Desafíos y oportunidades de la capacidad del gobierno colombiano en la implementación de la política pública de gestión integral del riesgo (ley 1523 de 2012)

La geografía colombiana es fuente de un sinnúmero de recursos socio-económicos y naturales así como también de amenazas a la población, ya que es un territorio propenso a ciertos fenómenos que desencadenan desastres, como inundaciones, deslizamientos, sismos, etc. Sin embargo, el Estado tiene una inmensa responsabilidad en la mitigación del riesgo de desastres que sufre la ciudadanía, pero las instituciones no han tenido la fortaleza para implementar políticas públicas eficientes que eviten que el impacto de estos fenómenos sea mayor. La presente monografía es un estudio de las políticas públicas en materia de desastres implementadas por el Estado, tomando como base los postulados del neo-institucionalismo y la teoría de Levitsky y Murillo sobre la fortaleza de las instituciones, reflejando una baja estabilidad y fuerza de implementación.

Overcoming Gender Disadvantages. Social Policy Analysis of urban middle-class women in Colombia

The World Bank Report 2012 starts with this statement: “Gender equality matters in itself andit matters for development because, in today’s globalized worlds, countries that use the skillsand talents of their women would have an advantage over those which do not use it.” With theframe that suggest that gender equality matters, this paper describes some policy alternativesoriented to overcome gender disadvantages in the formal labor market incorporation of theurban middle class women in Colombia. On balance, the final recommendation suggest that itis desirable to adopt policy alternatives as Community Centers, which are programs orientedto a social redistribution of the domestic work as a way to encourage women participationin the formal labor market with the social support of the members of their own community.The problem that the social policy needs to address is the segregation of women in the formallabor market in Colombia. Although the evidence shows that the women overcome theeducational gap by showing better performance in education that their male peers, womenare still segregated of the labor market. The persistence of high rates of unemployment on thefemale population, the prevalence of the informal labor market as a women labor market, andthe presence of the payment difference between men and women with similar professionaltrainings are circumstances that sustain the segregation statement. These circumstances areinefficient for the society because an economic analysis shows that the cost of maintain the statuquo is externalized in the social security system that includes health, pension and maternityleave regimens. Therefore, the women segregation involves a market failure.This paper evaluates five policy alternatives each directed to the progress of a different causaldimension of the problem: (i) Quotas in the private market, (ii) Flexible working hours,(iii) replace the maternity leave with a family leave, (iv) Increase the Community Centers forredistributing the care work, and (v) Equal payment enforcement. The first alternative looksto increase women’s participation in the formal labor market. The second, third, and fourthalternatives constitute a package addressed at redistributing care work by reducing women’sresponsibility for reproductive work in the household with the help of husbands and the localgovernment. The fifth alternative intervenes to resolve the equal payment problem.After a four criteria evaluation that measure effectiveness, robustness and improbability inimplementation, efficiency and political acceptability or social opposition, the strongest alternativeis the fostering of Community Centers that promote a redistribution of care work. Thispolicy performs well in the assessment process because it combines gender focus with importantindirect effects: child support and human capabilities. The policy also shows a bottomup implementation process that overcomes the main adoption difficulties in the gender focusprograms and is supported by strong evidence of success in the Colombian context; this evidenceis produced by both transnational actors as a World Bank and also in local accountabilityreporters executed by local institutions like Colombian Institute of Family Welfare (ICBF).

El fin de la operación minera: implicaciones jurídicas desde lo ambiental y social

Algunos de los efectos ambientales y sociales que se pueden apreciar luego del cierre de una mina son la desaparición de acuíferos, la existencia de aguas superficiales contaminadas con sustancias químicas y la afectación a la salud de las personas que viven cerca de minas abandonadas. Esta investigación busca analizar los principales aspectos jurídicos relacionados con la terminación y cierre definitivo de la operación minera desde el punto de vista social y ambiental. Para ello, se presentan los principales efectos ambientales y sociales de ésta terminación; se mencionan los aspectos jurídicos más relevantes del contrato de concesión minera y de la licencia ambiental; se exponen las obligaciones jurídicas que están a cargo tanto del concesionario minero como de las autoridades competentes respecto del cierre de la mina y el papel que asumen los entes de control frente a la terminación y cierre de la mina. Así mismo, se hace un breve análisis de derecho comparado de la regulación en España y Estados Unidos sobre éste tema. Finalmente, se presentan los resultados de la revisión de los expedientes administrativos que fueron proporcionados por la Agencia Nacional de Minería, en los cuales se determina la aplicación y cumplimiento en la práctica de estas obligaciones jurídicas del concesionario minero al término del contrato. Con base a los resultados obtenidos, se puede concluir, en primer lugar, que las obligaciones a cargo de los concesionarios mineros no están claras por parte de la regulación minera y ambiental; en segundo lugar, que la regulación en cuanto al cierre de minas en España y Estados Unidos es más ordenada, completa y específica y; en tercer lugar, en relación con los expedientes analizados, se puede observar que los concesionarios y las autoridades competentes no están cumpliendo sus respectivas obligaciones.

