996 resultados para Holland


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Esta tese é composta por 3 estudos empíricos sobre macroeconomia. O primeiro ensaio discute a persistência da inflação no Brasil. O segundo estudo analisa o produto potencial e, principalmente, a questão taxa neutra de juros no Brasil, tema fundamental para a condução da política monetária. O último trabalho discute a questão da paridade entre os juros no Brasil e no exterior. O primeiro ensaio desta tese estima a taxa real de juros de equilíbrio no Brasil durante o período 1997-2012 usando diversas metodologias. Os resultados mostram alguma diferença nas estimativas da taxa de juros de equilíbrio dependendo da especificação utilizada, principalmente na modelagem da Curva IS. A mensuração do hiato do produto não é o principal responsável pelos resultados encontrados para a taxa de juros de equilíbrio. A estimação conjunta do PIB potencial e taxa neutra de juros não leva a resultados muito diferentes dos obtidos estimando a taxa neutra isoladamente. Independente do modelo utilizado, os resultados indicam redução na taxa de equilíbrio no Brasil nos últimos anos. O segundo ensaio estima a persistência da inflação no Brasil tanto em termos agregados quanto desagregados. O trabalho ainda compara a persistência da inflação no Brasil com a persistência em outros países emergentes. Os resultados indicam que a persistência da inflação no Brasil é maior do que em outros países, mas este resultado não é obtido para todos os métodos de estimação utilizados. A persistência no núcleo da inflação é maior do que na “inflação cheia”. Apesar da persistência elevada, nossos resultados indicam que a expectativa de inflação é uma variável mais importante na determinação da inflação corrente do que a inflação passada. O terceiro ensaio analisa a diferença entre as taxas de juros no Brasil e no exterior, particularmente nos EUA, e evidências de fluxos de investimentos locais ou estrangeiros para explorar o diferencial de juros. Os resultados indicam que os fluxos de investimento estrangeiro tiveram pouco impacto nas taxas de juros no Brasil. Medidas de risco-país e risco cambial são importantes para explicar o diferencial de juros sendo que as medidas de risco-país parecem ter sido mais importante no início de nossa amostra enquanto as medidas de risco cambial foram mais importantes nos últimos anos. Medidas de risco cambial, particularmente a volatilidade do câmbio ajudam a explicar a falta de convergência dos juros no Brasil com os juros praticados no exterior. Apesar da elevada volatilidade da taxa de cambio, uma simples estratégia de comprar Real (BRL) e investidor no mercado local de juros (estratégia similar a aplicar no contrato futuro de Real) teria gerado um índice de Sharpe tão elevado ou maior do que o observado em estratégias mais sofisticadas envolvendo diversas moedas.

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Este trabalho é composto por três capítulos que se dedicam a discutir aspectos distintos a respeito do importante mercado de títulos corporativos norte-americano. No primeiro capítulo, “Mercado de Títulos Corporativos Norte-Americano: Evolução e Fatos Estilizados”, mostramos como se deu a evolução do mercado de crédito norte-americano nas últimas décadas no que diz respeito à sua relevância para a economia. Nesse estudo mostramos também as principais mudanças regulatórias que afetaram de forma relevante esse mercado nos últimos anos. Trabalhos recentes encontraram evidências de que mudanças regulatórias no mercado de títulos corporativos provocam redução dos spreads e diminuem a liquidez dos ativos de crédito. Finalmente, ilustramos nesse capítulo as principais correntes teóricas e alguns fatos estilizados a respeito de curvas de juros e de spreads de títulos corporativos. No segundo capítulo, “Fatores Latentes Globais e Idiossincráticos na Estrutura a Termo da Curva de Juros de Títulos Corporativos”, analisamos a maneira como fatores globais e idiossincráticos influenciam a estrutura a termo das curvas de juros de emissores corporativos norte-americanos para diferentes níveis de classificação de risco, setor de atividade e período de análise. Os resultados são inéditos, pois a metodologia utilizada nunca foi aplicada anteriormente para essa classe de ativos, e indicam que a influência dos componentes latentes globais nos fatores de nível é menor quanto pior a classificação de risco. Um segundo resultado importante é que as curvas de setores de atividade distintos como o financeiro e industrial são influenciadas de maneira distinta pelos fatores globais e idiossincráticos no que diz respeito aos componentes de nível e inclinação. No terceiro capítulo, “Estrutura a Termo da Curva de Spreads de Títulos Corporativos”, estudamos as variáveis que influenciaram os fatores de nível e inclinação das curvas de spreads corporativos nos Estados Unidos. O modelo estimado nesse estudo incorpora, ao contrário de estudos anteriores, fatores latentes das curvas de juros do tesouro e de spreads, variáveis macroeconômicas e setoriais. Concluímos que o componente de nível da curva de juros norte-americana afeta positivamente o nível dos spreads. Os resultados diferem da literatura tradicional, mas estão em linha com estudos recentes que controlam períodos de elevada volatilidade de ativos com quebras estruturais. Palavras-chave: Spreads; Classificação de risco; Curva de juros; Títulos corporativos

