Vital Statistics of Iowa in Brief, 2013

This publication is an historical recording of the most requested statistics on vital events and is a source of information that can be used in further analysis.

Three essays on major trends in a slow clockspeed industry : the case of industrial automation

The motivation for this research initiated from the abrupt rise and fall of minicomputers which were initially used both for industrial automation and business applications due to their significantly lower cost than their predecessors, the mainframes. Later industrial automation developed its own vertically integrated hardware and software to address the application needs of uninterrupted operations, real-time control and resilience to harsh environmental conditions. This has led to the creation of an independent industry, namely industrial automation used in PLC, DCS, SCADA and robot control systems. This industry employs today over 200'000 people in a profitable slow clockspeed context in contrast to the two mainstream computing industries of information technology (IT) focused on business applications and telecommunications focused on communications networks and hand-held devices. Already in 1990s it was foreseen that IT and communication would merge into one Information and communication industry (ICT). The fundamental question of the thesis is: Could industrial automation leverage a common technology platform with the newly formed ICT industry? Computer systems dominated by complex instruction set computers (CISC) were challenged during 1990s with higher performance reduced instruction set computers (RISC). RISC started to evolve parallel to the constant advancement of Moore's law. These developments created the high performance and low energy consumption System-on-Chip architecture (SoC). Unlike to the CISC processors RISC processor architecture is a separate industry from the RISC chip manufacturing industry. It also has several hardware independent software platforms consisting of integrated operating system, development environment, user interface and application market which enables customers to have more choices due to hardware independent real time capable software applications. An architecture disruption merged and the smartphone and tablet market were formed with new rules and new key players in the ICT industry. Today there are more RISC computer systems running Linux (or other Unix variants) than any other computer system. The astonishing rise of SoC based technologies and related software platforms in smartphones created in unit terms the largest installed base ever seen in the history of computers and is now being further extended by tablets. An underlying additional element of this transition is the increasing role of open source technologies both in software and hardware. This has driven the microprocessor based personal computer industry with few dominating closed operating system platforms into a steep decline. A significant factor in this process has been the separation of processor architecture and processor chip production and operating systems and application development platforms merger into integrated software platforms with proprietary application markets. Furthermore the pay-by-click marketing has changed the way applications development is compensated: Three essays on major trends in a slow clockspeed industry: The case of industrial automation 2014 freeware, ad based or licensed - all at a lower price and used by a wider customer base than ever before. Moreover, the concept of software maintenance contract is very remote in the app world. However, as a slow clockspeed industry, industrial automation has remained intact during the disruptions based on SoC and related software platforms in the ICT industries. Industrial automation incumbents continue to supply systems based on vertically integrated systems consisting of proprietary software and proprietary mainly microprocessor based hardware. They enjoy admirable profitability levels on a very narrow customer base due to strong technology-enabled customer lock-in and customers' high risk leverage as their production is dependent on fault-free operation of the industrial automation systems. When will this balance of power be disrupted? The thesis suggests how industrial automation could join the mainstream ICT industry and create an information, communication and automation (ICAT) industry. Lately the Internet of Things (loT) and weightless networks, a new standard leveraging frequency channels earlier occupied by TV broadcasting, have gradually started to change the rigid world of Machine to Machine (M2M) interaction. It is foreseeable that enough momentum will be created that the industrial automation market will in due course face an architecture disruption empowered by these new trends. This thesis examines the current state of industrial automation subject to the competition between the incumbents firstly through a research on cost competitiveness efforts in captive outsourcing of engineering, research and development and secondly researching process re- engineering in the case of complex system global software support. Thirdly we investigate the industry actors', namely customers, incumbents and newcomers, views on the future direction of industrial automation and conclude with our assessments of the possible routes industrial automation could advance taking into account the looming rise of the Internet of Things (loT) and weightless networks. Industrial automation is an industry dominated by a handful of global players each of them focusing on maintaining their own proprietary solutions. The rise of de facto standards like IBM PC, Unix and Linux and SoC leveraged by IBM, Compaq, Dell, HP, ARM, Apple, Google, Samsung and others have created new markets of personal computers, smartphone and tablets and will eventually also impact industrial automation through game changing commoditization and related control point and business model changes. This trend will inevitably continue, but the transition to a commoditized industrial automation will not happen in the near future.