Economic shocks and crime: evidence from the crash of ponzi schemes

In November 2008, Colombian authorities dismantled a network of Ponzi schemes, making hundreds of thousands of investors lose tens of millions of dollars throughout the country. Using original data on the geographical incidence of the Ponzi schemes, this paper estimates the impact of their break down on crime. We find that the crash of Ponzi schemes differentially exacerbated crime in affected districts. Confirming the intuition of the standard economic model of crime, this effect is only present in places with relatively weak judicial and law enforcement institutions, and with little access to consumption smoothing mechanisms such as microcredit. In addition, we show that, with the exception of economically-motivated felonies such as robbery, violent crime is not affected by the negative shock.

Contrafacção/falsificação de medicamentos

A panóplia de medicamentos e produtos de saúde existentes no mercado é enorme, existindo uma escolha alargada para os consumidores. Contudo, por vezes os preços são elevados; o medicamento que o consumidor quer não é legal no país onde se encontra; o consumidor, por vergonha, não se desloca a locais licenciados para comprar o medicamento que quer ou, o país ainda não tem acesso a um determinado medicamento inovador. E por estas razões o consumidor pode obter medicamentos falsificados através da cadeia ilegal de abastecimento, sendo a internet uma via provável de acesso. Contudo não é apenas na cadeia ilegal de abastecimento que se corre o risco de obter produtos falsificados. A cadeia de abastecimento legal tornou-se complexa e o controlo e fiscalização da mesma começou a ser mais difícil de realizar. Esta complexidade e o facto do sistema regulamentar não estar ainda bem implementado, levou ao aparecimento de produtos falsificados na cadeia legal. Para o controlo regulamentar deste problema, ao fim de alguns anos de debate e modificações à proposta existente, foi lançada na União Europeia a Directiva 2011/62/EU que pretende impedir a introdução de medicamentos falsificados na cadeia de abastecimento legal. A nível europeu existem iniciativas e organizações, tais como a International Medical Products Anti-Counterfeiting Taskforce(IMPACT), a Medicrime, Working Group of Enforcement Officers(WGEO), Pharmaceutical Security Institute(PSI), entre outras,cujo objectivo principal é o combate à contrafacção. São organizações e iniciativas com um grau de importância elevado devido ao trabalho que realizam. Para além destas acções as entidades reguladoras dos vários países europeus têm os Single Points of Contact (SPOCs) que permitem a troca de informação e colaboração internacional para que todos tenham acesso à mesma informação e a casos detectados. Em Portugal, o INFARMED I.P. é a Autoridade Nacional do Medicamento e Produtos de saúde e desta autoridade depende a fiscalização e controlo dos diversos intervenientes no ciclo do medicamento. Existe no INFARMED I.P. um departamento designado de Célula 3C que trabalha diariamente para o combate à contrafacção de medicamentos a nível nacional. São pontos essenciais no combate à contrafacção de medicamentos, que a Directiva seja implementada a nível nacional e que os esforços e cooperação entre os vários países perdurem para que haja uma diminuição do risco nos próximos anos.

A posição jurídica do recluso face à reforma penitenciária de 2009

Since the beginning of the last century several laws have gradually reformed the prison system. In spite of their adequacy during the periods of their enforcement some of the measures have never been put into practice. Nevertheless it is worth mentioning the legislator main concern regarding the taking care of prisoners, namely with the Prison Reform of 1979 pioneer in the building of the new European prison law. The Law no. 115/2009 of 12th of October currently in force ensures the prisoners’ rights towards the administration by reformulating their legal status and by reinforcing their privileges when serving prison sentence. Those rights are focused on the human dignity and on the effective cooperation with the community.

