电子帘加速器电子枪物理设计

电子帘加速器是一种七十年代产生的低能大功率工业辐照用电子加速器，现已广泛应用到涂层固化、像胶硫化、杀菌消毒等领域。本文对电子帘加速导电子枪的束流传输待性进行了分析。 作为对电子帘加速器设计理论的一种探索，本文首先由负载束流强度佑计灯丝温度，然后根据反射极的电容器简化模型导出了悬浮电位随时间的演化方程，数值计算显示其电位值在48小时内交化很小。对于栅极缝的透镜效应，本文由一定的近似导出了栅极缝附近的电位分布解析表达式，从而计算出电子束从电子枪到加速腔的轨迹。对于影响束流纵向分布的主要因素——长灯丝的下垂，本文给出了其挠度公式并提出了一种理想的边界约束模型，以减小灯丝的挠度。 根据上途理论及一些假设，本文改交电子枪各参数计算了26种情况的束流包络及横向分布，从负载部分的大小和均匀性两方面比较选择出一种较理想的电子枪结构．同时对原电子枪进行了校核，从理论上解释了其实验中出现的问题‘ 实脸测试表明新电子枪的束流纵向均匀度为士10％。均匀性及加热比功率等性能均优于原电子枪。 最后，对电子帘加速器毛子枪将来的发展的几个问题给出了一些建议。

Heat capacity and thermodynamic properties of pyrimethanil myristic salt (C26H41N3O2)

Pyrimethanil myristic salt was synthesized and its heat capacities were measured with an automated adiabatic calorimeter over the temperature range from T = (79 to 360) K. The melting point, molar enthalpy, Delta(fus)H(m) and entropy, Delta(fus)S(m), of fusion of this compound were determined to be (321.84 +/- 0.05) K, (56.53 +/- 0.03) kJ . mol(-1) and (175.64 +/- 0.05) J . mol(-1) . K-1, respectively. The purity of the compound was calculated to be 98.99 mol% by using the fractional melting technique. The thermodynamic functions relative to the reference temperature, T = 298.15 K, were calculated based on the heat capacity measurements in the temperature ranges from T = (80 to 360) K. The TG-DTG results demonstrate that the mass loss of the sample takes place in one step with the maximum rate at T = 500 K, which was caused by evaporation of the sample. (C) 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

On-line introduction of high-pressure gas-liquid sample for capillary gas chromatographic analysis

An on-line sample introduction technique in capillary gas chromatograph (CGC) for the analysis of high-pressure gas-liquid mixtures has been designed and evaluated. A sample loop of 0.05 muL and a washing solvent loop of 0.5 muL are mounted on a 10-port switching valve, which serves as the injection valve. A capillary resistor was connected to the vent of sample loop in order to maintain the pressure of the sample. Both the sample and the washing solvent are transferred into the split-injection port through a narrow bore fused silica capillary inserted into the injection liner through a septum. The volume of the liner is used both as the pressure-release damper and evaporation chamber of the sample. On-line analysis of both reactants and resultants in ethylene olimer reaction mixture at 5 MPa was carried out, which demonstrated the applicability of the technique. (C) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Thermodynamic study of ibuprofen by adiabatic calorimetry and thermal analysis

Molar heat capacities of ibuprofen were precisely measured with a small sample precision automated adiabatic calorimeter over the temperature range from 80 to 400 K. The polynomial functions of C-p,C-m (J K-1 mol(-1)) versus T were established on the heat capacity measurements by means of the least fitting square method. The functions are as follows: for solid ibuprofen, at the temperature range of 79.105 K less than or equal to T less than or equal to 333.297 K, C-p,C-m = 144.27 + 77.046X + 3.5171X(2) + 10.925X(3) + 11.224X(4), where X = (T - 206.201)/127.096; for liquid ibuprofen, at the temperature range of 353.406 K less than or equal to T less than or equal to 378.785 K, C-p,C-m = 325.79 + 8.9696X - 1.6073X(2) - 1.5145 X-3, where X = (T - 366.095)/12.690. A fusion transition at T = 348.02 K was found from the C-p-T curve. The molar enthalpy and entropy of the fusion transition were determined to be 26.65 kJ mol(-1) and 76.58 J mol(-1) K-1, respectively. The thermodynamic functions on the base of the reference temperature of 298.15 K, (H-T - H-298.15) and (S-T - S-298.15), were derived. Thermal characteristic of ibuprofen was studied by thermo-gravimetric analysis (TG-DTG) and differential scanning calorimeter (DSC). The temperature of fusion, the molar enthalpy and entropy of fusion obtained by DSC were well consistent with those obtained by adiabatic calorimeter. The evaporation process of ibuprofen was investigated further by TG and DTG, and the activation energy of the evaporation process was determined to be 80.3 +/- 1.4 kJ mol(-1). (C) 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Low-temperature heat capacity and thermodynamic properties of crystalline 2-chloro-5-trichloromethylpyridine

