Flebotomíneos (Diptera: Psychodidae) em um sistema agroflorestal da Região Metropolitana de Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brasil

Sandflies stand out as important vectors of leishmaniasis. The females need to ingest blood meals, enabling them to transmit protozoa of the genus Leishmania, which may give rise to visceral leishmaniasis (VL) or American tegumentary leishmaniasis (ATL), in addition to transmitting other parasites. Leishmaniasis are important infirmities, distributed worldwide, whose infection results from the interaction of reservoir animals, the vector insect, parasitic protozoa and the healthy host. In the state of Rio Grande do Norte (RN), Brazil, these insects are important transmitters of VL, which usually presents in the most serious form. It occurs mainly in metropolitan areas, with the dog as its main reservoir and Lutzomyia longipalpis as the vector. ATL is most present in the highland areas of the state. In addition to hematophagia, engaged in by the females, both sexes need to ingest carbohydrates, which are essential to the sand flies energy requirements and may interfere in the development of Leishmania. The aim of this study was to determine the occurrence and abundance of sand flies in different environments on the farm belonging to the Empresa de Pesquisas Agropecuárias do RN (Institute of Agricultural Research of RN), in the municipality of Parnamirim, in order to relate this occurrence with climatological and biological references and eating habits. Three consecutive monthly collections were carried out with CDC traps in a fragment of the Atlantic Forest, in a residence, on a goat breeding farm and on cashew, dwarf and giant coconut, mango, banana, eucalyptus, acacia and bean plantations. A total of 1241 sandflies from eight species (Lutzomyia evandroi, Lutzomyia longipalpis, Lutzomyia shannoni, Lutzomyia sordellii Lutzomyia walkeri, Lutzomyia wellcomei, Lutzomyia whitmani, and Lutzomyia intermedia) were collected, most in the forest environment. L. longipalpis, the main VL transmitter, was confirmed as a species adapted to anthropic environments, whereas others such as L. wellcomei, the vector of ATL, occurred predominantly in forests. Carbohydrate characterization of the sand flies and plants of the region demonstrated that a number of exotic plants such as hay and eucalyptus may play some role in the adaptation of these species to modified environments. Breeding in laboratory showed a mean biological cycle of 53.5 days from egg to adulthood for L. shannoni and the possibility of diapause behavior in L. wellcomei. This study serves as a source of information that may contribute to the epidemiological vigilance of tegumentary and visceral leishmaniasis in the state, given that it analyzes the bioecology of transmitting species, as well as their potential to adapt to new environments

Cadastramento fitossociológico de plantas daninhas na bananicultura

O objetivo deste experimento, realizado na cultura da banana (Musa spp.) no Vale do Ribeira, no município de Registro-SP, foi fazer um cadastramento fitossociológico das espécies de plantas daninhas sob duas formas de manejo do solo. A amostragem das espécies daninhas foi feita em duas áreas distintas de manejo, sendo uma com a cultura implantada em área de várzea drenada a 7 m de altitude e a outra com a bananicultura em área de sequeiro a 16 m de altitude. Na amostragem de um hectare, utilizou-se o método do quadrado inventário para cálculo de frequência, frequência relativa, densidade, densidade relativa, abundância, abundância relativa, índice de valor de importância e índice de importância relativa. em ambas as áreas foram identificadas 10 famílias, distribuídas em 18 gêneros e 21 espécies. Na área de várzea drenada, 38% das famílias identificadas são monocotiledôneas e 62% dicotiledôneas, num total de 15 espécies, distribuídas em nove famílias. Na área de cultivo em sistema de sequeiro, foram identificados 50% de famílias monocotiledôneas e 50% de dicotiledôneas, num total de 11 espécies, distribuídas em seis famílias. As famílias com maior representatividade foram Poaceae, com sete espécies, seguida de Asteraceae, com três. Com o estudo realizado, verificou-se ainda grande diversidade de espécies nas áreas selecionadas.

Resistência do solo à penetração e ao cisalhamento em diversos usos do solo em áreas de preservação permanente

The soil resistance to penetration and shear can be used as indicators of soil compaction and to indicate the susceptibility of a soil to erosion. The objective of this study was to quantify and compare the impact provided by different land uses in a haplic cambissol in areas of permanent preservation, from the soil resistance to penetration and shear. The experimental area was located in an area of permanent preservation, the sub-basin of the Ribeira Iguape River - SP, with different land uses: banana cultivation - CBAN, degraded pasture - PDEG, silvopastoral system - MPIS and native forest - MNAT. The test for resistance to penetration was accomplished with a digital penetrometer compaction of manual effort, to a depth of 40 cm. The soil shear strength was determined by Vane Test at a depth between 0 and 5 cm. The degraded pasture was similar to native forest, with less resistance to penetration. The banana cultivation and silvopastoral system were the land uses with the highest resistance to penetration, bringing serious risk of erosion in areas of permanent preservation. The soil under native forest had lower shear strength. The cultivation of bananas, degraded pasture and silvopastoral system were the land uses with higher shear strength of soil, indicating that the use of these soils in areas of permanent preservation is promoting the same compression.