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The main goal of this article is to identify the dynamic effects of fiscal policy on output in Brazil from 1997 to 2014, and, more specifically, to estimate those effects when the output falls below its potential level. To do so, we estimate VAR (vector autoregressive) models to generate impulse-response functions and causality/endogeneity tests. Our most remarkable results indicate the following channel of economic policy in Brazil: to foster output, government spending increases causing increases in both tax rates and revenue and the short-term interest rate. A fiscal stimulus via spending seems efficient for economic performance as well as monetary policy; however, the latter operates pro-cyclically in the way we defined here, while the former is predominantly countercyclical. As the monetary shock had a negative effect on GDP growth and GDP growth responded positively to the fiscal shock, it seems that the economic policy has given poise to growth with one hand and taken it with the other one. The monetary policy is only reacting to the fiscal stimuli. We were not able to find any statistically significant response of the output to tax changes, but vice versa seems work in the Brazilian case.

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A criatividade tem sido encarada ao longo da história de diversos modos pelos investigadores. Salienta-se o trabalho de Rhodes (1961) que desenvolveu uma das primeiras categorizações da criatividade ao subdividi-la em a pessoa, o processo, o produto e o ambiente criativo e cuja categorização dá forma a este trabalho. Neste sentido, a revisão teórica centra-se na abordagem a estes tópicos. Empiricamente todo o trabalho foi realizado ao nível do Ensino Superior e apresentam-se dois estudos de validação, com análise fatorial exploratória e confirmatória, de instrumentos que avaliam a pessoa e o produto criativo: a Escala de Personalidade Criativa (α= 0,918) e o Inventário de Comportamentos Criativos-versão reduzida, composto por quatro fatores (artes plásticas, α=0,762; literatura, α=0,766; artes visuais, α=0,768 e artes manuais, α=0,765). O último estudo compreende a investigação empírica sobre os quatro tópicos categorizados por Rhodes (1961). Os resultados apontam para a influência significativa do género sobre o fator artes manuais e da variável classe etária sobre todas as variáveis criativas, à exceção do fator literatura. Ao nível das habilitações literárias não foi encontrada nenhuma relação significativa. Na análise do ambiente criativo (ciências sociais e humanas vs artes), encontraram-se resultados significativos para os fatores literatura, artes visuais e artes manuais, com os sujeitos das ciências sociais a apresentarem médias mais altas para a literatura e para as artes manuais. No estudo entre o ambiente criativo e os tipos vocacionais de Holland (1997) encontrou-se também valores significativos entre o ambiente criativo e os tipos artístico, social, convencional e realista, com os sujeitos das artes a pontuarem mais alto nos tipos artístico e realista. De modo geral, constatou-se que as variáveis criativas são influenciadas pela idade dos sujeitos e que o ambiente criativo tem impacto na produção criativa, sendo que apesar dos sujeitos das artes terem mais vocação artística não são necessariamente os mais produtivos. No estudo da correlação entre as variáveis criativas, verificou-se que apenas o processo criativo não se correlacionou significativamente com as restantes variáveis. Ao nível da análise multivariada encontraram-se modelos preditivos da criatividade, com modelos generalizáveis à população para o produto criativo, sendo possível com estes modelos explicar 51,0% da variabilidade das artes visuais e 44,1% da variabilidade das artes manuais. Globalmente, conclui-se que a criatividade é transversal às áreas do conhecimento e não somente passível de se encontrar nas artes. É possível ainda predizer comportamentos criativos tendo por base os 4 Ps da criatividade, sendo que sugere-se a continuação deste estudo noutras populações.

