Magnetic hardening mechanisms in Nd-Fe-B nanocrystalline material

Microstructural and magnetic measurements of the evolution by heat treatment of initially amorphous Nd16Fe76B8 alloys prepared by melt spinning are presented. Evidence of magnetic hardening above a threshold temperature induced by magnetic isolation of the Nd2Fe14B grains is provided. A thermodynamic and kinetic explanation of local melting of the intergranular nanostructured Nd¿rich eutectic phase at temperatures below 900 K based on capillary effects is presented. A subsequent Ostwald ripening process moves Nd to wet intimately the hard magnetic grains, becoming, on cooling, a real paramagnetic isolating thin film (~2.5 nm). By using a simple analogy, it is shown that the switching magnetization field in a single¿domain crystal can be drastically affected through the exchange coupling to neighboring grains with different orientation of the easy axis. This effect should be important enough to reinforce the coercive field of polycrystalline hard magnetic materials and explains the observed enhancement from 0.9 to 1.9 T.

Low viscosity contrast fingering in a rotating Hele-Shaw cell

We study the fingering instability of a circular interface between two immiscible liquids in a radial Hele-Shaw cell. The cell rotates around its vertical symmetry axis, and the instability is driven by the density difference between the two fluids. This kind of driving allows studying the interfacial dynamics in the particularly interesting case of an interface separating two liquids of comparable viscosity. An accurate experimental study of the number of fingers emerging from the instability reveals a slight but systematic dependence of the linear dispersion relation on the gap spacing. We show that this result is related to a modification of the interface boundary condition which incorporates stresses originated from normal velocity gradients. The early nonlinear regime shows nearly no competition between the outgrowing fingers, characteristic of low viscosity contrast flows. We perform experiments in a wide range of experimental parameters, under conditions of mass conservation (no injection), and characterize the resulting patterns by data collapses of two characteristic lengths: the radius of gyration of the pattern and the interface stretching. Deep in the nonlinear regime, the fingers which grow radially outwards stretch and become gradually thinner, to a point that the fingers pinch and emit drops. We show that the amount of liquid emitted in the first generation of drops is a constant independent of the experimental parameters. Further on there is a sharp reduction of the amount of liquid centrifugated, punctuated by periods of no observable centrifugation.

Helical repeat of DNA in the region of homologous pairing.

The process of DNA strand exchange during general genetic recombination is initiated within protein-stabilized synaptic filaments containing homologous regions of interacting DNA molecules. The RecA protein in bacteria and its analogs in eukaryotic organisms start this process by forming helical filamentous complexes on single-stranded or partially single-stranded DNA molecules. These complexes then progressively bind homologous double-stranded DNA molecules so that homologous regions of single- and double-stranded DNA molecules become aligned in register while presumably winding around common axis. The topological assay presented herein allows us to conclude that in synaptic complexes containing homologous single- and double-stranded DNA molecules, all three DNA strands have a helicity of approximately 19 nt per turn.

Soil and phytosociological characterization of an area with predominance of arnica (Lychnophora pohlii sch. bip.)

Lychnophora pohlii Sch. Bip. (Asteraceae), known as "Arnica mineira", is widely used in folk medicine and very abundant in the altitude vegetation of rocky grassland. The aim of this work was to study the density of this species and its relationship with soil parameters in rocky grassland in Diamantina, in the Upper Jequitinhonha region, Minas Gerais. Ten contiguous 20 x 50 m plots were marked (total sampled area 10,000 m²) on the campus Juscelino Kubitschek of the Federal University of Jequitinhonha and Mucuri Valleys (UFVJM). The plants in these plots were evaluated for frequency, dominance and density. The relationship between the density of this species with nine soil physical and chemical properties was analyzed by means of canonical correspondence analysis (CCA). The highest plant abundance (I) of the species Lychnophora pohlii Sch. Bip. was found in the vegetation sampling areas: plot 6 with 255 plants, plot 7 with 173, plot 8 with 189, plot 9 with 159, and plot 1 with 151 plants. In these areas, the floristic soil characteristics were similar, resulting in spatial proximity in the ACC diagrams. The density of Lychnophora pohlii was higher in plots with higher pH, P-rem and base saturation, the variables most strongly correlated with the first axis of canonical correspondence analysis.