Respostas fisiológicas em mudas de banananeira tratadas com estrobilurinas

There are reports that strobilurin besides having a fungicide effect can promote physiologic benefits to the plants. However, this effect on banana plants was not studied yet. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the effect of strobirulins on the physiology of banana plantlets. For this purpose, cultivar Grand Naine banana plantlets were transferred to pots containing substrate and kept in a nursery with 50% shading. The experimental design was a completely randomized design with three treatments (water, azoxystrobin and pyraclostrobin) and five replications. The treatments were applied at 15, 30, 45, 60 and 75 days after transplanting at a dose 100 g a. i. ha(-1) with manual spray. Plant height, pseudostem diameter, shoot dry matter in strobilurin treated plants were higher than the untreated plants, however, the effect of fungicide treatment was different, being the most pronounced effect of pyraclostrobin compared to azoxystrobin. Plants treated with pyraclostrobin had higher leaf area, nitrate reductase activity and chlorophyll content of leaf total nitrogen than the plants treated with azoxystrobin and water, which did not differ. Strobilurins affect the physiology of the banana plantlets differently, the effect being more pronounced by pyraclostrobin.

Variação sazonal da concentração de nutrientes em folhas de bananeiras, no Vale do Ribeira-SP

The Vale do Ribeira, SP, main agricultural activity is the banana crop, which accounts for most of this fruit production in the State of São Paulo. The nutritional balance of the plant is one of the most important factors for the banana plant can complete the cycle and achieve high productivity. Aiming to evaluate the seasonal variation of leaf nutrient concentration in banana plants in Vale do Ribeira-SP, we used the results of 252 chemical analyses of plant tissue, collected from August 2009 to September 2010, in the 18 representative properties for the region, ten cultivated with subgroup Cavendish banana plant and eight of subgroup Prata banana plant. The largest variation between the macronutrient occurred for K and S, and among the micronutrients, especially for Fe and B. In some dates of evaluation, there was a higher leaf concentration of P, K, Ca and Zn, in subgroup Cavendish banana plants, while the subgroup Prata banana plants showed higher leaf concentration, especially of Mn, B and N. Climatic conditions, especially rain, influenced the leaf nutrient content, especially for K, N, S, B and Fe.

Camarão Litopenaeus vannamei: componentes de importância nutricional na carne e nos resíduos do beneficiamento

Farming of marine shrimp is growing worldwide and the Litopenaeus vannamei (L. vannamei) shrimp is the species most widely cultivated. Shrimp is an attractive food for its nutritional value and sensory aspects, being essential the maintenance of this attributes throughout storage, which takes place largely under freezing. The aim of this research was to evaluate quality characteristics of Litopenaeus vannamei shrimp, during freezing storage and to verify the effect of rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis) adding. Considering the reutilization of processing shrimp wastes, total carotenoids analysis were conducted in waste of Litopenaeus vannamei shrimp and in the flour obtained after dryer. Monthly physicochemical and sensorial analysis were carried out on shrimp stored at 28,3 ± 3,8ºC for 180 days. Samples were placed in polyethylene bags and were categorized as whole shrimp (WS), peeled shrimp (PS), and PS with 0,5% dehydrated rosemary (RS). TBARS, pH, total carotenoid and sensorial Quantitative Descriptive Analysis (QDA) were carried out. Carotenoid total analysis was conducted in fresh wastes and processed flour (0 day) and after 60, 120 and 180 days of frozen storage. After 180 days, RS had lower pH (p = 0.001) and TBARS (p = 0.001) values and higher carotenoids (p = 0.003), while WS showed higher carotenoid losses. Sensory analysis showed that WS were firmer although rancid taste and smell were perceived with greater intensity (p = 0.001). Rancid taste was detected in RS only at 120 days at significantly lower intensity (p = 0.001) than WS and PS. Fresh wastes had 42.74μg/g of total carotenoids and processed flour 98.51μg/g. After 180 days of frozen storage, total carotenoids were significantly lower than 0 day (p<0,05). The addition of rosemary can improve sensory quality of frozen shrimp and reduce nutritional losses during storage. Shrimp wastes and flour of L. vannamei shrimp showed considerable astaxanthin content however, during storage it was observed losses in this pigment

Farelo de canola em dietas para o pacu Piaractus mesopotamicus (Holmberg 1987): efeitos sobre o crescimento e a composição corporal