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Vitamin A deficiency (VAD) is a serious public health problem in developing countries, and as a therapeutic and prophylactic measure retinil palmitate is being supplemented. Nevertheless its efficacy has been questioned. The objective of the study was to evaluate the supplementation of two retinil palmitate megadosis on the serum retinol levels of post partum healthy mothers from Dr. José Pedro Bezerra (Hospital Santa Catarina) hospital, Natal - RN. The enrolled women (n=199) were randomly distributed into three studied groups and supplemented with retinil palmitate immediately after delivery with a single 200,000 IU dose (group S1), two 200,000 IU dose (group S2) with 24h difference between the doses, or no supplementation (group C). Among women selected, 143 remained until the end of the study. The influence of vitamin A dietary intake was evaluated during pregnancy and after 30 days of delivery. The average intake of the population was reasonable, but a high prevalence of inadequate intake was found. Retinol in colostrums and mature milk was determined by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The retinol average in colostrums and mature milk in the supplemented and control groups were adequate according to the reference values. In colostrums, women from groups C, S1 and S2 presented retinol averages by milk volume of 94.8 ± 40.2 µg/dL, 92.2 ± 50.0 µg/dL and 91.8 ± 53.7 µg/dL, respectively. No difference was found between these averages (p=0.965), this was also seen when the values where expressed as µg/g of fat (p=0.905). After 30 days of delivery, retinol per milk volume differed between the control group (36.6 ± 17.5 µg/dL) and groups supplemented with 200,000 IU (51.0 ± 28.8 µg/dL) or 400,000 IU (55.2 ± 31.6 µg/dL) of retinil palmitate (p<0,05). Nevertheless, when S1 and S2 groups where compared, no significant difference was found (p=0.97). Considering retinol/g of fat, the means were 12.7 ± 6.7 µg/g, 15.6 ± 8.3 µg/g and 17.2 ± 8.9 µg/g for groups C, S1 and S2, respectively, with significant difference between groups S2 and C (p=0,01). Subclinical VAD prevalence showed a serious public health problem in the study population (32% in colostrums and 31.5% in mature milk). When analyzing the groups separately, the group which received two doses (200,000 IU + 200,000 IU) presented the lowest VAD prevalence (20.7%). Retinil palmitate supplementations of 200,000 IU and 400,000 IU (divided in two doses) in the immediate post partum showed no significant difference. Nevertheless, the 400,000 IU (divided in two doses) supplementation showed a reduction in VAD

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Farming of marine shrimp is growing worldwide and the Litopenaeus vannamei (L. vannamei) shrimp is the species most widely cultivated. Shrimp is an attractive food for its nutritional value and sensory aspects, being essential the maintenance of this attributes throughout storage, which takes place largely under freezing. The aim of this research was to evaluate quality characteristics of Litopenaeus vannamei shrimp, during freezing storage and to verify the effect of rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis) adding. Considering the reutilization of processing shrimp wastes, total carotenoids analysis were conducted in waste of Litopenaeus vannamei shrimp and in the flour obtained after dryer. Monthly physicochemical and sensorial analysis were carried out on shrimp stored at 28,3 ± 3,8ºC for 180 days. Samples were placed in polyethylene bags and were categorized as whole shrimp (WS), peeled shrimp (PS), and PS with 0,5% dehydrated rosemary (RS). TBARS, pH, total carotenoid and sensorial Quantitative Descriptive Analysis (QDA) were carried out. Carotenoid total analysis was conducted in fresh wastes and processed flour (0 day) and after 60, 120 and 180 days of frozen storage. After 180 days, RS had lower pH (p = 0.001) and TBARS (p = 0.001) values and higher carotenoids (p = 0.003), while WS showed higher carotenoid losses. Sensory analysis showed that WS were firmer although rancid taste and smell were perceived with greater intensity (p = 0.001). Rancid taste was detected in RS only at 120 days at significantly lower intensity (p = 0.001) than WS and PS. Fresh wastes had 42.74μg/g of total carotenoids and processed flour 98.51μg/g. After 180 days of frozen storage, total carotenoids were significantly lower than 0 day (p<0,05). The addition of rosemary can improve sensory quality of frozen shrimp and reduce nutritional losses during storage. Shrimp wastes and flour of L. vannamei shrimp showed considerable astaxanthin content however, during storage it was observed losses in this pigment

