978 resultados para Gas gap heat switch


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The Iowa Department of Public Health (IDPH), Hazardous Waste Site Health Assessment Program was asked by the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to review a round of air sampling data. The air data was collected and analyzed during a removal action at the Le Mars Coal Gas Site in Le Mars, Iowa. EPA asked IDPH to determine from the air data if additional monitoring is necessary throughout the removal action to protect nearby residents from exposure.

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An attorney representing seven property owners in Lowell, Iowa, requested the Iowa Department of Public Health (IDPH) Hazardous Waste Site Health Assessment Program to perform a health consultation for the Jet Gas Spill Site. The attorney asked the IDPH to provide comments concerning the potential and likely health effects to her clients due to exposure from the spill. The specific issues to be addressed are listed in this health consultation. The information in this health consultation was current at the time of writing. Data that emerges later could alter this document’s conclusions and recommendations.

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The aim of our study was to provide an innovative HS-GC/MS method applicable to the routine determination of butane concentration in forensic toxicology laboratories. The main drawback of the GC/MS methods discussed in literature concerning butane measurement was the absence of a specific butane internal standard necessary to perform quantification. Because no stable isotope of butane is commercially available, it is essential to develop a new approach by an in situ generation of standards. To avoid the manipulation of a stable isotope-labelled gas, we have chosen to generate in situ an internal labelled standard gas (C(4)H(9)D) following the basis of the stoichiometric formation of butane by the reaction of deuterated water (D(2)O) with Grignard reagent butylmagnesium chloride (C(4)H(9)MgCl). This method allows a precise measurement of butane concentration and therefore, a full validation by accuracy profile was presented.