Avaliaram-se os efeitos da inclusão de farelo de canola em dietas de juvenis de pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus) sobre parâmetros de crescimento e composição corporal. Um total de 192 alevinos (9 a 15g) foram estocados em 24 tanques de cimento, de 100l de capacidade, durante 103 dias. O farelo de canola foi utilizado em quatro proporções: zero; 9,5%; 19% e 38% da dieta, com ou sem farinha de peixe (12%/dieta), totalizando oito tratamentos. A presença de farinha de peixe não afetou os parâmetros de crescimento avaliados. A inclusão de 38% de farelo de canola na dieta diminuiu o ganho de peso dos peixes, valores médios de 28,74g a 50,70g, e piorou a conversão alimentar aparente, de 1,66 para 2,85. A taxa de eficiência protéica também foi menor nos peixes alimentados com 38% de farelo de canola. As várias proporções de farelo de canola das dietas alteraram os teores de umidade, proteína bruta e lipídios dos peixes. A presença da farinha de peixe, nas dietas, somente influiu no teor de lipídios dos peixes alimentados com dietas contendo 9,5% de farelo de canola. Conclui-se que até 19% de farelo de canola pode ser adicionado às dietas de juvenis de pacu, sem que seu desenvolvimento seja prejudicado.

Digestibilidade Aparente de Ingredientes pela Tilápia do Nilo (Oreochromis niloticus)

Avaliou-se a digestibilidade aparente do milho, amido de milho, milho extrusado, germe de milho, sorgo, farelo de trigo, farelo de arroz, glúten 21, glúten 60, farelo de soja, farelo de canola, farelo de algodão, farinha de peixe, farinha de carne, farinha de vísceras de aves, farinha de sangue e farinha de penas. Confeccionaram-se 18 rações, marcadas com 0,10% de óxido de crômio III, uma delas, basal purificada, e as demais, contendo os ingredientes. Os peixes, 100 juvenis com 100±10 g, foram alojados em cinco tanques-rede para facilitar o manejo de alimentação e a coleta de fezes e permaneceram, durante o dia, em cinco aquários (250 L) de alimentação, recebendo refeições à vontade das 8 às 17h30. Após, foram transferidos para cinco aquários (300 L) de coleta de fezes, onde permaneceram até a manhã do dia subseqüente. O coeficiente de digestibilidade aparente dos ingredientes foi calculado com base no teor de óxido crômio da ração e das fezes. Com base nos resultados, concluiu-se que, entre os ingredientes energéticos, o milho apresentou o melhor coeficiente de digestibilidade aparente, seguindo-se o milho extrusado, o farelo de trigo e o farelo de arroz; dos ingredientes protéicos - vegetal, o glúten 60 e o glúten 21, seguidos do farelo de canola, apresentou os melhores coeficientes e dos protéicos - animal, destacou-se a farinha de vísceras de aves, seguida da farinha de peixes, enquanto os piores coeficientes foram proporcionados pela farinha de penas e farinha de sangue.

Ant communities (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in an urban ecosystem near the Atlantic Rainforest

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Rastreabilidade de subprodutos de origem animal em dietas com levedura e trigo para frangos

O objetivo deste trabalho foi rastrear a inclussão de farinhas de origem animal em rações para frango de corte com ou sem levedura de cana-de-açúcar e farelo de trigo, por meio da análise do músculo peitoral das aves pelas técnicas dos isótopos estáveis de carbono e nitrogênio. Foram utilizados 210 pintos machos (Cobb), com um dia de idade, distribuídos aleatoriamente em sete tratamentos de 30 aves cada, tendo sido um tratamento controle (dieta vegetal) e seis com inclusão de farinha de carne e ossos bovina ou farinha de vísceras de aves na dieta, com ou sem levedura de cana-de-açúcar e farelo de trigo. Aos 42 dias de idade, foram abatidas quatro aves, por tratamento, escolhidas ao acaso, cujo músculo peitoral foi retirado para análise da razão isotópica. Os resultados obtidos foram submetidos à análise multivariada. Os tratamentos experimentais diferiram do tratamento controle, e foi identificada a inclusão de farinha de origem animal, pelas técnicas dos isótopos estáveis, mesmo com inclusão de levedura ou farelo de trigo na dieta.

