Seletividade de herbicidas aplicados em pré-emergência em gramíneas forrageiras

O presente trabalho teve o objetivo de avaliar a seletividade de herbicidas aplicados em pré-emergência sobre a produção e a qualidade de sementes de Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu e Brachiaria decumbens cv. Basilisk. Os herbicidas avaliados foram: diuron (800 e 1.600 g ha-1), ametryn (625 e 1.250 g ha-1), imazaquin (75 e 150 g ha-1), imazethapyr (50 e 100 g ha-1) e flumetsulam (70 e 140 g ha-1), além de uma testemunha sem aplicação de herbicidas. As espécies foram avaliadas separadamente no campo. Os experimentos foram instalados no delineamento em blocos casualizados com quatro repetições. Os herbicidas ametryn (625 g ha-1), imazaquin (75 e 150 g ha-1), imazethapyr (50 e 100 g ha-1) e flumetsulam (70 e 140 g ha-1) foram os que proporcionaram maior seletividade às plantas de B. brizantha, enquanto para B. decumbens o diuron (800 e 1.600 g ha-1), o ametryn (625 e 1.250 g ha-1) e o imazethapyr (50 e 100 g ha-1) foram mais seletivos, destacando-se o diuron na menor dose. Contudo, os herbicidas avaliados não alteram a produção e a qualidade das sementes das forrageiras estudadas.

Utilização de gonadotrofina coriônica humana e cipionato de estradiol associado ao dispositivo de liberação controlada de drogas para sincronização de ovulação em cabras da raça Saanen

Dezesseis cabras nulíparas da raça Saanen foram distribuídas em dois grupos de tratamentos (T1 e T2) para sincronização da ovulação. Inicialmente, ambos os tratamento consistiram na aplicação concomitante do dispositivo de liberação controlada de drogas (CIDR-G®), de 5mg de dinoprost e de 1mg de cipionato de estradiol (CE) (dia 0). No quarto dia aplicaram-se 250UI de eCG e no quinto dia retirou-se o CIDR-G®. As cabras do T1 (n=8) receberam 1mg de CE 24 horas depois da retirada do CIDR-G® e as do T2 (n=8) receberam 250UI de hCG 30 horas após. Sete cabras do T1 e oito do T2 entraram em estro depois da retirada do CIDR-G®. Cabras que receberam hCG permaneceram em estro por 42,0± 6,9 horas e as que receberam CE por 45,0± 5,5 horas (P>0,05). As características ovulatórias não foram influenciadas pelos tratamentos. O intervalo da retirada do CIDR-G® à ovulação para ambos os protocolos de sincronização da ovulação não diferiu (P>0,05) entre tratamentos. As ovulações promovidas pelo CE ocorreram em menor intervalo de tempo.

Parâmetros genéticos da taxa de maturação e do peso assintótico de fêmeas da raça Nelore

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Avaliação da produção de bezerros em confinamento ou em suplementação exclusiva

Avaliou-se o desempenho de vacas e bezerros desmamados aos 90 (D90) e aos 210 (D210) dias, utilizando-se 36 vacas Beefalo-Nelore, multíparas e seus bezerros, em delineamento experimental de blocos ao acaso, com 18 repetições, sendo nove machos e nove fêmeas. Aos 90 dias pós-parto os bezerros foram pesados e distribuídos em dois tratamentos, adotando-se para a formação do bloco o peso e o sexo do bezerro. Os dois tratamentos foram creep-feeding (D210) e confinamento (D90). Os bezerros (D210) foram criados em pastagem de Brachiaria decumbens e B. humidicula com 48 hectares Os bezerros (D90) foram confinados em 7,95m²/animal e receberam capim elefante picado e concentrado. As médias de consumo de matéria seca do concentrado, do peso ao desmame e do ganho de peso foram 0,56 e 1,69kg/dia; 208,68 e 185,67kg; 0,75 e 0,52kg/dia, respectivamente, para bezerros D210 e D90. Matrizes D90 apresentaram maior peso (448,86kg) aos 210 dias pós-parto. Sugere-se a suplementação excluviva, ou creep-feeding, para desmame de bezerros mais pesados.

