Resiliència i èxit escolar en l’alumnat de secundària de procedència estrangera. Diagnòstic i línies d’intervenció

L’estudi realitzat aborda i caracteritza des de l’enfocament de la resiliència com l’alumnat de procedència estrangera s’enfronta a una etapa d’alt risc d’abandonament escolar com és l’Educació Secundària Obligatòria (ESO) –especialment en el segon cicle– i el moment de transició acadèmica cap a la Postobligatòria (PO). En altres paraules, s’analitzen i valoren els mecanismes resilients desplegats per l’alumnat immigrant que donen llum sobre com aconseguir que processos, a priori, qualificats com a problemàtics o dificultosos per aquests grups degut a la seva situació de major vulnerabilitat esdevinguin una xarxa protectora que afavoreixi trajectòries d’èxit escolar. L’emmarcament conceptual des de la resiliència educativa, en general, ha centrat la seva atenció en la capacitat de l’individu per “compensar” certes limitacions amb altres habilitats. Tanmateix, la definició de resiliència a la qual ens hem aferrat té un caire més ecològic i culturalment sensible. És la definició proposada pel Resilience Research Centre (RRC) i encunyada pel seu co-director Michael Ungar: In the context of exposure to significant adversity, resilience is both the capacity of individuals to navigate their way to the psychological, social, cultural, and physical resources that sustain their well-being, and their capacity individually and collectively to negotiate for these resources to be provided in culturally meaningful ways (Ungar, 2012). Entesa d’aquesta manera, la resiliència és un constructe social que identifica els processos i resultats relacionats amb allò que la gent conceptualitza com a “benestar”. Així, es més probable que la resiliència aparegui quan es proporcionin els serveis, suports i recursos que garanteixen el benestar de tots els nens/es des d’una perspectiva que sigui significativa tant per a l’individu, com per la seva família i comunitat...

Aplicación de gestión escolar

Desarrollo de una aplicación de gestión escolar que ayudará a mejorar la comunicación entre los profesores y padres de alumnos de un centro escolar.

Sistema de gestión de un centro escolar

En este proyecto se abordará la implantación de un sistema informático que solicita un centro escolar. Inicialmente, este sistema no abarcará todo el proceso de gestión de la unidad educativa, sino que debe centrarse en optimizar la parte correspondiente al proceso de negocio que maneja el intercambio de información entre profesores y padres de alumnos.

L’ús educatiu de l’hort escolar La gestió de la participació, espai i conreu de l’hort, treball educatiu i rol del professorat

En el present treball s’aprofundeix en l’ús educatiu que es fa de l’hort a partir d’una recerca bibliogràfica sobre el tema i, també, a partir d’una recollida dades feta a dues escoles situades en contextos diferents: una pertany a un ambient rural amb només 21 alumnes en tota l’escola i l’altra a un ambient més urbà amb uns 200 infants només a parvulari. Per tal de dur a terme la teoria del treball i poder-la relacionar amb la pràctica, s’han utilitzat quatre àmbits que es creuen importants per tal que l’hort de l’escola funcioni correctament: gestió de la participació, l’hort: espais i cultiu, treball educatiu i paper del mestre. A partir d’aquesta relació s’han extret uns resultats i unes conclusions, de les quals les més rellevants són les següents: la gestió de l’hort no l’ha de portar a terme una sola persona sinó vàries, que aquest espai ha de servir per poder treballar la majoria d’àrees del currículum i que cada escola hauria d’adaptar l’hort segons les seves necessitats i interessos.

Qualidade física de um Latossolo Vermelho sob sistemas de integração lavoura-pecuária no Cerrado

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o impacto de sistemas de integração lavoura-pecuária sobre atributos físico-hídricos do solo e avaliar o potencial uso desses atributos como indicadores da qualidade física de um Latossolo. As amostras de solo foram coletadas nas camadas 0-5, 10-15, 20-25 e 40-45 cm. Todos os sistemas de uso e manejo do solo alteraram significativamente a densidade, umidade volumétrica, resistência à penetração, porosidade total, macroporosidade, microporosidade efetiva e água prontamente disponível do solo. Foram observados incrementos na resistência à penetração e na densidade do solo em todos os sistemas em comparação ao cerrado nativo. A compactação resultante do pisoteio animal durante quatro anos da fase pastagem, nos sistemas de integração lavoura-pecuária, não atingiu valores críticos, que pudessem limitar cultivos anuais subseqüentes. A porosidade total e a macroporosidade foram maiores no cerrado e nos sistemas em plantio direto em relação aos em preparo convencional. Os atributos avaliados são indicadores confiáveis da qualidade físico-hídrica do solo.

