Natural resource windfalls and efficiency of local government expenditures: evidence from Peru

We study the role of natural resource windfalls in explaining the efficiency of public expenditures. Using a rich dataset of expenditures and public good provision for 1,836 municipalities in Peru for period 2001-2010, we estimate a non-monotonic relationship between the efficiency of public good provision and the level of natural resource transfers. Local governments that were extremely favored by the boom of mineral prices were more efficient in using fiscal windfalls whereas those benefited with modest transfers were more inefficient. These results can be explained by the increase in political competition associated with the boom. However, the fact that increases in efficiency were related to reductions in public good provision casts doubts about the beneficial effects of political competition in promoting efficiency.

Grados superiores en los Estados Unidos : una cuestión para meditar.

Se analiza el sistema educativo superior en Estados Unidos, con la finalidad de obtener conclusiones que puedan ser de utilidad para replantearse carencias o problemas de la educación superior española. La universidad es una institución enormemente compleja, que tiene asignadas una gran cantidad de funciones: formación cultural y profesional del estudiante, el avance de la ciencia, el servicio de la sociedad etc. En Estados Unidos los estudios universitarios se dividen en varias etapas, con características distintas, pero bien definidas y marcadas, lo cual permite resolver muchos problemas. Las tres etapas existentes se corresponden con tres grados universitarios, que son: Bachelor, Master y Doctor, en lugar de los dos únicos grados de las universidades europeas, conocidos como Licenciado y Doctor. Para la existencia de los tres grados es fundamental un tipo de institución educativa, de origen inglés, denominada Collage o Colegio Universitario. Se realiza un recorrido por las principales universidades norteamericanas, que en sus comienzos fueron colleges, como Harvard en Massachusetts, Yale en Connecticut, Princeton en New Jersey y Columbia en New York. A partir de aquí se trata de realizar una caracterización del College norteamericano. Se concluye con las ventajas que ofrecen a la educación superior, de las cuales la fundamental es que contribuye a extender esta educación superior.

La Investigación universitaria en didáctica del patrimonio: aportaciones desde la didáctica de la expresión plástica

La realidad en el ámbito de la investigación universitaria es que la Didáctica del Patrimonio se está conformando como una disciplina emergente, que tiene una doble vía de crecimiento: - Como parte de las diferentes didácticas específicas y, por tanto, capaz de albergar miradas multi e interdisciplinares, con proyectos de investigación y acciones especificas que implican a diferentes áreas del conocimiento universitarias. Concretamente, en lo relativo al ámbito del patrimonio cultural, destacan áreas como la Didáctica de las Ciencias Sociales, la Didáctica de la Expresión Plástica o la Didáctica de la Lengua y la Literatura, entre otras. - Como una disciplina autónoma, propia, que comienza a crear su propia literatura, su especificidad, institutos de investigación propios, másteres y postgrados específicos. En este sentido, la Didáctica de la Expresión Plástica está aportando, en nuestro país, propuestas de gran relevancia no sólo nacional, sino internacional

Conservar els patrimonis fràgils

El domini encara general entre el gran públic (en el qual s’inclouen no pas pocs polítics responsables del patrimoni comú) d’un concepte ja molt superat i noucentista de patrimoni, que l’associa quasi exclusivament als valors més monumentalistes i a objectes relacionats amb les belles arts i l’arqueologia com més antics millor, fa que determinats béns culturals que no responen a aquest model però que estan igualment dotats de significat històric, i per tant de valor patrimonial, corrin el perill de desaparèixer abans que no hagi aparegut una consciència social prou generalitzada sobre la necessitat de conservar-los

