Testing the externalities hypothesis of endogenous growth using cointegration

The initial endogenous growth models emphasized the importance of externaI effects in explaining sustainable growth across time. Empirically, this hypothesis can be confirmed if the coefficient of physical capital per hour is unity in the aggregate production function. Although cross-section results concur with theory, previous estimates using time series data rejected this hypothesis, showing a small coefficient far from unity. It seems that the problem lies not with the theory but with the techniques employed, which are unable to capture low frequency movements in high frequency data. This paper uses cointegration - a technique designed to capture the existence of long-run relationships in multivariate time series - to test the externalities hypothesis of endogenous growth. The results confirm the theory' and conform to previous cross-section estimates. We show that there is long-run proportionality between output per hour and a measure of capital per hour. U sing this result, we confmn the hypothesis that the implied Solow residual can be explained by government expenditures on infra-structure, which suggests a supply side role for government affecting productivity and a decrease on the extent that the Solow residual explains the variation of output.

A demanda de reservas bancárias no Brasil

Este trabalho tem como objetivo testar a hipótese de que a demanda de reservas bancárias no Brasil, entre períodos de movimentação, independe da taxa SELIC de juros do mercado interbancário. A evidência empírica é baseada em dados das contas de reservas bancárias dos dois grupos em que os bancos são divididos para fins de depósito compulsório no Brasil.

Efeitos de crescimento e bem-estar da Lei de parceria público-privada no Brasil

Este artigo utiliza um modelo din‚mico de equilÌbrio geral para investigar os impactos de crescimento econÙmico e bem estar associados ‡ polÌtica de parceria p˙blico-privada (PPP) no Brasil. Assume-se uma economia com capital privado e infra-estrutura p˙blica e privada e um governo que, alÈm de investir, arrecada impostos, recebe renda de seus serviÁos e transfere renda para os indivÌduos. O modelo È calibrado para a economia brasileira utilizando metodologia padr„o e buscando reproduzir os mecanismos da Lei 11.079, de dezembro de 2004, que criou a PPP no Brasil. As simulaÁıes indicam que o impacto potencial da Lei das PPPs sobre o crescimento e o bem estar È pouco signiÖcativo. No longo prazo, no melhor dos cen·rios, o produto estaria somente 5% acima de sua tendÍncia atual. Se associada a uma polÌtica de investimento p˙blico Önanciado com reduÁ„o de gastos correntes, o impacto poderia ser muito mais relevante. Entretanto, a reduÁ„o tempor·ria das transferÍncias - que Öcariam, na melhor das hipóteses, atÈ 18 anos abaixo da tendÍncia atual - conÖgura-se como um sÈrio impedimento polÌtico para este tipo de polÌtica.

Capital structure choice of foreign subsidiaries: evidence from multinationals in Brazil

Is the capital structure choice of a foreign subsidiary different from the choice of a comparable company controlled by nationals? If so, what are the differences? In this paper we shed some light on these questions by looking at a sample of foreign subsidiaries in Brazil over the period 1985 to 1994. We find that the foreign subsidiaries in our sample are more levered than their Brazilian counterparts. This difference, however, has declined over time. The evidence is consistent with the hypothesis that foreign subsidiaries increase leverage as a hedge against an expropriation of assets in a nationalization process.

Indicadores coincidentes de atividade econômica e uma cronologia de recessões para o Brasil

Esse trabalho discute 3 índices alternativos de atividade econômica para o Brasil e, a partir dos mesmos, busca estabelecer uma cronologia de recessões para o passado recente da economia brasileira. Isso é feito incorporando à nossa pesquisa parte da experiência americana de quase um século de pesquisas sobre ciclos de negócios - da NBER e do TeB. Decidiu-se considerar aqui uma gama de possíveis indicadores coincidentes e antecedentes - uns baseados em métodos heurísticos e outros baseados em sofisticadas técnicas estatístico-econométricas - de forma a poder comparar seus resultados vis-à-vis a nossa pouca experiência de cronologia de recessões. Além disso, houve um grande esforço de construção de séries coincidentes à atividade econômica, pois nem todas estavam disponíveis na abrangência e extensão necessárias. A partir dos resultados de uma bateria de testes estatísticos, e também levando em conta a simplicidade de cálculo, concluímos por sugerir que o índice brasileiro deva seguir a metodologia do TeE.

Abstract types and distributions in independent private value auctions

In this note, in an independent private values auction framework, I discuss the relationship between the set of types and the distribution of types. I show that any set of types, finite dimensional or not, can be extended to a larger set of types preserving incentive compatibility constraints, expected revenue and bidder’s expected utilities. Thus for example we may convexify a set of types making our model amenable to the large body of theory in economics and mathematics that relies on convexity assumptions. An interesting application of this extension procedure is to show that although revenue equivalence is not valid in general if the set of types is not convex these mechanism have underlying distinct allocation mechanism in the extension. Thus we recover in these situations the revenue equivalence.

City sizes and industry concentration

In a general equilibrium model of trade under transportation costs between two cities we show how the relative population sizes are simultaneously detemined with the degree of geographic concentration of industries characterized by different elasticities of scale of production. The effect on city size of the presence of nontraded goods is also analyzed.

Output convergence in Mercosur: multivariate time series evidence

The aim of this paper is to provide evidence on output convergence among the Mercosur countries and associates, using multivariate time-series tests. The methodology is based on a combination of tests and estimation procedures, both univariate and multivariate, applied to the differences in per capita real income. We use the definitions of time-series convergence proposed by Bernard & Durlauf and apply unit root and tests proposed by Abuaf & Jorion and Taylor & Sarno. In this same multivariate context, the Flôres, Preumont & Szafarz and Breuer, MbNown & Wallace tests, which allow for the existence of correlations across the series without imposing a common speed of mean reversion, identify the countries that convergence. Concerning the empirical results, there is evidence of long-run convergence or, at least, catching up, for the smaller countries, Bolivia, Paraguay, Peru and Uruguay, towards Brazil and, to some extent, Argentina. In contrast, the evidence on convergence for the larger countries is weaker, as they have followed different (or rather opposing) macroeconomic policy strategies. Thus the future of the whole area will critically depend on the ability of Brazil, Argentina and Chile to find some scope for more cooperative policy actions.

Inflationary bias and state owned financial institutions

This article explains why the existence of state owned financial institutions makes it more difficult for a country to balance its budget. We show that states can use their financiaI institutions to transfer their deficits to the federal govemment. As a result, there is a bias towards Iarge deficits and high inflation rates. Our model also predicts that state owned financiaI institutions should underperform the market, mainly because they concentrate their portfolios on non-performing loans to their own shareholders, that is, the states. Brazil and Argentina are two countries with a history of high inflation that confirm our predictions .