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L'exposition aux poussières de bois est associé à un risque accru d'adénocarcinomes des fosses nasales et des sinus paranasaux (SNC, 'Sinonasal cancer') chez les travailleurs du bois. Les poussières de bois sont ainsi reconnues comme cancérogènes avérés pour l'homme par le Centre international de Recherche sur le Cancer (CIRC). Toutefois, l'agent causal spécifique et le mécanisme sous-jacent relatifs au cancer lié aux poussières de bois demeurent inconnus. Une possible explication est une co-exposition aux poussières de bois et aux Hydrocarbures Aromatiques Polycycliques (HAP), ces derniers étant potentiellement cancérogènes. Dans les faits, les travailleurs du bois sont non seulement exposés aux poussières de bois naturel, mais également à celles générées lors d'opérations effectuées à l'aide de machines (ponceuses, scies électriques, etc.) sur des finitions de bois (bois traités) ou sur des bois composites, tels que le mélaminé et les panneaux de fibres à densité moyenne (MDF, 'Medium Density Fiberboard'). Des HAP peuvent en effet être générés par la chaleur produite par l'utilisation de ces machines sur la surface du bois. Les principaux objectifs de cette thèse sont les suivants: (1) quantifier HAP qui sont présents dans les poussières générées lors de diverses opérations courantes effectuées sur différents bois (2) quantifier l'exposition individuelle aux poussières de bois et aux HAP chez les travailleurs, et (3) évaluer les effets génotoxiques (dommages au niveau de l'ADN et des chromosomes) due à l'exposition aux poussières de bois et aux HAP. Cette thèse est composée par une étude en laboratoire (objectif 1) et par une étude de terrain (objectifs 2 et 3). Pour l'étude en laboratoire, nous avons collecté des poussières de différents type de bois (sapin, MDF, hêtre, sipo, chêne, bois mélaminé) générées au cours de différentes opérations (comme le ponçage et le sciage), et ceci dans une chambre expérimentale et dans des conditions contrôlées. Ensuite, pour l'étude de terrain, nous avons suivi, dans le cadre de leur activité professionnelle, 31 travailleurs de sexe masculin (travailleurs du bois et ébenistes) exposés aux poussières de bois pendant deux jours de travail consécutifs. Nous avons également recruté, comme groupe de contrôle, 19 travailleurs non exposés. Pour effectuer une biosurveillance, nous avons collecté des échantillons de sang et des échantillons de cellules nasales et buccales pour chacun des participants. Ces derniers ont également rempli un questionnaire comprenant des données démographiques, ainsi que sur leur style de vie et sur leur exposition professionnelle. Pour les travailleurs du bois, un échantillonnage individuel de poussière a été effectué sur chaque sujet à l'aide d'une cassette fermée, puis nous avons évalué leur exposition à la poussière de bois et aux HAP, respectivement par mesure gravimétrique et par Chromatographie en phase gazeuse combinée à la spectrométrie de masse. L'évaluation des dommages induits à l'ADN et aux chromosomes (génotoxicité) a été, elle, effectuée à l'aide du test des micronoyaux (MN) sur les cellules nasales et buccales et à l'aide du test des comètes sur les échantillons de sang. Nos résultats montrent dans la poussière de la totalité des 6 types de bois étudiés la présence de HAP (dont certains sont cancérogènes). Des différences notoires dans les concentrations ont été néanmoins constatées en fonction du matériau étudié : les concentrations allant de 0,24 ppm pour la poussière de MDF à 7.95 ppm pour le mélaminé. Nos résultats montrent également que les travailleurs ont été exposés individuellement à de faibles concentrations de HAP (de 37,5 à 119,8 ng m-3) durant les opérations de travail du bois, alors que les concentrations de poussières inhalables étaient relativement élevés (moyenne géométrique de 2,8 mg m-3). En ce qui concerne la génotoxicité, les travailleurs exposés à la poussière de bois présentent une fréquence significativement plus élevée en MN dans les cellules nasales et buccales que les travailleurs du groupe témoin : un odds ratio de 3.1 a été obtenu pour les cellules nasales (IC 95% : de 1.8 à 5.1) et un odds ratio de 1,8 pour les cellules buccales (IC 95% : de 1.3 à 2.4). En outre, le test des comètes a montré que les travailleurs qui ont déclaré être exposés aux poussières de MDF et/ou de mélaminé avaient des dommages à l'ADN significativement plus élevés que les deux travailleurs exposés à la poussière de bois naturel (sapin, épicéa, hêtre, chêne) et que les travailleurs du groupe témoin (p <.01). Enfin, la fréquence des MN dans les cellules nasales et buccales augmentent avec les années d'exposition aux poussières de bois. Par contre, il n'y a pas de relation dose-réponse concernant la génotoxicité due à l'exposition journalière à la poussière et aux HAP. Cette étude montre qu'une exposition aux HAP eu bien lieu lors des opérations de travail du bois. Les travailleurs exposés aux poussières de bois, et donc aux HAP, courent un risque plus élevé (génotoxicité) par rapport au groupe témoin. Étant donné que certains des HAP détectés sont reconnus potentiellement cancérogènes, il est envisageable que les HAP générés au cours du travail sur les matériaux de bois sont un des agents responsables de la génotoxicité de la poussière de bois et du risque élevé de SNC observé chez les travailleurs du secteur. Etant donné la corrélation entre augmentation de la fréquence des MN, le test des micronoyaux dans les cellules nasales et buccales constitue sans conteste un futur outil pour la biosurveillance et pour la détection précoce du risque de SNC chez les travailleurs. - Exposures to wood dust have been associated with an elevated risk of adenocarcinomas of the Dasal cavity and the paranasal sinuses (sinonasal cancer or SNC) among wood workers. Wood dust is recognized as a human carcinogen by the International Agency for Research on Cancer. However, the specific cancer causative agent(s) and the mechanism(s) behind wood dust related carcinogenesis remains unknown. One possible explanation is a co-exposure to wood dust and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), the latter being carcinogenic. In addition, wood workers are not only exposed to natural wood but also to wood finishes and composite woods such as wood melamine and medium density fiber (MDF) boards during the manipulation with power tools. The heat produced by the use of power tools can cause the generation of PAH from wood materials. The main objectives of the present thesis are to: (1) quantify possible PAH concentrations in wood dust generated during various common woodworking operations using different wood materials; (2) quantify personal wood dust concentrations and PAH exposures among wood workers; and (3) assess genotoxic effects (i.e., DNA and chromosomal damage) of wood dust and PAH exposure in wood workers. This thesis is composed by a laboratory study (objective 1) and a field study (objectives 2 and 3). In the laboratory study we collected wood dust from different wood materials (fir, MDF, beech, mahagany, oak, and wood melamine) generated during different wood operations (e.g., sanding and sawing) in an experimental chamber under controlled conditions. In the following field study, we monitored 31 male wood workers (furniture and construction workers) exposed to wood dust during their professional activity for two consecutive work shifts. Additionally, we recruited 19 non exposed workers as a control group. We collected from each participant blood samples, and nasal and buccal cell samples. They answered a questionnaire including demographic and life-style data and occupational exposure (current and past). Personal wood dust samples were collected using a closed-face cassette. We used gravimetrie analysis to determine the personal wood dust concentrations and capillary gas chromatography - mass spectrometry analysis to determine PAH concentrations. Genotoxicity was assessed with the micronucleus (MN) assay for nasal and buccal cells and with the comet assay for blood samples. Our results show that PAH (some of them carcinogenic) were present in dust from all six wood materials tested, yet at different concentrations depending on the material. The highest concentration was found in dust from wood melamine (7.95 ppm) and the lowest in MDF (0.24 ppm). Our results also show that workers were individually exposed to low concentrations of PAHs (37.5-119.8 ng m"3) during wood working operations, whereas the concentrations of inhalable dust were relatively high (geometric mean 2.8 mg m"3). Concerning the genotoxicity, wood workers had a significantly higher MN frequency in nasal and buccal cells than the workers in the control group (odds ratio for nasal cells 3.1 (95%CI 1.8-5.1) and buccal cells 1.8 (95%CI 1.3-2.4)). Furthermore, the comet assay showed that workers who reported to be exposed to dust from wooden boards (MDF and wood melamine) had significantly higher DNA damage than both the workers exposed to natural woods (fir, spruce, beech, oak) and the workers in the control group (p < 0.01). Finally, MN frequency in nasal and buccal cells increased with increasing years of exposure to wood dust. However, there was no genotoxic dose-response relationship with the per present day wood dust and PAH exposure. This study shows that PAH exposure occurred during wood working operations. Workers exposed to wood dust, and thus to PAH, had a higher risk for genotoxicity compared to the control group. Since some of the detected PAH are potentially carcinogenic, PAH generated from operations on wood materials may be one of the causative agents for the observed increased genotoxicity in wood workers. Since increased genotoxicity is manifested in an increased MN frequency, the MN assay in nasal and buccal cells may become a relevant biomonitoring tool in the future for early detection of SNC risk.