Modelling monsoons: understanding and predicting current and future behaviour

The global monsoon system is so varied and complex that understanding and predicting its diverse behaviour remains a challenge that will occupy modellers for many years to come. Despite the difficult task ahead, an improved monsoon modelling capability has been realized through the inclusion of more detailed physics of the climate system and higher resolution in our numerical models. Perhaps the most crucial improvement to date has been the development of coupled ocean-atmosphere models. From subseasonal to interdecadal time scales, only through the inclusion of air-sea interaction can the proper phasing and teleconnections of convection be attained with respect to sea surface temperature variations. Even then, the response to slow variations in remote forcings (e.g., El Niño—Southern Oscillation) does not result in a robust solution, as there are a host of competing modes of variability that must be represented, including those that appear to be chaotic. Understanding the links between monsoons and land surface processes is not as mature as that explored regarding air-sea interactions. A land surface forcing signal appears to dominate the onset of wet season rainfall over the North American monsoon region, though the relative role of ocean versus land forcing remains a topic of investigation in all the monsoon systems. Also, improved forecasts have been made during periods in which additional sounding observations are available for data assimilation. Thus, there is untapped predictability that can only be attained through the development of a more comprehensive observing system for all monsoon regions. Additionally, improved parameterizations - for example, of convection, cloud, radiation, and boundary layer schemes as well as land surface processes - are essential to realize the full potential of monsoon predictability. A more comprehensive assessment is needed of the impact of black carbon aerosols, which may modulate that of other anthropogenic greenhouse gases. Dynamical considerations require ever increased horizontal resolution (probably to 0.5 degree or higher) in order to resolve many monsoon features including, but not limited to, the Mei-Yu/Baiu sudden onset and withdrawal, low-level jet orientation and variability, and orographic forced rainfall. Under anthropogenic climate change many competing factors complicate making robust projections of monsoon changes. Absent aerosol effects, increased land-sea temperature contrast suggests strengthened monsoon circulation due to climate change. However, increased aerosol emissions will reflect more solar radiation back to space, which may temper or even reduce the strength of monsoon circulations compared to the present day. Precipitation may behave independently from the circulation under warming conditions in which an increased atmospheric moisture loading, based purely on thermodynamic considerations, could result in increased monsoon rainfall under climate change. The challenge to improve model parameterizations and include more complex processes and feedbacks pushes computing resources to their limit, thus requiring continuous upgrades of computational infrastructure to ensure progress in understanding and predicting current and future behaviour of monsoons.

MALDI MS

Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) is a key technique in mass spectrometry (MS)-based proteomics. MALDI MS is extremely sensitive, easy-to-apply, and relatively tolerant to contaminants. Its high-speed data acquisition and large-scale, off-line sample preparation has made it once again the focus for high-throughput proteomic analyses. These and other unique properties of MALDI offer new possibilities in applications such as rapid molecular profiling and imaging by MS. Proteomics and its employment in Systems Biology and other areas that require sensitive and high-throughput bioanalytical techniques greatly depend on these methodologies. This chapter provides a basic introduction to the MALDI methodology and its general application in proteomic research. It describes the basic MALDI sample preparation steps and two easy-to-follow examples for protein identification including extensive notes on these topics with practical tips that are often not available in the Subheadings 2 and 3 of research articles.

The mammalian cell cycle: an overview

In recent years, we have witnessed major advances in our understanding of the mammalian cell cycle and how it is regulated. Normal mammalian cellular proliferation is tightly regulated at each phase of the cell cycle by the activation and deactivation of a series of proteins that constitute the cell cycle machinery. This review article describes the various phases of the mammalian cell cycle and focuses on the cell cycle regulatory molecules that act at each stage to ensure normal cellular progression.

Cyclins, cyclin-dependent kinases, and cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors: detection methods and activity measurements

The cyclin/cyclin-dependent kinase (Cdk) complexes and the Cdk inhibitors (CDKI) are crucial regulators of cell cycle progression in all eukaryotic cells. Using rat cardiac myocytes as a model system, this chapter provides a detailed account of methods that can be employed to measure both cyclin/Cdk activity in cells and the extent of CDKI inhibitory activity present in a particular cell type.