Actuació d'infermeria en salut afectiva sexual i reproductiva en adolescents: proposta Programa Educatiu en l'àmbit escolar

L'adolescència és un període de transició entre la infància i l'edat adulta, una etapa del cicle de creixement que marca el final de la infància i anuncia la maduresa, aquest terme s'utilitza generalment per referir-se a una persona que es troba entre els 13 i 19 anys d'edat. En aquesta etapa s'inicia la maduració física, cognitiva, social i emocional del nen o nena en la cerca del camí cap a l'adultesa. Per a molts joves l'adolescència és un període d'incertesa i fins i tot de desesperació; per a uns altres, és una etapa d'amistats internes, de desvinculació de les lligadures amb els pares, de somnis sobre el futur, etc. El desenvolupament físic és només una part d'aquest procés de maduració, ja que els adolescents han de superar també una sèrie de canvis psicosocials, com per exemple: independència dels pares, aprenentatge d'estratègies de comunicació per relacionar-se de forma més madura, desenvolupament de les capacitats intel·lectuals, consolidació de la pròpia identitat, inici de les relacions sexuals, actituds i valors, control emocional, entre uns altres.

Concurs per a la construcció del Grup Escolar Daste

Postprint (published version)

En torno a los efectos de la edad en el aprendizaje escolar de una lengua extrangera

The purpose of this article is to treat a currently much debated issue, the effects of age on second language learning. To do so, we contrast data collected by our research team from over one thousand seven hundred young and adult learners with four popular beliefs or generalizations, which, while deeply rooted in this society, are not always corroborated by our data.Two of these generalizations about Second Language Acquisition (languages spoken in the social context) seem to be widely accepted: a) older children, adolescents and adults are quicker and more efficient at the first stages of learning than are younger learners; b) in a natural context children with an early start are more liable to attain higher levels of proficiency. However, in the context of Foreign Language Acquisition, the context in which we collect the data, this second generalization is difficult to verify due to the low number of instructional hours (a maximum of some 800 hours) and the lower levels of language exposure time provided. The design of our research project has allowed us to study differences observed with respect to the age of onset (ranging from 2 to 18+), but in this article we focus on students who began English instruction at the age of 8 (LOGSE Educational System) and those who began at the age of 11 (EGB). We have collected data from both groups after a period of 200 (Time 1) and 416 instructional hours (Time 2), and we are currently collecting data after a period of 726 instructional hours (Time 3). We have designed and administered a variety of tests: tests on English production and reception, both oral and written, and within both academic and communicative oriented approaches, on the learners' L1 (Spanish and Catalan), as well as a questionnaire eliciting personal and sociolinguistic information. The questions we address and the relevant empirical evidence are as follows: 1. "For young children, learning languages is a game. They enjoy it more than adults."Our data demonstrate that the situation is not quite so. Firstly, both at the levels of Primary and Secondary education (ranging from 70.5% in 11-year-olds to 89% in 14-year-olds) students have a positive attitude towards learning English. Secondly, there is a difference between the two groups with respect to the factors they cite as responsible for their motivation to learn English: the younger students cite intrinsic factors, such as the games they play, the methodology used and the teacher, whereas the older students cite extrinsic factors, such as the role of their knowledge of English in the achievement of their future professional goals. 2 ."Young children have more resources to learn languages." Here our data suggest just the opposite. The ability to employ learning strategies (actions or steps used) increases with age. Older learners' strategies are more varied and cognitively more complex. In contrast, younger learners depend more on their interlocutor and external resources and therefore have a lower level of autonomy in their learning. 3. "Young children don't talk much but understand a lot"This third generalization does seem to be confirmed, at least to a certain extent, by our data in relation to the analysis of differences due to the age factor and productive use of the target language. As seen above, the comparably slower progress of the younger learners is confirmed. Our analysis of interpersonal receptive abilities demonstrates as well the advantage of the older learners. Nevertheless, with respect to passive receptive activities (for example, simple recognition of words or sentences) no great differences are observed. Statistical analyses suggest that in this test, in contrast to the others analyzed, the dominance of the subjects' L1s (reflecting a cognitive capacity that grows with age) has no significant influence on the learning process. 4. "The sooner they begin, the better their results will be in written language"This is not either completely confirmed in our research. First of all, we perceive that certain compensatory strategies disappear only with age, but not with the number of instructional hours. Secondly, given an identical number of instructional hours, the older subjects obtain better results. With respect to our analysis of data from subjects of the same age (12 years old) but with a different number of instructional hours (200 and 416 respectively, as they began at the ages of 11 and 8), we observe that those who began earlier excel only in the area of lexical fluency. In conclusion, the superior rate of older learners appears to be due to their higher level of cognitive development, a factor which allows them to benefit more from formal or explicit instruction in the school context. Younger learners, however, do not benefit from the quantity and quality of linguistic exposure typical of a natural acquisition context in which they would be allowed to make use of implicit learning abilities. It seems clear, then, that the initiative in this country to begin foreign language instruction earlier will have positive effects only if it occurs in combination with either higher levels of exposure time to the foreign language, or, alternatively, with its use as the language of instruction in other areas of the curriculum.