Avaliação agronômica de um biossólido industrial para a cultura do milho

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a viabilidade agronômica de um biossólido industrial para a cultura do milho. O experimento foi realizado no campo, em um Cambissolo distrófico, nos anos agrícolas 1999/2000 e 2000/2001. A aplicação de 0, 6, 12, 18 e 24 Mg ha-1 de biossólido base seca, suplementado com K2O nos dois anos e 30% do P2O5 recomendado no segundo ano, foi comparada à adubação mineral completa. O biossólido melhorou a fertilidade do solo, o estado nutricional e a produtividade do milho, que apresentou resposta quadrática às doses aplicadas, atingindo a máxima de 9.992 kg ha-1 de grãos com 22,5 Mg ha-1 de biossólido, superando em 21% a adubação mineral e em 74% o controle. Mesmo na maior dose aplicada, os teores de nutrientes, Na e metais pesados no biossólido não causaram fitotoxicidade. A equivalência em produtividade à adubação mineral (7.895 kg ha-1) foi obtida com 10 Mg ha-1 de biossólido. Com base na equivalência ao NPK, o valor do biossólido foi estimado em R$ 43,70 Mg-1 base seca e R$ 8,74 Mg-1 base úmida. Considerando-se o custo de transporte, a aplicação deste biossólido é economicamente viável numa distância de até 66 km da fonte geradora.

Freqüência de irrigação por gotejamento durante o estádio vegetativo do tomateiro para processamento industrial

Objetivo deste trabalho foi o de estabelecer critério para o manejo de água, durante o estádio vegetativo do tomateiro para processamento industrial, nas condições de cerrado do Brasil Central. Foram avaliados seis turnos de rega entre 0,5 e 16 dias. O estande final e a produtividade de frutos, maximizados em regas a cada 2 dias, apresentaram resposta quadrática com a freqüência de irrigação, enquanto a produção de biomassa foi maximizada em regas diárias. A massa média de fruto e o número de frutos por planta não foram influenciados pelos tratamentos; isto indica que as diferenças de produção foram causadas, principalmente, pela variação do estande final. A profundidade efetiva de raízes apresentou resposta linear positiva com o turno de rega. As plantas irrigadas a cada 8 e 16 dias apresentaram um sistema radicular cerca de 10 cm mais profundo do que aquelas irrigadas duas vezes por dia. O teor de sólidos solúveis totais, a acidez titulável e a taxa de fruto podre não foram influenciados pelos turnos de rega. Observou-se que para melhor desempenho do tomateiro, durante o estádio vegetativo as irrigações devem ser realizadas a cada 2 dias, ou seja, quando a tensão de água no solo atingir cerca de 17 kPa.

Implantación de microcogeneración en el equipamiento municipal : "Centro de Historia de Zaragoza"

A raíz de la evolución del precio de la energía y de las medidas adoptadas a nivel mundial para el llamado “desarrollo sostenible”, la legislación europea ha liderado las correcciones a efectuar en los procesos protagonistas del consumo de recursos y de contaminación del medio ambiente. En la última década el proceso viene acelerándose para cumplir con los objetivos marcados, amparándose en unas ya consolidadas estadísticas sobre las repercusiones prácticas de cada una de las iniciativas proyectadas. Una de las tecnologías a emplear es la cogeneración, es decir, la producción simultánea de calor y electricidad. A diferencia de otras soluciones más ambiciosas, y por tanto con mayor incertidumbre en su aplicación práctica, la cogeneración es una respuesta ya madura y viable, directamente aplicable a industrias y con un claro apoyo institucional. El objetivo principal de este trabajo es demostrar mediante un estudio técnico – económico, la viabilidad de la solución planteada en este tipo de edificios, mediante la aportación de datos reales y contrastados. Así como establecer los parámetros e indicadores de medición que permitan elegir dicha tecnología como la solución óptima para el ahorro y eficiencia económica en su sector de aplicación. Entre las conclusiones más destacadas de este proyecto están los beneficios que aporta tanto al usuario del sistema como al conjunto de la sociedad, siendo este último aspecto fundamental en su financiación y subvención. Por otra parte, son instalaciones desconocidas en ciertos edificios por lo que este trabajo debe contribuir a su desarrollo y adopción por parte de las empresas de servicios energéticos.