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The chemical and isotopic composition of fumarolic gases emitted from Nisyros Volcano, Greece, and of a single gas sample from Vesuvio, Italy, was investigated in order to determine the origin of methane (CH,) within two subduction-related magmatic-hydrothermal environments. Apparent temperatures derived from carbon isotope partitioning between CH4 and CO2 of around 340degreesC for Nisyros and 470degreesC for Vesuvio correlate well with aquifer temperatures as measured directly and/or inferred from compositional data using the H2O-H-2-CO2-CO-CH4 geothermometer. Thermodynamic modeling reveals chemical equilibrium between CH4, CO2 and H2O implying that carbon isotope partitioning between CO2 and CH, in both systems is controlled by aquifer temperature. N-2/(3) He and CH4/(3) He ratios of Nisyros fumarolic gases are unusually low for subduction zone gases and correspond to those of midoceanic ridge environments. Accordingly, CH4 may have been primarily generated through the reduction of CO, by H, in the absence of any organic matter following a Fischer-Tropsch-type reaction. However, primary occurrence of minor amounts of thermogenic CH4 and subsequent re-equilibration with co-existing CO2 cannot be ruled out entirely- CO2/He-3 ratios and delta(13)C(CO2) values imply that the evolved CO2 either derives from a metasomatized mantle or is a mixture between two components, one outgassing from an unaltered mantle and the other released by thermal breakdown of marine carbonates. The latter may contain traces of organic matter possibly decomposing to CH4 during thermometamorphism. Copyright (C) 2004 Elsevier Ltd.