En torno a los efectos de la edad en el aprendizaje escolar de una lengua extrangera

The purpose of this article is to treat a currently much debated issue, the effects of age on second language learning. To do so, we contrast data collected by our research team from over one thousand seven hundred young and adult learners with four popular beliefs or generalizations, which, while deeply rooted in this society, are not always corroborated by our data.Two of these generalizations about Second Language Acquisition (languages spoken in the social context) seem to be widely accepted: a) older children, adolescents and adults are quicker and more efficient at the first stages of learning than are younger learners; b) in a natural context children with an early start are more liable to attain higher levels of proficiency. However, in the context of Foreign Language Acquisition, the context in which we collect the data, this second generalization is difficult to verify due to the low number of instructional hours (a maximum of some 800 hours) and the lower levels of language exposure time provided. The design of our research project has allowed us to study differences observed with respect to the age of onset (ranging from 2 to 18+), but in this article we focus on students who began English instruction at the age of 8 (LOGSE Educational System) and those who began at the age of 11 (EGB). We have collected data from both groups after a period of 200 (Time 1) and 416 instructional hours (Time 2), and we are currently collecting data after a period of 726 instructional hours (Time 3). We have designed and administered a variety of tests: tests on English production and reception, both oral and written, and within both academic and communicative oriented approaches, on the learners' L1 (Spanish and Catalan), as well as a questionnaire eliciting personal and sociolinguistic information. The questions we address and the relevant empirical evidence are as follows: 1. "For young children, learning languages is a game. They enjoy it more than adults."Our data demonstrate that the situation is not quite so. Firstly, both at the levels of Primary and Secondary education (ranging from 70.5% in 11-year-olds to 89% in 14-year-olds) students have a positive attitude towards learning English. Secondly, there is a difference between the two groups with respect to the factors they cite as responsible for their motivation to learn English: the younger students cite intrinsic factors, such as the games they play, the methodology used and the teacher, whereas the older students cite extrinsic factors, such as the role of their knowledge of English in the achievement of their future professional goals. 2 ."Young children have more resources to learn languages." Here our data suggest just the opposite. The ability to employ learning strategies (actions or steps used) increases with age. Older learners' strategies are more varied and cognitively more complex. In contrast, younger learners depend more on their interlocutor and external resources and therefore have a lower level of autonomy in their learning. 3. "Young children don't talk much but understand a lot"This third generalization does seem to be confirmed, at least to a certain extent, by our data in relation to the analysis of differences due to the age factor and productive use of the target language. As seen above, the comparably slower progress of the younger learners is confirmed. Our analysis of interpersonal receptive abilities demonstrates as well the advantage of the older learners. Nevertheless, with respect to passive receptive activities (for example, simple recognition of words or sentences) no great differences are observed. Statistical analyses suggest that in this test, in contrast to the others analyzed, the dominance of the subjects' L1s (reflecting a cognitive capacity that grows with age) has no significant influence on the learning process. 4. "The sooner they begin, the better their results will be in written language"This is not either completely confirmed in our research. First of all, we perceive that certain compensatory strategies disappear only with age, but not with the number of instructional hours. Secondly, given an identical number of instructional hours, the older subjects obtain better results. With respect to our analysis of data from subjects of the same age (12 years old) but with a different number of instructional hours (200 and 416 respectively, as they began at the ages of 11 and 8), we observe that those who began earlier excel only in the area of lexical fluency. In conclusion, the superior rate of older learners appears to be due to their higher level of cognitive development, a factor which allows them to benefit more from formal or explicit instruction in the school context. Younger learners, however, do not benefit from the quantity and quality of linguistic exposure typical of a natural acquisition context in which they would be allowed to make use of implicit learning abilities. It seems clear, then, that the initiative in this country to begin foreign language instruction earlier will have positive effects only if it occurs in combination with either higher levels of exposure time to the foreign language, or, alternatively, with its use as the language of instruction in other areas of the curriculum.