Audit report on America’s Agricultural Industrial Heritage Landscape, Inc., d/b/a Silos and Smokestacks National Heritage Area and Silos and Smokestacks Natural Heritage Area Foundation in Waterloo, Iowa for the years ended December 31, 2014 and 2013

Audit report on America’s Agricultural Industrial Heritage Landscape, Inc., d/b/a Silos and Smokestacks National Heritage Area and Silos and Smokestacks Natural Heritage Area Foundation in Waterloo, Iowa for the years ended December 31, 2014 and 2013

Projecte d'adequació d'una nau industrial per a la implantació d'una indústria de processat d'ametlles

El projecte se situa en una explotació agrícola de 20 ha, 18 de les quals estan destinades al cultiu d’ametllers de la varietat Vairo. L’explotació pertany al municipi de l’Albi, a la comarca de Les Garrigues, província de Lleida. Actualment a la finca existeix una nau industrial sense instal•lació elèctrica ni hidràulica i sense cap partició a l’interior que es fa servir com a magatzem d’eines. Les ametlles recollides a l’explotació són comercialitzades a una cooperativa de Reus. Els serveis dels que disposa la finca actualment són: - Escomesa elèctrica a l’entrada de la finca. - Aigua del canal Segarra-Garrigues pressuritzada. Escomesa a l’entrada de la finca. - Fossa sèptica de 50 m3. Es troba a 20 m del col•lector general pel qual s’evacuaran les aigües residuals. Es tracta d’una antiga bassa soterrada que ja existia i que se’n reconvertirà el seu ús. L’objectiu del projecte és descriure i dissenyar l’adequació de la nau industrial de dimensions 10 m x 12 m (120 m2) per implantar una indústria de processat primari d’ametlla. El processat primari consisteix en el desclovat de l’ametlla (separació del gra de la closca), assecat del gra obtingut per aconseguir una humitat inferior al 6 % i finalment l’envasat d’aquest gra. Com a procés secundari s’envasarà i es comercialitzarà la closca obtinguda en el procés de descolvat

Use of Reagent Grade Versus Industrial Grade Trichlorethylene in Asphalt Recoveries, MLR-83-05, 1983

This is a continuation of a project initiated a year ago to determine any differences in test results on recovered asphalt cements caused by the use of industrial grade of solvent as compared with the reagent grade. AASHTO specifies the use of reagent grade of trichlorethylene, but the Laboratory uses industrial grade which costs much less. Last year this objective of the project was aborted when it was found that a larger difference in test results was obtained between the two distillation apparatuses than between the two solvents, Then all efforts were directed toward obtaining uniformity in test results between the apparatuses under the east hood as compared with that under the west hood. Considerable progress was made toward this end. (See report under this same title dated April 1982). The objective this year was to again evaluate the results when using both variables (apparatuses and solvents). Another objective developed later in this investigation; this was to determine any differences in test results on recovered asphalt cements caused by the use of reclaimed trichlorethylene (from the distillation process) as compared with the use of industrial grade of solvent. At the present time the reclaimed trichlorethylene is discarded. If the reclaimed solvent could be used for further recoveries, a considerable savings in solvent costs would result.