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The objective of this work was to evaluate gas exchange rates, plant height, yield components, and productivity of upland rice, as affected by type and application time of plant growth regulators. A randomized block design, in a 4x2 factorial arrangement, with four replicates was used. Treatments consisted of three growth regulators (mepiquat chloride, trinexapac-ethyl, and paclobutrazol), besides a control treatment applied at two different phenological stages: early tillering or panicle primordial differentiation. The experiment was performed under sprinkler-irrigated field conditions. Net CO2 assimilation, stomatal conductance, plant transpiration, and water-use efficiency were measured four times in Primavera upland rice cultivar, between booting and milky grain phenophases. Gas exchange rates were neither influenced by growth regulators nor by application time. There was, however, interaction between these factors on the other variables. Application of trinexapac-ethyl at both tillering and differentiation stages reduced plant height and negatively affected yield components and rice productivity. However, paclobutrazol and mepiquat chloride applied at tillering, reduced plant height without affecting rice yield. Mepiquat chloride acted as a growth stimulator when applied at the differentiation stage, and significantly increased plant height, panicle number, and grain yield of upland rice.

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The objective of this work was to assess the regulatory effects of auxin-priming on gas exchange and hormonal homeostasis in spring wheat subjected to saline conditions. Seeds of MH-97 (salt-intolerant) and Inqlab-91 (salt-tolerant) cultivars were subjected to 11 priming treatments (three hormones x three concentrations + two controls) and evaluated under saline (15 dS m-1) and nonsaline (2.84 dS m-1) conditions. The priming treatments consisted of: 5.71, 8.56, and 11.42 × 10-4 mol L-1 indoleacetic acid; 4.92, 7.38, and 9.84 × 10-4 mol L-1 indolebutyric acid; 4.89, 7.34, and 9.79 × 10-4 mol L-1 tryptophan; and a control with hydroprimed seeds. A negative control with nonprimed seeds was also evaluated. All priming agents diminished the effects of salinity on endogenous abscisic acid concentration in the salt-intolerant cultivar. Grain yield was positively correlated with net CO2 assimilation rate and endogenous indoleacetic acid concentration, and it was negatively correlated with abscisic acid and free polyamine concentrations. In general, the priming treatment with tryptophan at 4.89 × 10-4 mol L-1 was the most effective in minimizing yield losses and reductions in net CO2 assimilation rate, under salt stress conditions. Hormonal homeostasis increases net CO2 assimilation rate and confers tolerance to salinity on spring wheat.

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Hitsaavassa teollisuudessa kilpailukyvyn säilyttäminen ja mahdollinen parantaminen edellyttää hitsauksen tehokkuuden nostoa. Laserhitsauksen nopeus, tarkkuus, tasainen laatu ja aikaansaatava syvä tunkeuma ovatkin vakiinnuttaneet menetelmän vankan aseman tehokkaana valmistusmenetelmänä. Sähkön ja heliumin hinnan nousu ovat pakottaneet teollisuuden miettimään entistä tehokkaampien ja ympäristöystävällisempien laserlähteiden hankkimista. Kuitulaserin korkea hyötysuhde, hyvä säteenlaatu, suuri teho ja matalat käyttökustannukset ovat herättäneet kiinnostusta laserhitsaavassa teollisuudessa. Diplomityössä keskityttiin kuitulaserhitsauksen soveltamiseen. Työn tavoitteena oli parantaa kuitulaserhitsausmenetelmän ymmärrystä ja saada käsitys siitä, miten valitaan hitsausparametrien arvot, ja soveltuuko kuitulaser teolliseen tuotantoon. Tutkimuksessa pyrittiin löytämään peruskokeilla optimaaliset hitsausparametrit, joilla syntyy hyvin tunkeutunut, vähän huokosia sisältävä, ja ulkoisesti laadukas hitsi, sekä optimaalinen hitsin tunkeumaprofiili. Lopuksi hitsausparametreja testattiin tuotteen hitsauksessa. Kuitulaser soveltuu erinomaisesti hiiliteräksen hitsaukseen ja hyvin erikoislujien terästen hitsaukseen, kun teräksen hiili- ja rikkipitoisuudet ovat matalia. Sillä on laaja parametrialue. Yleisimmät hitsausvirheet ovat vajaa hitsautumissyvyys ja huokoset. Tässä diplomityössä keskityttiin etsimään yhdelle valmistettavalle tuotteelle optimaaliset kuitulaserhitsausparametrit. Kuitulaserin laser- ja prosessiparametrien vaikutusta hitsiin ei ole juurikaan tutkittu. Diplomityön kokeiden perusteella olisi hyvä tehdä eri materiaalien jatkotutkimusta railonvalmistuksen, kuten liitoksen oksidikerroksen ja ilmaraon sekä suojakaasun, vaikutuksesta hitsiin. Kuitulaserin hyvä säteenlaatu ja muut laser-parametrit ovat tuoneet mukanaan prosessiin uusia ilmiöitä, joita on syytä tutkia lisää.