Influence of the substitution of Y2O3 for CeO2 on the mechanical and microstructural properties of silicon nitride

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Efeitos da frequência de fornecimento do volumoso e concentrado no comportamento ingestivo de vacas e novilhas em confinamento

Este estudo foi conduzido com o objetivo de avaliar a influência da frequência no fornecimento de volumoso e concentrado e/ou da categoria animal sobre o comportamento ingestivo de bovinos. Foram utilizadas 16 novilhas e 16 vacas com idade média inicial de 20 e 66 meses e peso médio inicial de 338 e 432 kg, respectivamente. Os tratamentos foram representados pelas frequências de fornecimento do volumoso e do concentrado: 2 V/C - volumoso e concentrado duas vezes ao dia; 1 V/C - volumoso e concentrado uma vez ao dia; 1 V/2 C - volumoso uma vez ao dia e concentrado duas vezes ao dia; 1 V/3 C - volumoso uma vez ao dia e concentrado três vezes ao dia, ofertadas às categorias vacas e novilhas. A dieta foi composta de 60% de silagem de milho e 40% de concentrado com base na matéria seca (MS). O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado em arranjo fatorial 4 × 2 (frequências × categorias). Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância e as médias, comparadas pelo teste t. A interação frequência de fornecimento e categoria animal foi significativa para as características tempo de ruminação e ócio, eficiência de ruminação da matéria seca e da fibra detergente neutro, número de bolos diário e tempo diário de mastigação. em relação às vacas, as novilhas apresentaram maiores tempos de ócio e mastigação quando receberam a alimentação uma vez ao dia. A frequência de fornecimento da dieta não influenciou o tempo de consumo. As vacas apresentaram maior tempo consumindo alimento e taxa de ingestão em comparação às novilhas (4,38 vs 4,09 horas e 2,91 vs 2,35 kg de MS/hora de consumo, respectivamente). O aumento na frequência da alimentação estimula os animais a maior ingestão de alimento no momento do fornecimento.

Thermally activated dynamics in La2CuO4+delta: tilts of the CuO6 octahedra and interstitial O

An intense peak of the elastic energy loss versus temperature is found in La2CuO4 at 150 K (in the LTO phase), at a vibration frequency of similar to 280 Hz. From the dependence of the dissipation curve on frequency it is deduced that the relaxation rate has an activation enthalpy of 0.23 eV. The peak is ascribed to a thermally activated dynamics of the tilts of the CuO6 octahedra which form the La2CuO4 lattice, a fraction of which are supposed to be able to switch between energetically equivalent configurations. The peak is suppressed by interstitial O; this is explained by supposing that each interstitial atom can block several octahedra into a configuration that can accommodate the distortion due to its presence. Increasing the content of excess O, two new thermally activated processes develop, attributed to the hopping of interstitial O atoms which are isolated and which are paired or otherwise aggregated. The activation enthalpy for the diffusion of O at low values of 6 is 0.48 eV.

Surface effects on vortex dynamics in thin type-II superconducting stripes with random pinning

We analyze the dynamics of a driven vortex lattice moving in a thin Superconducting stripe. The two dimensional stripe is assumed to be finite in the longitudinal direction, where we take into account the Surface effects, and infinite in the transversal direction. The numerical simulations are performed using the Langevin dynamics, including the vortex-vortex interaction, interaction of vortices with the surface current, vortex images, transport current and randomly distributed pinning centers. We show results for the differential resistivity and the vortex trajectories as a function of the external force. (C) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Oxygen mobility and structural phase transformation in Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8+delta measured by anelastic spectroscopy

One of the most studied ceramic superconductors for application has been, undoubtedly, Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8+delta. Although being a multiphasic material, it has proved to have great advantages compared to other ceramic systems. Measurements of the elastic energy loss and modulus (anelastic spectroscopy) as a function of temperature call distinguish among different atomic jumps that occur inside the various phases or at different local ordering. In this paper, mechanical loss spectra of Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8+delta bar shaped samples, made by a conventional method, have been measured between 80 and 600 K, using a torsion pendulum operating in frequencies below 50 Hz, for samples annealed in vacuum up to 600 K. Possible relaxation mechanisms are proposed to explain the origin of the mechanical-loss peaks observed 300 and 500 K. (C) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

ZnO varistors from intensively milled powders

Two ways of application of intensive milling in ZnO varistors processing were compared. First was intensive milling of mixture of previously prepared constituent phases. In this case, intensive milling was applied only to obtain highly activated nanocrystalline varistor powder mixtures. Second application is intensive milling of simple mixture of oxides that could result not only in activation and formation of nanocrystal line powders, but also in mechanochernical reaction and synthesis of constituent phases. Powders and ceramics samples were characterized by XRD and SEM analysis. as well as by de electrical measurements (nonlinearity coefficients, leakage current and breakdown field). Differences in microstructural and electrical properties of obtained varistors were discussed and optimal milling and processing conditions were recommended. The best electrical characteristics were found in sample ZI -DMCP-m, which exhibited leakage current of 2.5 mu A/cm(2), nonlinear coefficient reaching 58 and breakdown field of 8950 V/cm. (c) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Addition of Ca-compounds nanoparticles in melt-textured Bi : 2212

