Combinatorial peptide ligand libraries and plant proteomics: a winning strategy at a price

The mechanism of action and properties of a solid-phase ligand library made of hexapeptides (combinatorial peptide ligand libraries or CPLL, for capturing the "hidden proteome", i.e. the low- and very low-abundance proteins Constituting the vast majority of species in any proteome. as applied to plant tissues, are reviewed here. Plant tissues are notoriously recalcitrant to protein extraction and to proteome analysis, Firstly, rigid plant cell walls need to be mechanically disrupted to release the cell content and, in addition to their poor protein yield, plant tissues are rich in proteases and oxidative enzymes, contain phenolic Compounds, starches, oils, pigments and secondary metabolites that massively contaminate protein extracts. In addition, complex matrices of polysaccharides, including large amount of anionic pectins, are present. All these species compete with the binding of proteins to the CPLL beads, impeding proper capture and identification I detection of low-abundance species. When properly pre-treated, plant tissue extracts are amenable to capture by the CPLL beads revealing thus many new species among them low-abundance proteins. Examples are given on the treatment of leaf proteins, of corn seed extracts and of exudate proteins (latex from Hevea brasiliensis). In all cases, the detection of unique gene products via CPLL Capture is at least twice that of control, untreated sample. (c) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Designing hospital bedside systems for use by patients with a visual impairments

This paper describes the development of an interface to a hospital portal system for information, communication and entertainment such that it can be used easily and effectively by all patients regardless of their age, disability, computer experience or native language. Specifically, this paper reports on the work conducted to ensure that the interface design took into account the needs of visually impaired users.

Which drugs cause preventable admissions to hospital? A systematic review

Aim: Previous systematic reviews have found that drug-related morbidity accounts for 4.3% of preventable hospital admissions. None, however, has identified the drugs most commonly responsible for preventable hospital admissions. The aims of this study were to estimate the percentage of preventable drug-related hospital admissions, the most common drug causes of preventable hospital admissions and the most common underlying causes of preventable drug-related admissions. Methods: Bibliographic databases and reference lists from eligible articles and study authors were the sources for data. Seventeen prospective observational studies reporting the proportion of preventable drug-related hospital admissions, causative drugs and/or the underlying causes of hospital admissions were selected. Included studies used multiple reviewers and/or explicit criteria to assess causality and preventability of hospital admissions. Two investigators abstracted data from all included studies using a purpose-made data extraction form. Results: From 13 papers the median percentage of preventable drug-related admissions to hospital was 3.7% (range 1.4-15.4). From nine papers the majority (51%) of preventable drug-related admissions involved either antiplatelets (16%), diuretics (16%), nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (11%) or anticoagulants (8%). From five studies the median proportion of preventable drug-related admissions associated with prescribing problems was 30.6% (range 11.1-41.8), with adherence problems 33.3% (range 20.9-41.7) and with monitoring problems 22.2% (range 0-31.3). Conclusions: Four groups of drugs account for more than 50% of the drug groups associated with preventable drug-related hospital admissions. Concentrating interventions on these drug groups could reduce appreciably the number of preventable drug-related admissions to hospital from primary care.

Causes of preventable drug-related hospital admissions: a qualitative study

Objective: To explore the causes of preventable drug-related admissions (PDRAs) to hospital. Design: Qualitative case studies using semi-structured interviews and medical record review; data analysed using a framework derived from Reason's model of organisational accidents and cascade analysis. Participants: 62 participants, including 18 patients, 8 informal carers, 17 general practitioners, 12 community pharmacists, 3 practice nurses and 4 other members of healthcare staff, involved in events leading up to the patients' hospital admissions. Setting: Nottingham, UK. Results: PDRAs are associated with problems at multiple stages in the medication use process, including prescribing, dispensing, administration, monitoring and help seeking. The main causes of these problems are communication failures ( between patients and healthcare professionals and different groups of healthcare professionals) and knowledge gaps ( about drugs and patients' medical and medication histories). The causes of PDRAs are similar irrespective of whether the hospital admission is associated with a prescribing, monitoring or patient adherence problem. Conclusions: The causes of PDRAs are multifaceted and complex. Technical solutions to PDRAs will need to take account of this complexity and are unlikely to be sufficient on their own. Interventions targeting the human causes of PDRAs are also necessary - for example, improving methods of communication.

Designing Hospital Bedside Systems for use by Patients with Visual Impairments

This paper describes the development of an interface to a hospital portal system for information, communication and entertainment such that it can be used easily and effectively by all patients regardless of their age, disability, computer experience or native language. Specifically, this paper reports on the work conducted to ensure that the interface design took into account the needs of visually impaired users.

Acidentes perfurocortantes e avaliação do impacto de um dispositivo de segurança para a sua prevenção em um hospital geral terciário do Rio de Janeiro (2001-2011)

Introdução Os trabalhadores da saúde estão expostos a riscos biológicos no exercício da profissão, particularmente os agentes transmitidos por sangue e secreções, através de acidentes perfurocortantes. A maioria dos países implantou normatizações ou leis visando proteger estes profissionais, entre outros através da introdução de dispositivos de segurança. Desde a publicação da NR.32 em novembro 2005, as novas diretrizes vêm sendo implementadas nas unidades de saúde brasileiras, com dificuldades. Objetivos: (1) Principal: Verificar as alterações na incidência e no perfil dos acidentes perfurocortantes após a introdução de dispositivos de segurança (lanceta retrátil e catéteres para punção venosa periférica) no Hospital Federal dos Servidores do Estado a partir de 2009 em relação ao período anterior (2001-2008). (2) Secundários: \2013 Determinar os tipos de acidentes que sofreram redução. - Determinar a(s) categoria(s) profissional (is) beneficiadas pela introdução do(s) dispositivo(s) \2013 Estimar a relação entre os acréscimos de custos devidos à aquisição do(s) dispositivo(s) e a redução teórica das despesas obtida com diminuição dos acidentes. Métodos. Análise retrospectiva de um arquivo contendo os dados dos acidentes biológicos registrados entre janeiro de 2001 e dezembro de 2011 quanto a natureza do acidente, categoria profissional, tempo de profissão, tipo de instrumento, causa e/ou circunstância. Foram comparados os índices ao longo do tempo, particularmente até 2008 e de 2009 a 2011. Estimou-se também, com a ajuda de um modelo teórico, o impacto eventual de uma lanceta retrátil para coleta da glicemia capilar no orçamento da instituição Resultados. A proporção dos acidentes perfurocortantes diminuiu a partir de 2009 em comparação com o período anterior (P<0,001). Evidenciou-se uma relação inversa entre a média do tempo de experiência dos profissionais e o número absoluto dos acidentes perfurocortantes. A equipe de enfermagem teve uma redução significativa nos acidentes perfurocortantes por 100 equivalentes a tempo integral (ETI) de 2007 a 2011 (P<0,001), enquanto os residentes de medicina tiveram o maior índice no mesmo período. Observou-se uma redução dos acidentes perfurocortantes por agulhas de pequeno calibre desde 2009 e os acidentes durante a medida da glicemia capilar caíram bruscamente em 2010 e 2011 à medida que aumentava o número de lancetas retráteis adquiridas pelo hospital (P<0,001). Não se observaram reduções de acidentes envolvendo agulhas maiores ou vasos sanguíneos. Conclusões A adoção de um único dispositivo seguro e fácil de usar, uma lanceta retrátil, reduziu significativamente os acidentes perfurocortantes na equipe de enfermagem com provável vantagem custo-benefício. Ressalta-se a importância do treinamento dos recém-contratados e da educação continuada