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The rotational speed of high-speed electric machines is over 15 000 rpm. These machines are compact in size when compared to the power rate. As a consequence, the heat fluxes are at a high level and the adequacy of cooling becomes an important design criterion. In the high-speed machines, the air gap between the stator and rotor is a narrow flow channel. The cooling air is produced with a fan and the flow is then directed to the air gap. The flow in the gap does not provide sufficient cooling for the stator end windings, and therefore additional cooling is required. This study investigates the heat transfer and flow fields around the coil end windings when cooling jets are used. As a result, an innovative and new assembly is introduced for the cooling jets, with the benefits of a reduced amount of hot spots, a lower pressure drop, and hence a lower power need for the cooling fan. The gained information can also be applied to improve the cooling of electric machines through geometry modifications. The objective of the research is to determine the locations of the hot spots and to find out induced pressure losses with different jet alternatives. Several possibilities to arrange the extra cooling are considered. In the suggested approach cooling is provided by using a row of air jets. The air jets have three main tasks: to cool the coils effectively by direct impingement jets, to increase and cool down the flow that enters the coil end space through the air gap, and to ensure the correct distribution of the flow by forming an air curtain with additional jets. One important aim of this study is the arrangement of cooling jets in such manner that hot spots can be avoided to wide extent. This enables higher power density in high-speed motors. This cooling system can also be applied to the ordinary electric machines when efficient cooling is needed. The numerical calculations have been performed using a commercial Computational Fluid Dynamics software. Two geometries have been generated: cylindrical for the studied machine and Cartesian for the experimental model. The main parameters include the positions, arrangements and number of jets, the jet diameters, and the jet velocities. The investigated cases have been tested with two widely used turbulence models and using a computational grid of over 500 000 cells. The experimental tests have been made by using a simplified model for the end winding space with cooling jets. In the experiments, an emphasis has been given to flow visualisation. The computational analysis shows good agreement with the experimental results. Modelling of the cooling jet arrangement enables also a better understanding of the complex system of heat transfer at end winding space.

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Työn tarkoituksena oli vertailla kahta kaupallista prosessiuunisimulointiohjelmaa sekä selvittää onko toinen ohjelma soveltuva Neste Jacobs Oy:n käyttöön. Tavoitteena oli selvittää ohjelmien ominaisuuksien eroja ja rajoitteita sekä tuloksien yhdenmukaisuutta. Kirjallisuusosassa perehdyttiin prosessiuunien toimintaperiaatteisiin, yleisiin mitoitusperiaatteisiin ja säteilylämmönsiirron perusteisiin. Kirjallisuusosassa käsiteltiin myös prosessiuunien polttimien toimintaa ja NOx-päästöjä vähentäviä polttotekniikoita. Molemmilla laskentaohjelmilla laadittiin kuumaöljy- ja tyhjöuuni, joiden tuloksia vertailtiin tärkeimpien prosessiarvojen perusteella ja toisen ohjelman osalta myös laitevalmistajan ilmoittamiin arvoihin. Tällä ohjelmalla tutkittiin tyhjöuunin höyrynruiskutuksen ja koksaantumisen vaikutuksia prosessiin sekä säteilyosan leveyden muutoksen vaikutusta säteilylämmönsiirtoon. Ohjelmien ominaisuuksien keskeisimmät erot liittyivät kaksifaasivirtauksen laskentaan, prosessiaineen massavirran rajoituksiin, ilman esilämmittimen käyttöön ja laskentamallien paineen kontrollointiin. Tulokset erosivat savukaasun ja tuubien lämpötilojen ja painehäviön laskennassa. Tuloksien ja ominaisuuksien perusteella toisen ohjelman ei todettu olevan täysin soveltuva Neste Jacobs Oy:n käyttöön.