Intervalo hídrico ótimo de um latossolo vermelho distrófico, após o primeiro período de pastejo contínuo de brachiaria ruziziensis, em sistema integração lavoura-pecuária

O intervalo hídrico ótimo (IHO) destaca-se como um dos melhores indicadores da qualidade física do solo, sob sistemas intensivos de produção. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a qualidade física de um Latossolo Vermelho distrófico típico por meio do IHO, após três safras agrícolas de lavoura e o primeiro ano de sistema integração lavoura-pecuária, em Xambrê, noroeste do Paraná. O experimento foi implantado em blocos casualizados, com três repetições. Os tratamentos consistiram de quatro alturas de pastejo (0,10; 0,20; 0,30; e 0,40 m) e um tratamento testemunha sem pastejo. A braquiária (BRACHIARIA RUZIZIENSIS) foi semeada em março de 2010 e o pastejo contínuo de bovinos foi realizado durante 110 dias (março-setembro). Em outubro desse ano, coletaram-se 90 amostras de solo com cilindros metálicos (0,05 m de altura e 0,05 m de diâmetro) no centro das camadas de 0-0,10; 0,10-0,20; e 0,20-0,30 m. Essas amostras foram utilizadas para obter a curva de retenção de água, a curva de resistência do solo à penetração e a densidade do solo (Ds); a partir dessas, foi calculado o IHO e obtida a densidade crítica do solo (Dsc). Utilizaram-se os limites críticos de -80 hPa, para a capacidade de campo (θcc); -15.000 hPa, para o ponto de murcha permanente (θpmp); 2,5 MPa, para a resistência do solo à penetração (θrp); e 0,10 m³ m-3, para a porosidade de aeração (θpa). O IHO foi maior a 0-0,10 m e a RP foi o fator de maior limitação do IHO em todas as camadas, especialmente a 0,10-0,20 e 0,20-0,30 m. As Dsc decresceram em profundidade de 1,66; 1,64; e 1,62 Mg m-3, respectivamente, para as camadas de 0-0,10; 0,10-0,20; e 0,20-0,30 m. O manejo desse solo sob sistema integração lavoura-pecuária com altura de pastejo de 0,10 m apresentou a maior frequência de amostras de solo com Ds ≥ Dsc.

Qualidade física de um cambissolo sob sistemas de manejo

A Chapada do Apodi vem se destacando como um promissor polo de fruticultura irrigada em virtude da potencialidade agrícola dos seus solos, que são submetidos a diferentes tipos de manejo, condicionando mudanças em seus atributos físicos. Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar fisicamente um Cambissolo cultivado com mamoeiro (Carica papaya L.), sob dois sistemas de manejo, comparado com um sob vegetação nativa secundária. Foram coletadas amostras de solo com estruturas deformada e indeformada para determinação de: granulometria, argila dispersa em água, densidade do solo e de partículas, estabilidade de agregados, carbono orgânico e resistência à penetração. Foram calculados o grau de floculação das argilas e o teor de matéria orgânica. No campo, foi realizado ensaio de condutividade hidráulica do solo. Os dados experimentais foram analisados considerando o delineamento inteiramente casualizado, adotando-se para todas as análises o esquema em parcela subdividida 3 x 3 x 5 (dois sistemas de manejo do solo - plantio do mamoeiro em sulco e camalhão - e mata nativa secundária; três camadas de solo - 0,0-0,1; 0,1-0,2; e 0,2-0,3 m; e cinco repetições), exceção para a condutividade hidráulica, em que se adotou o esquema fatorial 3 x 2 x 5 (dois sistemas de manejo do solo e mata nativa secundária; duas tensões - 0 e 5 hPa; e cinco repetições). Foram aplicados os testes de Kolmogorov-Smirnov para verificar a normalidade dos dados, o F para a análise de variância e o de Tukey para a comparação de médias, todos a 5 %. Concluiu-se que a hipótese de que os sistemas de cultivo pioram os solos fisicamente foi refutada, indicando que a qualidade dos atributos do solo sob cultivo, em geral, está mantida ou melhorada em relação à condição atual da mata nativa secundária; o decréscimo do teor de matéria orgânica, da porcentagem de agregados estáveis na classe de 4,76-2,00 mm de diâmetro e do diâmetro médio ponderado em solo cultivado, apesar de ainda estarem distantes de limites considerados críticos, é indicador da necessidade de adoção de práticas de manejo que evitem o desencadeamento de um processo de degradação do solo; e os indicadores de qualidade foram sensíveis às alterações provocadas pelos sistemas de manejo do solo e, portanto, podem ser utilizados como fonte para a interpretação da dinâmica de processos físicos do solo no tempo.