Superconducting BSCCO samples made by melt-texturing process were prepared with the addition of calcium zirconate and calcium silicate nanoparticles. Bi:2212 melt-textured composites prepared with I wt.% of either addition showed different behavior for the critical current density as a function of the applied field, indicating that for each additional compound the improvement can be associated to different enhancement mechanisms, such as the creation of pinning centers and the increase on the connectivity of the grains. The estimated pinning forces indicated higher values for the calcium compound containing samples. (c) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Photoluminescence at room temperature in amorphous SrTiO3 thin films obtained by chemical solution deposition

Intense photoluminescence in highly disordered strontium titanate amorphous thin films prepared by the polymeric precursor method was observed at room temperature (300 K). The luminescence spectra of SrTiO3 amorphous thin films at room temperature revealed an intense single-emission band in the visible region. X-ray absorption near edge structure was used to probe the local atomic structure of SrTiO3 amorphous and crystalline thin films. Photoluminescence intensity in the 535 nm range was found to be correlated with the presence of non-bridging oxygen defects. A discussion is presented of the nature of this photoluminescence, which may be related to the disordered structure in SrTiO3 amorphous thin films. (C) 2002 Elsevier B.V. B.V. All rights reserved.

Spin reversal and magnetization jumps in ErMexMn1-xO3 perovskites (Me = Ni, Co)

The erbium-based manganite ErMnO3 has been partially substituted at the manganese site by the transition-metal elements Ni and Co. The perovskite orthorhombic structure is found from x(Ni) = 0.2-0.5 in the nickel-based solid solution ErNixMn1-xO3, while it can be extended up to x(Co) = 0.7 in the case of cobalt, provided that the synthesis is performed under oxygenation conditions to favor the presence of Co3+. Presence of different magnetic entities (i.e., Er3+, Ni2+, Co2+, Co3+, Mn3+, and Mn4+) leads to quite unusual magnetic properties, characterized by the coexistence of antiferromagnetic and ferromagnetic interactions. In ErNixMn1-xO3, a critical concentration x(crit)(Ni) = 1/3 separates two regimes: spin-canted AF interactions predominate at x < x(crit), while the ferromagnetic behavior is enhanced for x > x(crit). Spin reversal phenomena are present both in the nickel- and cobalt-based compounds. A phenomenological model based on two interacting sublattices, coupled by an antiferromagnetic exchange interaction, explains the inversion of the overall magnetic moment at low temperatures. In this model, the ferromagnetic transition-metal lattice, which orders at T-c, creates a strong local field at the erbium site, polarizing the Er moments in a direction opposite to the applied field. At low temperatures, when the contribution of the paramagnetic erbium sublattice, which varies as T-1, gets larger than the ferromagnetic contribution, the total magnetic moment changes its sign, leading to an overall ferrimagnetic state. The half-substituted compound ErCo0.50Mn0.50O3 was studied in detail, since the magnetization loops present two well-identified anomalies: an intersection of the magnetization branches at low fields, and magnetization jumps at high fields. The influence of the oxidizing conditions was studied in other compositions close to the 50/50 = Mn/Co substitution rate. These anomalies are clearly connected to the spin inversion phenomena and to the simultaneous presence of Co2+ and Co3+ magnetic moments. Dynamical aspects should be considered to well identify the high-field anomaly, since it depends on the magnetic field sweep rate. (C) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Topotatic-like phase transformation of amorphous lead titanate to cubic lead titanate

The crystallization process of lead titanate (PT) prepared using the polymeric precursor method was investigated using X-ray diffractometry, Raman spectroscopy, electron microscopy, and X-ray absorption spectroscopy techniques. The results showed that amorphous PT was formed by an O-Ti-O structure composed of fivefold and sixfold oxygen-coordinated titanium. The local structure of the amorphous PT phase was similar to that of the cubic PT phase, i.e., similar coordination number and similar bond lengths, leading to a topotactic-like transformation during the phase transformation from amorphous to cubic perovskite PT. Because of the low crystallization temperature, every transformation observed during the crystallization process was associated with a short-range rearrangement process.