La OMC: traspasando las fronteras de la interestatalidad (Otros Temas)

El artículo, bajo la óptica de la gobernanza y la supranacionalidad, muestra el funcionamiento de la OMC y Sistema de Resolución de Disputas, presentándola como una Organización Internacional con capacidad "para convertirse en un ente omnipotente" no dependiente de ningún Estado en particular, para la cual debe emprender una amplia tarea para asegurarse que sus fallos y decisiones sean cumplidos por parte de sus miembros.

Pre-empting technical barriers in the Single Market. CEPS Policy Brief No. 277, 11 July 2012

Effective enforcement and compliance with EU law is not just a legal necessity, it is also of economic interest since the potential of the Single Market will be fully exploited. Enforcement barriers generate unjustified costs and hindrances or uncertainty for cross-border business and might deprive consumers from receiving the full benefit of greater choice and/or cheaper offers. The EU has developed several types of enforcement efforts (preventive initiatives, pre-infringement initiatives and formal infringement procedures). More recently, the emphasis has been placed on effective prevention. This CEPS Policy Brief analyses the functioning of one preventive mechanism (the 98/34 Directive) and assesses its potential to detect and prevent technical or other barriers in the course of the last 25 years. Based on an empirical approach, it shows that this amazing mechanism has successfully prevented thousands of new technical barriers from arising in the internal goods market.

Remaking place and securitising space: Urban regeneration and the strategies, tactics and practices of policing in the UK

Urban regeneration programmes in the UK over the past 20 years have increasingly focused on attracting investors, middle-class shoppers and visitors by transforming places and creating new consumption spaces. Ensuring that places are safe and are seen to be safe has taken on greater salience as these flows of income are easily disrupted by changing perceptions of fear and the threat of crime. At the same time, new technologies and policing strategies and tactics have been adopted in a number of regeneration areas which seek to establish control over these new urban spaces. Policing space is increasingly about controlling human actions through design, surveillance technologies and codes of conduct and enforcement. Regeneration agencies and the police now work in partnerships to develop their strategies. At its most extreme, this can lead to the creation of zero-tolerance, or what Smith terms 'revanchist', measures aimed at particular social groups in an effort to sanitise space in the interests of capital accumulation. This paper, drawing on an examination of regeneration practices and processes in one of the UK's fastest-growing urban areas, Reading in Berkshire, assesses policing strategies and tactics in the wake of a major regeneration programme. It documents and discusses the discourses of regeneration that have developed in the town and the ways in which new urban spaces have been secured. It argues that, whilst security concerns have become embedded in institutional discourses and practices, the implementation of security measures has been mediated, in part, by the local socio-political relations in and through which they have been developed.

Developing a system for assessing the costs associated with different procurement routes in the construction industry

In developing techniques for monitoring the costs associated with different procurement routes, the central task is disentangling the various project costs incurred by organizations taking part in construction projects. While all firms are familiar with the need to analyse their own costs, it is unusual to apply the same kind of analysis to projects. The purpose of this research is to examine the claims that new ways of working such as strategic alliancing and partnering bring positive business benefits. This requires that costs associated with marketing, estimating, pricing, negotiation of terms, monitoring of performance and enforcement of contract are collected for a cross-section of projects under differing arrangements, and from those in the supply chain from clients to consultants, contractors, sub-contractors and suppliers. Collaboration with industrial partners forms the basis for developing a research instrument, based on time sheets, which will be relevant for all those taking part in the work. The signs are that costs associated with tendering are highly variable, 1-15%, depending upon what precisely is taken into account. The research to date reveals that there are mechanisms for measuring the costs of transactions and these will generate useful data for subsequent analysis.