The low-temperature heat capacities of 2-chloro-5-trichloromethylpyridine were measured with a high-precision automated adiabatic calorimeter in the temperature range from 80 K to 345 K. A solid-liquid phase transition was observed from 318.57 K to 327.44 K with peak temperature 324.67 K; the molar enthalpy and entropy of phase transition, DeltaH(m) and DeltaS(m), were determined to be 14.50 +/-0.02 kJ mol(-1) and 44.66 +/- 0.07 kJ K-1 mol(-1), respectively. The thermal stability was investigated through thermogravimetric analysis (TG). The TG and DTG results reveal that 2-chloro-5-trichloromethylpyridine starts to lose mass at 332 K due to evaporation and completely changes into vapour at 483 K under the present experimental conditions.

Photo-induced reactions in the ion-molecule complex Mg+-OCNC2H5

Ion - molecule complexes of magnesium cation with ethyl isocyanate were produced in a laser- ablation supersonic expansion nozzle source. Photo- induced reactions in the 1: 1 complexes have been studied in the spectral range of 230 - 410 nm. Photodissociation mass spectrometry revealed the persistent product Mg+ from nonreactive quenching throughout the entire wavelength range. As for the reactive channels, the photoproducts, Mg+OCN and C2H5+, were produced only in the blue absorption band of the complex with low yields. The action spectrum of Mg+(OCNC2H5) consists of two pronounced peaks on the red and blue sides of the Mg+ 3(2)P <-- 3(2)S atomic transition. The ground state geometry of Mg+ - OCNC2H5 was fully optimized at B3LYP/6- 31 - G** level by using GAUSSIAN 98 package. The calculated absorption spectrum of the complex using the optimized structure of its ground state agrees well with the observed action spectrum. Photofragment branching fractions of the products are almost independent of the photolysis photon energy for the 3P(x,y,z) excitations. The very low branching ratio of reactive products to nonreactive fragment suggests that evaporation is the main relaxation pathway in the photo- induced reactions of Mg+ (OCNC2H5). (C) 2003 American Institute of Physics.

E_0值对潜水蒸发计算精度影响分析

目前常用潜水蒸发经验公式中,都包含了埋深为零时的潜水蒸发强度,并认为可用水面蒸发强度代替。但对不同土质,由于土壤含水孔隙大小及与大气直接交换的空间不同,必然造成不同土壤质地埋深为零时的蒸发量差异。选用阿维里扬诺夫公式、清华公式和叶氏公式,利用新疆渭干河灌区地下水均衡试验场实测潜水蒸发数据、就E0分别为水面蒸发强度和埋深为零时潜水蒸发强度两种情况进行计算与对比分析。结果表明:除细砂和砾石外,若用水面蒸发强度代替埋深为零时的潜水蒸发强度,计算结果会产生一定误差,应选用埋深为零时的潜水蒸发强度进行计算。提出了清华公式中参数η新的求解方法,建立了η与地下水埋深的指数函数关系。研究结果对潜水蒸发经验公式求解不同土质潜水蒸发量时E0的选用及清华公式中参数η的计算提供参考。

基于SHAW模型的黄土高原半干旱区农田土壤水分动态模拟

黄土高原半干旱区土壤蒸发强烈,准确地掌握土壤水分动态对于旱地农业水分管理至关重要。应用基于物理基础的一维水热耦合SHAW(The Simultaneous Heat and Water)模型,模拟了陕西子洲岔巴沟流域1964~1967年土壤水分和土壤蒸发的动态特征,以及神木六道沟流域2006年坡地和梯田土壤水分变化。结果表明,除表层土壤水分模拟结果偏差较大,其他土层模拟值与实测值基本吻合,模拟期土壤水分模拟的相对平均绝对误差(Relatively Mean Absolutely Error,RMAE)为5.2%~11.4%。1964~1967年土壤累积蒸发量模拟值与实测值平均相对偏差为0.8%~6.1%,土壤蒸发的模拟值与实测值较为一致。因此,SHAW模型可以用于黄土高原半干旱区农田土壤水分动态规律研究。

秸秆覆盖量对农田土面蒸发的影响

为研究秸秆量与夏玉米农田保墒效果之间关系,【方法】结合小区试验和微型蒸发皿定量观测,研究了0、0.6、0.9、1.2 kg/m24种不同秸秆覆盖量对农田土面蒸发的影响规律。【结果】试验表明在无种植情况下,秸秆覆盖大于0.6 kg/m2时,能明显影响和保持0￣50 cm土层的土壤含水量。秸秆覆盖量大于0.9 kg/m2时,保墒效果不再明显增加。结合干旱小区玉米试验发现,秸秆覆盖量在0.6￣0.9kg/m2范围时,玉米增产效果明显。【结论】秸秆覆盖量为0.6￣0.9 kg/m2范围时,可获得较好的保水和增产效果。