Uso industrial de grãos de cevada de lavouras dessecadas em pré-colheita

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o impacto da antecipação da colheita de lavouras de cevada sobre a germinação dos grãos, ao longo de 12 meses de armazenamento. O ensaio de campo foi realizado em 2002 e 2003. As parcelas colhidas foram armazenadas nos anos subseqüentes aos dos ensaios em campo, e a germinação foi monitorada mensalmente. Os tratamentos avaliados foram: dessecação com os princípios ativos glifosato e paraquat, nas doses 1, 1,5 e 2 L ha-1, além das testemunhas, colhidas normalmente e de forma antecipada, sem dessecação. O delineamento utilizado foi o de blocos ao acaso, com três repetições. A colheita antecipada sem dessecação foi o tratamento de maior prejuízo qualitativo à germinação dos grãos. A deterioração qualitativa temporal dos grãos, nos tratamentos com herbicidas dessecantes, foi estatisticamente similar à observada nas amostras oriundas da testemunha colhida normalmente, sem dessecação. Não foram encontradas evidências de que o uso de herbicidas dessecantes acelere o processo de perda de germinação de grãos de cevada, ao longo do período de armazenagem, para os produtos e doses testados.

Actuación ante los delitos contra la propiedad intelectual e industrial desde el punto de vista jurídico [presentació associada a la ponència]

Sus formas de manifestación, comisión y desarrollo directamente relacionadas con el propio desarrollo de la tecnología; Son una fuente lucrativa para los grupos delictivos organizados y un medio fácil y de poco coste para la obtención de importantes beneficios y con menor riesgo de castigo; Especial idiosincrasia de las localidades de esta comunidad autónoma, favorece su proliferación; Genera un fenómeno sociológico singular : empatía o solidaridad que determina un menor reproche social; -Escasa conciencia popular del carácter delictivo de algunas de estas conductas; -Figura delictiva que entraña organización compleja siendo el Top manta nada más que la “punta del iceberg”. Necesidad de una visión jurídica global para analizar este tipo de delitos y abordarlos adecuadamente.

Manual de buenas prácticas para la persecución de los delitos contra la propiedad intelectual industrial

Estos delitos son un fraude a la ciudadanía en su conjunto. No perjudican a los creadores o a las marcas solamente, si no que lo hacen a todo el tejido industrial Limitan las posibilidades de crecimiento y desarrollo . Debilitan las garantías de los consumidores.

Vital Statistics of Iowa in Brief, 2014

This publication is an historical recording of the most requested statistics on vital events and is a source of information that can be used in further analysis.

Nau industrial per a Supercal al Masnou

Per conèixer més dades sobre el projecte podeu adreçar-vos a la pàgina web següent: www.rga.es

Industrial nanoparticle application : representative survey among Swiss companies shows low usage and basic protection means

Manufactured nanoparticles are introduced into industrial processes, but they are suspected to cause similar negative health effects as ambient particles. The poor knowledge about the scale of this introduction did not allow global risk analysis so far. In 2006 a targeted telephone survey among Swiss companies (1) showed the usage of nanoparticles in a few selected companies but did not provide data to extrapolate on the totality of the Swiss workforce. To gain this kind of information a layered representative questionnaire survey among 1'626 Swiss companies was conducted in 2007. Data was collected about the number of potentially exposed persons in the companies and their protection strategy. The response rate was 58.3%. An expected number of 586 companies (95%−confidence interval 145 to 1'027) was shown by this study to use nanoparticles in Switzerland. Estimated 1'309 (1'073 to 1'545) workers do their job in the same room as a nanoparticle application. Personal protection was shown to be the predominant type of protection means. Companies starting productions with nanomaterials need to consider incorporating protection measures into the plans. This will not only benefit the workers' health, but will also likely increase the competitiveness of the companies. Technical and organisational protection means are not only more cost−effective on the long term, but are also easier to control. Guidelines may have to be designed specifically for different industrial applications, including fields outside nanotechnology, and adapted to all sizes of companies.