Microstructure of highly oriented, hexagonal, boron nitride thin films grown on crystalline silicon by radio frequency plasma-assisted chemical vapor deposition

We present a high‐resolution electron microscopy study of the microstructure of boron nitride thin films grown on silicon (100) by radio‐frequency plasma‐assisted chemical vapor deposition using B2H6 (1% in H2) and NH3 gases. Well‐adhered boron nitride films grown on the grounded electrode show a highly oriented hexagonal structure with the c‐axis parallel to the substrate surface throughout the film, without any interfacial amorphous layer. We ascribed this textured growth to an etching effect of atomic hydrogen present in the gas discharge. In contrast, films grown on the powered electrode, with compressive stress induced by ion bombardment, show a multilayered structure as observed by other authors, composed of an amorphous layer, a hexagonal layer with the c‐axis parallel to the substrate surface and another layer oriented at random

Intervalo hídrico ótimo para avaliação da degradação física do solo

A influência do sistema de uso e manejo na qualidade física do solo tem sido tema de destaque em razão de seus impactos ambientais e agronômicos. O intervalo hídrico ótimo (IHO) é um moderno indicador da qualidade física que potencialmente pode apresentar os mecanismos e processos de perda ou recuperação da qualidade física do solo, por causa do seu uso e manejo. Diante disso, o objetivo deste trabalho foi quantificar a influência de diferentes sistemas de uso e manejo no IHO de um Latossolo Vermelho distrófico, textura franco-arenosa, composto por 170, 40 e 790 g kg-1 de argila, silte e areia, respectivamente. Foram selecionadas quatro áreas, sob os seguintes sistemas de uso e manejo do solo: mata nativa; pastagem cultivada por mais de 20 anos; citros por mais de 10 anos, antecedido por 10 anos de pastagens; e cultivo com culturas comerciais (milho, sorgo, aveia e mandioca), por cerca de 15 anos, após 10 anos de pastagem cultivada. Foram coletadas 48 amostras indeformadas, em cada área, no centro da camada de 0-0,10 m de profundidade. As amostras foram submetidas a potenciais de -10 a -15.000 hPa, em que foram determinadas a curva de retenção de água, a curva de resistência do solo à penetração e, posteriormente, a densidade do solo (Ds) e o IHO. A Ds foi influenciada pelos sistemas de uso e manejo do solo na sequência cultivo = citros > pastagem > mata nativa. A relação entre IHO e Ds foi linear e negativa, à exceção da mata nativa que na faixa de Ds entre 1,35-1,55 Mg m-3 apresentou relação positiva. Valores de Ds, em que o IHO = 0, associados com severa degradação física do solo, foram de 1,75 e 1,80 Mg m-3, nos solos sob citros e cultivo, respectivamente; a proporção desses valores foi de 21 % para o solo sob citros e 18 %, para o sob cultivo. A perda de qualidade física do solo foi menos acentuada no solo sob pastagem, quando comparado com os solos sob citros e cultivo, sendo a diminuição do IHO menos acentuada com o aumento da Ds. O menor valor de Ds em que iniciou a redução do IHO foi tomado como densidade do solo de alerta (Ds a). A Ds a foi de 1,55 Mg m-3 e pode ser utilizada como valor de referência no processo de recuperação da qualidade física do solo, válida para solos com textura, uso e manejo semelhante ao deste estudo.

Diffraction theory of optimized low-resolution Fresnel encoded lenses

A mathematical model describing the behavior of low-resolution Fresnel encoded lenses (LRFEL's) encoded in any low-resolution device (e.g., a spatial light modulator) has recently been developed. From this model, an LRFEL with a short focal length was optimized by our imposing the maximum intensity of light onto the optical axis. With this model, analytical expressions for the light-amplitude distribution, the diffraction efficiency, and the frequency response of the optimized LRFEL's are derived.

Reduction of the effect of aberrations in a joint transform correlator

We report the study of the influence of optical aberrations in a joint-transform correlator: The wave aberration of the optical system is computed from data obtained by ray tracing. Three situations are explored: We consider the aberration only in the first diffraction stage (generation of power spectrum), then only in the second (transformation of the power spectrum into correlation), and finally in both stages simultaneously. The results show that the quality of the correlation is determined mostly by the aberrations of the first diffraction stage and that we can optimize the setup by moving the cameras along the optical axis to a suitable position. The good agreement between the predicted data and the experimental results shows that the method explains well the behavior of optical diffraction systems when aberrations are taken into account.

Leptin inhibits directly glucocorticoid secretion by normal human and rat adrenal gland.