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The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of growth regulators on gas diffusion and on metabolism of 'Brookfield' apple, and to determine their correlation with quality characteristics of fruit stored in controlled atmosphere. A completely randomized design was used with four replicates. After eight months of storage, the effects of water (control), aminoethoxyvinylglycine (AVG), AVG + ethephon, AVG + naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA), ethephon + NAA, sole NAA, 1-MCP, ethylene absorption by potassium permanganate (ABS), AVG + ABS, and of AVG + 1-MCP - applied at different rates and periods - were evaluated on: gas diffusion rate, ethylene production, respiratory rate, internal ethylene concentration, internal CO2 content, mealiness, and intercellular space. Fruit from the control and sole NAA treatments had the highest mealiness occurrence. Growth regulators significantly changed the gaseous diffusion through the pulp of 'Brookfield' apple, mainly in the treatment AVG + ABS, which kept the highest gas diffusion rate. NAA spraying in the field, with or without another growth regulator, increased ripening metabolism by rising ethylene production and respiration rate, and reduced gas diffusion during shelf life. AVG spraying cannot avoid the ethephon effect during the ripening process, and reduces both the internal space and mealiness incidence, but it is not able to induce ethylene production or to increase respiration rates.

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Työn tavoitteena oli kehittää automaattinen optimointijärjestelmä energiayhtiön omistamaan pieneen sähkön- ja lämmöntuotantolaitokseen (CHP-laitos). Optimointitarve perustuu energiayhtiön sähkön hankintaan sähköpörssistä, kaasun hankintahintaan, kohteen paikallisiin sähkö- ja lämpökuormituksiin ja muihin laitoksen talouteen vaikuttaviin tekijöihin. Kehitettävällä optimointijärjestelmällä ontarkoitus tulevaisuudessa hallita useita hajautetun energiantuotannon yksiköitäkeskitetysti. Työssä kehitettiin algoritmi, joka optimoi voimalaitoksen taloutta sähkötehoa säätävillä ajomalleilla ja suoralla sähköteho-ohjeella. Työssä kehitetyn algoritmin tuottamia hyötyjä selvitettiin Harjun oppimiskeskuksen CHP-laitoksen mittaushistoriatiedoilla. CHP-laitosten käytön optimointiin luotiin keskitettyyn laskentaan ja hajautettuun ohjaukseen perustuva järjestelmä. Se ohjaa CHP-laitoksia reaaliaikaisesti ja ennustaa historiatietoihin perustuvalla aikasarjamallilla laitoksen tulevaa käyttöä. Optimointijärjestelmän toimivuus ja saatu hyöty selvitettiin Harjun oppimiskeskuksen CHP-laitoksella vertaamalla mittauksista laskettua toteutunutta hyötyä optimointijärjestelmän laskemaan ennustettuun hyötyyn.

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Tämän diplomityön tavoitteena on kartoittaa Vaahto Oy:n Hollolan tehtaan energiankulutus ja energiansäästökohteet. Ensin tutkittiin tehtaan energiankulutus ja energiankulutuksen jakautuminen. Tutkimuksessa käytettiin saatavilla olevia kulutustietoja, luettiin konekirjoja sekä haastateltiin tehtaan työntekijöitä. Lisäksi tehdashallien lämmityslaitteiden hyötysuhteet mitattiin. Tutkimuksen päätavoite oli selvittää, miksi tehtaan lämmitysenergiankulutus on kasvanut ja kannattaisiko rakennusten lämmittämiseen käyttää vaihtoehtoista lämmitysmuotoa öljylämmitykselle. Potentiaalisista energiansäästökohteista tehtiin investointilaskelmat ja toimenpide-ehdotukset. Kannattaviksi toimenpiteiksi tutkimuksessa todettiin: lämmityspolttoaineen vaihtaminen maakaasuun, nosto-ovien hankkiminen, paineilmaverkon huolto, paineilmakompressorin lämmöntalteenotto, tehdastilojen sisälämpötilan tarkastus ja työnjohtotilojen ilmanvaihdon käyntiaikojen muutos. Toimenpiteillä arvioidaan vuotuisten energiakustannusten pienenevän noin 34 000 euroa. Toimenpiteiden toteuttamisen arvioidaan maksavan 135 000 ¤, mistä lämmitysjärjestelmän vaihdon osuus on 100 000 ¤.