How to save a bad element with weak boundary conditions

The P-1-P-1 finite element pair is known to allow the existence of spurious pressure (surface elevation) modes for the shallow water equations and to be unstable for mixed formulations. We show that this behavior is strongly influenced by the strong or the weak enforcement of the impermeability boundary conditions. A numerical analysis of the Stommel model is performed for both P-1-P-1 and P-1(NC)-P-1 mixed formulations. Steady and transient test cases are considered. We observe that the P-1-P-1 element exhibits stable discrete solutions with weak boundary conditions or with fully unstructured meshes. (c) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Understanding the seriousness of corporate crime: Some lessons for the new 'corporate manslaughter' offence

The measurement of public attitudes towards the criminal law has become an important area of research in recent years because of the perceived desirability of ensuring that the legal system reflects broader societal values. In particular, studies into public perceptions of crime seriousness have attempted to measure the degree of concordance that exists between law and public opinion in the organization and enforcement of criminal offences. These understandings of perceived crime seriousness are particularly important in relation to high-profile issues where public confidence in the law is central to the legal agenda, such as the enforcement of work-related fatality cases. A need to respond to public concern over this issue was cited as a primary justification for the introduction of the Corporate Manslaughter and Corporate Homicide Act 2007. This article will suggest that, although literature looking at the perceived seriousness of corporate crime and, particularly, health and safety offences is limited in volume and generalist in scope, important lessons can be gleaned from existing literature, and pressing questions are raised that demand further empirical investigation.

The dangers of hanging baskets: 'Regulatory myths' and media representations of health and safety regulation

The successful enforcement of health and safety regulation is reliant upon the ability of regulatory agencies to demonstrate the legitimacy of the system of regulatory controls. While 'big cases' are central to this process, there are also significant legitimatory implications associated with 'minor' cases, including media-reported tales of pettiness and heavy-handedness in the interpretation and enforcement of the law. The popular media regularly report stories of 'regulatory unreasonableness', and they can pass quickly into mainstream public knowledge. A story's appeal becomes more important than its factual veracity; they are a form of 'regulatory myth'. This paper discusses the implications of regulatory myths for health and safety regulators, and analyses their challenges for regulators, paying particular attention to the Health and Safety Executive (HSE) which has made concerted efforts to address regulatory myths attaching to its activities. It will be shown that such stories constitute sustained normative challenges to the legitimacy of the regulator, and political challenges to the burgeoning regulatory state, because they reflect some of the key concerns of late-modern society.

Estimating the hidden number of scrapie affected holdings in great Britain using a simple, truncated count model allowing for heterogeneity.

None of the current surveillance streams monitoring the presence of scrapie in Great Britain provide a comprehensive and unbiased estimate of the prevalence of the disease at the holding level. Previous work to estimate the under-ascertainment adjusted prevalence of scrapie in Great Britain applied multiple-list capture–recapture methods. The enforcement of new control measures on scrapie-affected holdings in 2004 has stopped the overlapping between surveillance sources and, hence, the application of multiple-list capture–recapture models. Alternative methods, still under the capture–recapture methodology, relying on repeated entries in one single list have been suggested in these situations. In this article, we apply one-list capture–recapture approaches to data held on the Scrapie Notifications Database to estimate the undetected population of scrapie-affected holdings with clinical disease in Great Britain for the years 2002, 2003, and 2004. For doing so, we develop a new diagnostic tool for indication of heterogeneity as well as a new understanding of the Zelterman and Chao’s lower bound estimators to account for potential unobserved heterogeneity. We demonstrate that the Zelterman estimator can be viewed as a maximum likelihood estimator for a special, locally truncated Poisson likelihood equivalent to a binomial likelihood. This understanding allows the extension of the Zelterman approach by means of logistic regression to include observed heterogeneity in the form of covariates—in case studied here, the holding size and country of origin. Our results confirm the presence of substantial unobserved heterogeneity supporting the application of our two estimators. The total scrapie-affected holding population in Great Britain is around 300 holdings per year. None of the covariates appear to inform the model significantly.

Strategic use of private standards to enhance international competitiveness: Vegetable exports from Kenya and elsewhere

The paper examines how European retailers are using private standards for food safety and,quality as risk management and competitive tools and the strategic responses of leading Kenyan and other developing country supplier/exporters to such standards. Despite measures to harmonize a 'single market', the European fresh produce market is very diverse in terms of consumer preferences, structural dynamics and attention to and enforcement of food safety and other standards. Leading Kenyan fresh produce suppliers have re-positioned themselves at the high end, including 'high care', segments of the market - precisely those that are most demanding in terms of quality assurance and food safety systems. An array of factors have influenced this strategic positioning, including relatively high international freight costs, the emergence of more effective competition in mainstream product lines, relatively low labor costs for produce preparation, and strong market relationships with selected retail chains. To succeed in this demanding market segment, the industry has had to invest substantially in improved production and procurement systems, upgraded pack house facilities, and quality assurance/food safety management systems. (C) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.