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O presente trabalho teve o objetivo de determinar os níveis de pressão sonora nas cabines de colhedoras combinadas, por meio do uso de um medidor de nível de pressão sonora. Foram avaliadas as colhedoras New Holland TC-57, SLC 6200 e Massey Ferguson 3640, sendo determinado o nível de ruído na cabine do operador. O delineamento adotado foi o inteiramente casualizado, com 12 tratamentos e três repetições. Os resultados obtidos evidenciam que todas as colhedoras estudadas apresentaram ruído acima do nível máximo estabelecido pelas normas técnicas.

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This research aimed to study competition effects of legumes intercropping and weeds on seeds yield and quality of Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench. The experiment was carried out in a Rhodic Nitisol, under field condition in Botucatu region, São Paulo State, Brazil. Ten treatments were tested: sorghum (cv. A-6304) intercropped with Dolichos lablab L., Mucuna aterrima (Piper et Tracy) Holland, Canavalia ensiformis D. C. or Crotalaria juncea L., that were sown in the same time of sorghum or 20 days after the sorghum sowing, and sorghum weed-free and sorghum without weeding. The experimental design employed was the completely randomized blocks with four replications. There were evaluated sorghum seeds yield and some characteristcs of seed quality: purity, hectolitric weight, 1000 seeds weight, insect infestation, germination and vigor (by first counting of germination test and accelerated ageing test). The competition caused by legumes intercropping and weeds affected the yield and the physical and physiological characteristics of sorghum seeds, but the intensity of prejudicial effects depended on the time and the species of legume intercropping.

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A mucuna-preta, leguminosa empregada como adubação verde e forrageira, produz sementes com dormência causada pela impermeabilidade do tegumento à água (dureza). O objetivo do trabalho foi estudar as relações entre a secagem das sementes no interior das vagens e a ocorrência desse fenômeno. Para tanto, nas colheitas realizadas semanalmente entre 40 e 89 dias após o florescimento, foram obtidas sementes de vagens submetidas ou não à secagem. Foram realizadas determinações de teor de água das sementes na colheita, coloração nas vagens e nas sementes no momento da colheita, condutividade elétrica, germinação e presença de sementes duras. A secagem das sementes nas vagens, separadas da planta-mãe, favorece o surgimento da dureza; essa ocorrência, contudo, é atenuada com o retardamento da referida separação.

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This research presents a reading of the poetics of silence in the profile and actions of characters in Fogo morto, by Paraiba s novelist José Lins do Rego and Cartilha do silêncio, by Sergipe s writer José Francisco Costa Dantas. As a starting point, we intend to demonstrate, through analysis, how the traditional issue of patriarchy, installed in rural areas of Northeast Brazil, live their momentum of rise and decline in different social spaces within narratives. This article shows how man lives tensions caused by the socio-political changes that will gradually be deployed in their environment due to the process of transition from traditional to modern life. From this perspective, this reading encourages a critical reflection on the social space of the mills and farms at the time of their rise and decay, as well as the various gender relationships between the feminine and the masculine world. The analysis indicates that all the changes both in family and social space unfold a world of silent variants and this paper takes as its theoretical basis the concept of silence built from the reflections of Eni Puccinelli Orlandi (2002), Barros Lourival Holland (1990 ), Luiz Costa Lima (1974) and Marisa Simons (1999).

