the introduction of Tilapia, and this could be stabilised by the introduction of predators and more diverse species. (b) Lakes with a moderate diversity of fish fauna show a high stabilised production with the introduction of Tilapia, presumably because of the effect of predator pressure on excessive Tilapia breeding. (c) Lowland lakes with a rich diversity of indigenous fish species colonising lakes may not require the introduction of Tilapia. Introduction of invertebrates into reservoirs in south east-Asia has not been done deliberately so far. However, the experience in other parts of the world, notably the Soviet Union, indicates that such introductions are likely to prove beneficial and to increase fish production. The potential for a considerable increase in fish production from reservoirs exists in south-east Asia. Proper management is likely to cost less than what is required for fish culture. Rural areas are likely to benefit most from increased fish production in reservoirs, and this might be a way to provide cheap protein where it is most urgently needed.

Towards a process framework for assessing the potential value of technologies

Current technology valuation literature predominantly focuses on explaining the merits and implications of specific tools, but little research is available that takes a contextual process perspective. The aim of this paper is to further develop an integrative process framework that supports the structuring of the valuation process and the more systematic choice of valuation techniques for new technologies. The paper starts by reviewing key concepts and issues that surround the assessment of technology investments and the evidence of what companies use. Many factors need to be brought into the appraisal process, reflecting technological and market conditions. While there is usually a desire to reduce the assessment to a financial value, it is also widely appreciated that there is long term strategic value in securing a technological lead, which is difficult, or even inappropriate, to assess in purely financial terms. The multiple factors involved in the evaluation activity are identified with respect to the changing nature of the appraisal process as the technology matures and the implications for associated tools. The result of the literature review is a process framework which provides a conceptual basis for integrating valuation techniques. This framework is then populated with the results of industrial case studies on technology valuation to allow conclusions on its applicability to be drawn. © 2011 IEEE.

Exploring Indonesian aquaculture futures

Aquaculture is the fastest-growing food production sector globally, with production projected to double within the next 15–20 years. Future growth of aquaculture is essential to providing sustainable supplies of fish in national, regional and global fish food systems; creating jobs; and maintaining fish at affordable levels for resource-poor consumers. To ensure that the anticipated growth of aquaculture remains both economically and ecologically sustainable, we need to better understand the likely patterns of growth, as well as the opportunities and challenges, that these trends present. This knowledge will enable us to better prioritize investments that will help ensure the sustainable development of the sector. In Indonesia, WorldFish and partners have applied a unique methodology to evaluate growth trajectories for aquaculture under various scenarios, as well as the opportunities and challenges these represent. Indonesia is currently the fourth largest aquaculture producer globally, and the sector needs to grow to meet future fish demand. The study overlapped economic and environmental models with quantitative and participatory approaches to understand the future of aquaculture in Indonesia. Such analyses, while not definitive, have provided new understanding of the future supply and demand for seafood in Indonesia stretching to 2030. The learning from this research provides a foundation for future interventions in Indonesian fish food systems, as well as a suite of methodologies that can be applied more widely for insightful analyses of aquaculture growth trajectories in other countries or regions.

Integrated billing mechanisms in the Internet of Things to support information sharing and enable new business opportunities

The Internet of Things (IOT) concept and enabling technologies such as RFID offer the prospect of linking the real world of physical objects with the virtual world of information technology to improve visibility and traceability information within supply chains and across the entire lifecycles of products, as well as enabling more intuitive interactions and greater automation possibilities. There is a huge potential for savings through process optimization and profit generation within the IOT, but the sharing of financial benefits across companies remains an unsolved issue. Existing approaches towards sharing of costs and benefits have failed to scale so far. The integration of payment solutions into the IOT architecture could solve this problem. We have reviewed different possible levels of integration. Multiple payment solutions have been researched. Finally we have developed a model that meets the requirements of the IOT in relation to openness and scalability. It supports both hardware-centric and software-centric approaches to integration of payment solutions with the IOT. Different requirements concerning payment solutions within the IOT have been defined and considered in the proposed model. Possible solution providers include telcos, e-payment service providers and new players such as banks and standardization bodies. The proposed model of integrating the Internet of Things with payment solutions will lower the barrier to invoicing for the more granular visibility information generated using the IOT. Thus, it has the potential to enable recovery of the necessary investments in IOT infrastructure and accelerate adoption of the IOT, especially for projects that are only viable when multiple benefits throughout the supply chain need to be accumulated in order to achieve a Return on Investment (ROI). In a long-term perspective, it may enable IT-departments to become profit centres instead of cost centres. © 2010 - IOS Press and the authors. All rights reserved.

Pond culture of mud crab (Scylla serrata): an economic analysis

The findings are presented of a study conducted to determine the economic feasibility of the pond culture of mud crab (Scylla serrata) at various stocking densities. Investments, costs, and returns are given for a 1 ha crab monoculture at 4 stocking densities - 5000, 10,000, 15,000 and 20,000. Results show that mud crab monoculture in brackishwater ponds is economically feasible at stocking densities of 5000/ha and 10,000/ha.