Different interactions have been described between glucocorticoids and the product of the ob gene leptin. Leptin can inhibit the activation of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis by stressful stimuli, whereas adrenal glucocorticoids stimulate leptin production by the adipocyte. The present study was designed to investigate the potential direct effects of leptin to modulate glucocorticoid production by the adrenal. Human adrenal glands from kidney transplant donors were dissociated, and isolated primary cells were studied in vitro. These cells were preincubated with recombinant leptin (10(-10)-10(-7) M) for 6 or 24 h, and basal or ACTH-stimulated cortisol secretion was subsequently measured. Basal cortisol secretion was unaffected by leptin, but a significant and dose-dependent inhibition of ACTH-stimulated cortisol secretion was observed [down by 29 +/- 0.1% of controls with the highest leptin dose, P < 0.01 vs. CT (unrelated positive control)]. This effect of leptin was also observed in rat primary adrenocortical cells, where leptin inhibited stimulated corticosterone secretion in a dose-dependent manner (down by 46 +/- 0.1% of controls with the highest leptin dose, P < 0.001 vs. CT). These effects of leptin in adrenal cells are likely mediated by the long isoform of the leptin receptor (OB-R), because its transcript was found to be expressed in the adrenal tissue and leptin had no inhibitory effect in adrenal glands obtained from db/db mice. Therefore, leptin inhibits directly stimulated cortisol secretion from human and rat adrenal glands, and this may represent an important mechanism to modulate glucocorticoid levels in various metabolic states.

Magnetoelasticity and magnetoresistance in Cu-Al-Mn shape-memory alloys

We study the effect of a magnetic field on the martensitic transition of a Cu-Al-Mn shape-memory alloy. The martensitic transition has been studied through resistance measurements under applied magnetic fields ranging from 0 to 50 kOe. Negative magnetoresistance showing an almost linear dependence with the square of the magnetization has been observed. This magnetoresistive effect is associated with the existence of small ferromagnetic Mn-clusters. Its strength and thermal dependence is different in both phases. The martensitic transition temperature is slightly increased and its spread in temperature significantly reduced upon increasing the field. These results show the existence of magnetoelastic coupling, which favors the nucleation of those martensitic variants with the easy magnetization axis aligned with the field.

Topological magnetic irreversibility in superconducting Pb samples of various shapes

The magnetic-field dependence of the magnetization of cylinders, disks, and spheres of pure type-I superconducting lead was investigated by means of isothermal measurements of first magnetization curves and hysteresis cycles. Depending on the geometry of the sample and the direction and intensity of the applied magnetic field, the intermediate state exhibits different irreversible features that become particularly highlighted in minor hysteresis cycles. The irreversibility is noticeably observed in cylinders and disks only when the magnetic field is parallel to the axis of revolution and is very subtle in spheres. When the magnetic field decreases from the normal state, the irreversibility appears at a temperature-dependent value whose distance to the thermodynamic critical field depends on the sample geometry. The irreversible features in the disks are altered when they are submitted to an annealing process. These results agree well with very recent high-resolution magneto-optical experiments in similar materials that were interpreted in terms of transitions between different topological structures for the flux configuration in the intermediate state. A discussion of the relative role of geometrical barriers for flux entry and exit and pinning effects as responsible for the magnetic irreversibility is given.

Cation distribution and high field magnetization studies on SrFe12-xCrxO19

With the aim of a better understanding of both cationic distribution and magnetic properties of the uniaxial SrFe12-xCrxO19hexagonal ferrites, Mössbauer spectroscopy, neutron diffraction and high field magnetization measurements have been carried out. The Cr3+ions occupy the octahedral sites of the M structure with a preference hierarchy within them. The magnetic measurements, together with the deduced cationic distribution, indicate that some sublattices have a random spin canting around the c-axis.

CXCR4-mediated glutamate exocytosis from astrocytes.

The role of astrocytes as structural and metabolic support for neurons is known since the beginning of the last century. Because of their strategic localization between neurons and capillaries they can monitor and control the level of synaptic activity by providing energetic metabolites to neurons and remove excess of neurotransmitters. During the last two decades number of papers further established that the astrocytic plasma-membrane G-protein coupled receptors (GPCR) can sense external inputs (such as the spillover of neurotransmitters) and transduce them as intracellular calcium elevations and release of chemical transmitters such as glutamate. The chemokine CXCR4 receptor is a GPCR widely expressed on glial cells (especially astrocytes and microglia). Activation of the astrocytic CXCR4 by its natural ligand CXCL12 (or SDF1 alpha) results in a long chain of intracellular and extracellular events (including the release of the pro-inflammatory cytokine TNFalpha and prostanglandins) leading to glutamate release. The emerging role of CXCR4-CXCL12 signalling axis in brain physiology came from the recent observation that glutamate in astrocytes is released via a regulated exocytosis process and occurs with a relatively fast time-scale, in the order of few hundred milliseconds. Taking into account that astrocytes are electrically non-excitable and thus exocytosis rely only on a signalling pathway that involves the release Ca(2+) from the internal stores, these results suggested a close relationship between sites of Ca(2+) release and those of fusion events. Indeed, a recent observation describes structural sub-membrane microdomains where fast ER-dependent calcium elevations occur in spatial and temporal correlation with fusion events.