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This work broaches the participation of the Jewish community in the urban expansion of Recife, Brazil, during the Dutch period (1630-1654). With the arrival of the Dutch, the village of Olinda, former capital of Pernambuco, was destroyed and Recife received the juridical statute of city (stad), becoming the capital of Dutch Brazil or New Holland. It became the main West Indians Company s entrepot in South Atlantic, serving as naval base, port of call for ships, and point of export of the sugar production of Pernambuco, and import of European goods and African slaves. In order to such administrative, military and economic functions be carried out, the sand isthmus where Recife used to stay, and the fluvial island of Antônio Vaz, received improvements of many sort. The Dutch hydraulic technology was put in practice, with a posture of opposition between civilization and nature. Among military works and production of urban equipments, the rivers shores were land-filled, canals were built, bridges were lifted, and hundreds of buildings were erected. The civil Dutch population of Recife engaged in the process of production of physical space, which brought a sense of collective action towards the formation of the urban, or burgher, community. From the physical to the social space, there was an effort towards Dutch cultural standards in the urban environment. The Zur Israel Jewish community, formed by private civilians, it is, nonemployees of the WIC, engaged in those processes. It produced physical space through the land-filling and improvement of non healthy areas, and was also responsible for the construction of a significant section of the town s buildings and some of urban equipments, such as stores, markets and slave-warehouses, making more dynamic their economical activities. But their social traffic was due to the adaptation of their behavior to the standards of Dutch sociability. Thus, the community body made itself part of the social body. Disposing of internal selfregulation, it produced spaces with their cultural references cemetery, synagogue, texts enjoying benefits of the government. Zur Israel inscribed itself in the universal history of the Jews as the first community of Americas, and had a fundamental part on the emancipation of Jews within Western society

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The human buccal micronucleus cytome assay (BMCyt) is one of the most widely used techniques to measure genetic damage in human population studies. Reducing protocol variability, assessing the role of confounders, and estimating a range of reference values are research priorities that will be addressed by the HUMNXL, collaborative study. The HUMNXL, project evaluates the impact of host factors, occupation, life-style, disease status, and protocol features on the occurrence of MN in exfoliated buccal cells. In addition, the study will provide a range of reference values for all cytome endpoints. A database of 5424 subjects with buccal MN values obtained from 30 laboratories worldwide was compiled and analyzed to investigate the influence of several conditions affecting MN frequency. Random effects models were mostly used to investigate MN predictors. The estimated spontaneous MN frequency was 0.74 parts per thousand (95% CI 0.52-1.05). Only staining among technical features influenced MN frequency, with an abnormal increase for non-DNA-specific stains. No effect of gender was evident, while the trend for age was highly significant (p < 0.001). Most occupational exposures and a diagnosis of cancer significantly increased MN and other endpoints frequencies. MN frequency increased in heavy smoking (>= 40 cig/day. FR = 1.37:95% CI 1.03-.82) and decreased with daily fruit consumption (FR = 0.68; 95% CI 0.50-0.91). The results of the HUMNXL, project identified priorities for validation studies, increased the basic knowledge of the assay, and contributed to the creation of a laboratory network which in perspective may allow the evaluation of disease risk associated with MN frequency. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

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This study evaluated periapical tissue healing and orthodontic root resorption of endodontically treated teeth sealed with calcium hydroxide in dogs. The sample consisted of three contralateral pairs of maxillary incisors and two contralateral pairs of mandibular incisors in each of two dogs using a split mouth design. After biomechanical preparation of the teeth in the first group (n = 10), a Ca(OH)(2) dressing was placed for 14 days before root canal filling with Ca(OH)(2)-based sealer (Sealapex) and gutta-percha points. In the second group (n = 10), root canals were obturated immediately after the mechanical preparation with gutta-percha points and zinc oxide and eugenol (ZOE)-based sealer (Endofill). After completion of endodontic treatment, the teeth were moved with an orthodontic appliance with a calibrated force of 200 g, reactivated every 21 days. After 105 days, the animals were killed and the teeth were removed upon completion of active treatment, without a period of recovery, and prepared for histomorphological analysis. All sections of each tooth were graded subjectively on a scale from one to four to obtain the average of the 16 histomorphological parameters analysed. Evaluation of the differences between the two treatment protocols was made with Mann-Whitney U-test. It was observed that the teeth treated with Ca(OH)(2)-based materials provided better outcomes (P = 5%), with complete repair of all root resorption areas, high rate of biological closure of the main canal and apical accessory canals by newly formed cementum, less intense and extensive chronic inflammatory infiltrate, and better organization of the periodontal ligament. Under the tested conditions, Ca(OH)(2)-based materials had a favourable action on periapical tissue healing and repair of orthodontic root resorption in endodontically treated dogs' teeth.