Intervenció en educació per la sostenibilitat en centres preescolars a Nicaragua. Aplicació d'una Agenda 21 escolar

Es presenta un cas d’intervenció en educació per la sostenibilitat en un centre de preescolar d’Estelí ( Nicaragua) que es duu a terme creant una Agenda 21 Escolar. El marc teòric de la investigació es recolza en l’educació per la sostenibilitat i el marc metodològic es recolza en el model d’ Agenda 21 Escolar de Barcelona, adaptant-ho a la realitat del país i del centre de preescolar concret. Els resultats destaquen: una millora de la qualitat ambiental , una promoció de nous hàbits més sensibilitzats cap al medi ambient, una millora de la participació de la comunitat educativa i una bona cohesió de l’equip docent a partir del procés de creació de l’A21 E. Seguint com a model l’ A21 E de BCN i un cop fetes les adaptacions corresponents i creades les activitats dinamitzadores l’aplicació de la A21 E en preescolars d’ Estelí és una intervenció en educació per la sostenibilitat satisfactòria .

O uso da variância como metodologia alternativa para integração de mapas genéticos

O objetivo deste trabalho foi desenvolver um processo de integração de mapas genéticos, com o uso do inverso da variância, e testar sua eficiência. Foram utilizadas populações simuladas F2 codominante e de retrocruzamento, com tamanhos populacionais de 100, 150, 200 e 400 indivíduos, tendo-se considerado uma espécie diploide fictícia com 2n = 2x = 2 cromossomos, com o comprimento total do genoma por grupo de ligação estipulado em 100 cM, 21 marcas por grupo de ligação e marcadores equidistantes em 5 cM. Os genomas foram comparados quanto ao tamanho do grupo de ligação, variância das distâncias entre marcas adjacentes, correlação de Spearman e quanto ao estresse relativo à adequação das distâncias estimadas. Cada genoma simulado foi fragmentado em quatro novos mapas: três com oito marcadores e um com nove marcadores, cada qual com quatro marcadores âncoras. Os mapas foram alinhados, ordenados, integrados e, em seguida, comparados ao mapa de origem. O processo de integração de mapas proposto mostrou-se eficiente. Os mapas gerados tiveram pequena tensão interna em comparação aos mapas dos quais se originaram. A integração de mapas depende do tipo de população utilizada, tamanho da população, tipo de marcador, da frequência de recombinação e da fase de ligação.

La perspectiva dels mestres sobre l'adaptació i la integració dels infants adoptats a l'entorn escolar

Els infants adoptats presenten algunes especificitats que poden afectar la seva integració i evolució escolar (Palacios, 2007b; Dalen, 2007). Aquest ha estat el motiu de la present recerca que té tres finalitats: obtenir una descripció de les característiques dels infants adoptats en les etapes d’Educació Infantil i de Primària, mitjançant l’observació externa realitzada pels seus tutors d’aula; analitzar les necessitats dels mestres per atendre convenientment els nens procedents de l’adopció; posar els fonaments d’un programa escola-família per millorar l’adaptació escolar del nen i de la nena adoptats. En l’estudi van participar-hi 42 professors de 18 escoles de Catalunya. Les variables escollides per a analitzar els resultats del qüestionari, dissenyat per a la recerca, van ser les següents: etapa d’escolarització dels infants adoptats, sexe, anys d’escolarització dels menors, país d’origen dels nens, temps que fa que van ser adoptats i anys d’experiència del mestre. Atenent a aquestes variables, es va realitzar una anàlisi quantitativa i una anàlisi qualitativa. La quantitativa va consistir en un estudi descriptiu i un inferencial sobre la visió dels mestres dels infants adoptats i la relació amb la família adoptiva i la qualitativa en la categorització de les respostes dels mestres arran de les seves necessitats de formació per a atendre els menors procedents de l’adopció i del tractament a l’aula del fet adoptiu.

Dimensão econômica de sistemas de integração lavoura-pecuária

Os sistemas de integração lavoura-pecuária (ILP) têm sido propostos como solução tecnológica para atender critérios de sustentabilidade, mas tal assertiva tem-se baseado principalmente em indicadores agronômicos e ambientais. Neste trabalho, explorou-se a perspectiva econômica da ILP. Os benefícios econômicos potenciais desses sistemas podem refletir-se em economia de escopo (diminuição do custo, em razão da produção de múltiplos produtos) ou nos efeitos de redução de risco pela diversificação. Além disso, eles podem envolver menor variabilidade produtiva e maior produtividade. A mensuração acurada das interações entre os componentes lavoura e animal (pastagem) é etapa-chave a ser perseguida. A tomada de decisão em prol de sistemas diversificados vis-à-vis sistemas especializados deve ser feita de acordo com os preços relativos. A ILP compete com sistemas especializados de pecuária, mas não apresenta taxas de retorno competitivas em comparação a sistemas especializados com soja. A elevada demanda por capital da ILP, particularmente para a aquisição de animais em recria para a engorda, explica as menores taxas de retorno da ILP e é vista como uma das principais restrições para a ampla adoção de sistemas mistos. O desenho de mecanismos de financiamento inovadores será essencial para promover e acelerar a adoção em larga escala da tecnologia.