一个改进的随机动力学水平衡模型及其应用研究Ⅰ.模型

本文在Eagleson随机动力学水平衡模型的基础上 ,改进了原模型中蒸腾、蒸发量等项的计算方法 ;并根据黄土区降水分布特点 ,将全年分为 1 6个时间长度不等的降水时段 ,分别统计降水特征参数 ,利用质量守衡定律和逐步校正演算法 ,可计算出水文生态系统平衡体系水均衡要素的定量分配和活动层土壤含水量的年动态变化 ,代表了原模型中确定土壤含水量的简单统计法 ,从而可提高模型计算精度和实用性 .改进后的随机动力学水平衡模型更适用地黄土高原的特定水文生态系统

解集GCM输出模拟黄土塬区土壤水分平衡的潜在变化

壤水分平衡对气候变化存在着响应,在全球变化的大背景下,研究土壤水分的可能变化是气候变化影响评估中非常重要的一项内容。目标是利用经验统计方法解集GCM网格逐月的降水和温度数据,并使用建立的气候变化情景作为WEPP的输入文件评估黄土高原王东沟流域2010～2039年土壤水分平衡(土壤水分、蒸发、渗漏和蒸腾)的可能变化。结果表明,3种情景预测2010～2039年王东沟流域年均降水可能增长1.8%～17.5%,年最高温度和最低温度分别可能增长0.5～0.9℃和2.0～2.3℃。作物蒸腾变化主要在4～6月份,土壤蒸发变化主要发生在7～9月份;作物蒸腾年均变化-5%～19%,土壤水分年均变化-4%～4%,土壤蒸发年均变化-7%～7%,均为A2a减少,B2a和GGal增大;A2a的土壤水分渗漏增长最大,GGal次之,B2a基本不变。这些结果表明气候变化及其导致的作物生长变化对土壤水分平衡存在重要的影响。

降水量的BP人工神经网络预测模型及其应用

由于影响因素的复杂性 ,预测降水量具有相当的难度。在假设区域长时间内降水量和蒸发量保持平衡的基础上 ,用 BP人工神经网络建立了陕西省汉中市的降水量预测模型 ,根据前 3个月降水量和蒸发量对降水量资料进行了模拟预测 ,结果认为其准确率为 84% ,合格率为 10 0 %。

节水农业中化控技术的应用研究

抗旱节水化控技术是一种很有发展前景的农业节水技术。它具有操作简便、投入少、见效快、易推广的优点 ,因而是一般常规技术所无法替代的。本文介绍了几种主要的抗旱节水化控制剂 (保水剂、土壤蒸发抑制剂、植物抗蒸腾剂、土壤结构改良剂和植物生长调节剂 )的特性及应用效果 ,并指出了该技术研究中存在的一些问题 ,以期为化学节水技术广泛应用提供理论参考。

陕西省多年月潜在蒸发量和降水量的随机特性

通过对陕西省部分县 (市 )的 2 0 a～ 40 a的潜在蒸发量和降水量的分析 ,研究了他们在时间上的相关性和随机特性 ,结果认为潜在蒸发量无论是均值还是方差都在时间上具有很高的相关性 ,而降水量的均值在时间上具有分段相关性 ,而方差不具相关性 ,通过进一步检验 ,潜在蒸发量在时间上属于 AR( 1 )模型。

Relationships between precipitation, soil water and groundwater at Chongling catchment with the typical vegetation cover in the Taihang mountainous region, China

Vegetation cover plays an important role in the process of evaporation and infiltration. To explore the relationships between precipitation, soil water and groundwater in Taihang mountainous region, China, precipitation, soil water and water table were observed from 2004 to 2006, and precipitation, soil water and groundwater were sampled in 2004 and 2005 for oxygen-18 and deuterium analysis at Chongling catchment. The soil water was sampled at three sites covered by grass (Carex humilis and Carex lanceolata), acacia and arborvitae respectively. Precipitation is mainly concentrated in rainy seasons and has no significant spatial variance in study area. The stable isotopic compositions are enriched in precipitation and soil water due to the evaporation. The analysis of soil water potential and isotopic profiles shows that evaporation of soil water under arborvitae cover is weaker than under grass and acacia, while soil water evaporation under grass and acacia showed no significant difference. Both delta O-18 profiles and soil water potential dynamics reveal that the soil under acacia allows the most rapid infiltration rate, which may be related to preferential flow. In the process of infiltration after a rainstorm, antecedent water still takes up over 30% of water in the topsoil. The soil water between depths of 0-115 cm under grass has a residence time of about 20 days in the rainy season. Groundwater recharge from precipitation mainly occurs in the rainy season, especially when rainstorms or successive heavy rain events happen.