Changes in physical properties of extruded sour cassava starch and quinoa flour blend snacks

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Fermentação alcoólica de substrato amiláceo e hidrolisado enriquecido com melaço de cana

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

O tempo das brincadeiras : memória, turismo e tradição em Barra do Camaratuba PB

Barra do Camaratuba belongs to Mataraca city, nearby the boarder between Paraíba and Rio Grande do Norte states. It was the chosen community to develop this research, objectifying to study the set of practical of the cultural manifestations and the implications of the local tourist activity, considering the cultural dynamics. We tried to reconstruct stories from the narratives of the oldest inhabitants, natives, among others that they had lived, some how, individual and collective experiences related to the popular tricks and the traditional parties, considering what they speak and imagine about their experiences and its culture. The Lapinha, the Pastoril, the viola s songs, the Balls of Concertina, the João Redondo, the Ox of Kings, the wheel of Coconut were common practical perceivable through the communitarian bonds. Among these manifestations, the only one that resisted for a longer time was the wheel coconut. The São Pedro s fest is another popular manifestation that appears on the current scene like the padroeiro party, while others cultural practical compose the spectacle s scenery. These questions cover many of the narratives of the interviewed ones in the interlaced thing between memory, tourism and tradition. Therefore, we tried to build our research from the memory, participant observation, orality, techniques of the life history, personal depositions, among others basic methods for the reconstruction of a collective memory . Speaking about the past of Barra do Camaratuba is to live again the parties, the blood relations, the terço , the work in the roçados , in the flour house, the fishing, the leisure and the habits of the daily life. In this community, there is the presence of conflicts of social and cultural order, caused for the hegemonic classes that sponsor the parties. In the padroeiro party we perceive that the mercantile logic has started, very recently, to transform the religious factor into an excuse to put into motion the local economy. This way, a community originated from artisan fishers and agriculturists, having the fishing practical as a way of subsistence and the tricks as a reference, they had started to compose a new social picture with the arrival of the others and with the presumption and recent tourist development. We perceive social, environmental and cultural impact transformations, exemplified by a non planned activity or a predatory tourism. The changes will always be pointed and compared with other passing in a sphere of relations lived by the natives, local players and fishers

Entre parentes :cotidiano, religiosidade e identidade na Serra de Portalegre/RN

Si les études sur les groupes noirs ruraux connaissent un essor dans l´Antropologie brésilienne contemporaine, au Nordeste, et spécialement au Rio Grande do Norte, ce genre de recherches restent rares. Ce travail a comme principal objectif de faire une description ethnographique des communautés du Pêga, do Arrojado e do Engenho Novo, dans la commune de Portalegre/RN, désignées comme des descendants africains et dont les membres se reconnaissent comme appartenant a une "grande famille". Ainsi, nous voulons analyser les processus d´élaboration d´une identité collective et comprendre le rôle des relations de parenté dans la vie cotidienne, festive et religieuse de Portalegre. En effet, nous pouvons observer que les "parents" développent des stratégies économiques et affirment leur alterité, reprennant des traits culturels et religieux qui leur sont propres pour se présenter comme un groupe doté d´une grande cohésion face a la société environnante. Nous utilisons la méthode ethnographique et la technique de l´observation participante, alliée à l´analyse des sources historiques primaires dans le but de décrire ces pratiques et stratégies. Nous pensons que la participation des membres du groupe à la production agricole, spécialement dans la confection de la farine de manioc, la construction des relations sociales au quotidien et l´organisation de la danse de São Gonçalo représentent autant d´occasions où la mémoire du groupe se fortifie, l´identité collective se cristallise et où la sociabilité se trouve consolidée. Nous analysons ces pratiques collectives et ces moments festifs comme des moyens de réaffirmation d´une identité locale centrée sur les relations de parenté

Digestão total e parcial de alguns componentes de dietas contendo diferentes níveis de casca de soja e Fontes de nitrogênio, em bovinos

Este experimento foi realizado para avaliar o efeito de dois níveis de casca de soja (CS) e de três fontes de nitrogênio sobre a digestão total e parcial aparentes no rúmen e nos intestinos. Seis novilhos Holandês x Zebu com idade média de 12 meses e 229 kg de PV foram fistulados no rúmen e no abomaso e distribuídos em quadrado latino 6x6 e alimentados individualmente ad libitum. O consumo e as digestibilidades totais e parciais dos nutrientes foram avaliados. Não houve efeito da fonte de proteína sobre o consumo, quantidades de matéria seca (MS), matéria orgânica (MO), proteína bruta (PB), fibra em detergente neutro (FDN) e da fibra em detergente ácido (FDA) no rúmen, no abomaso e nas fezes e sobre os coeficientes de digestibilidades destes componentes. O aumento, porém, do nível de casca de soja elevou os coeficientes de digestibilidade de todos os componentes estudados nos locais do trato digestivo, com exceção nos intestinos, onde o nível de casca de soja não afetou a digestão da PB, FDN e da FDA. Os resultados indicam que a casca de soja pode substituir tanto o milho como, parcialmente, a fração volumosa nas rações de ruminantes. A farinha de subproduto avícola e a amiréia podem substituir o farelo de soja nas rações de bovinos sem reflexos negativos sobre a digestão de seus componentes nutritivos.