Avaliação de aspectos hematológicos, bioquímicos e de hemoparasitas em população de Didelphis aurita Wied-Neuwied, 1826 (Didelphimorphia: Didelphidae) da Serra dos Órgãos, RJ

A Floresta Tropical Atlântica apresenta uma enorme biodiversidade, e está atualmente sujeita a inúmeras pressões como a perda de área pela intensa ocupação humana, agricultura, pecuária, urbanização e industrialização. Esses impactos têm provocado desmatamento e fragmentação florestal, processos que interferem na manutenção das populações animais, inclusive afetando os ciclos silvestres de parasitas e microorganismos. Didelphis aurita é um marsupial da Mata Atlântica com alta capacidade adaptativa a ambientes perturbados. Esta espécie onívora é tolerante à fragmentação florestal, podendo sobreviver em ambientes silvestres, rurais, suburbanos e urbanos, tendo importância na conexão dos ciclos silvestres e urbanos de diversos agentes. Este trabalho teve por objetivo descrever aspectos hematológicos, bioquímicos e de hemoparasitas em Didelphis aurita de duas áreas da Serra dos Órgãos/ RJ, uma área fragmentada e outra de mata contínua. Entre julho de 2011 e fevereiro de 2012 foram capturados 61 animais que tiveram amostras de sangue avaliadas. Os resultados expressos como média desvio padrão foram: Volume Globular 38,66 % ( 4,97); Hemácias 5,40 ( 0,75) x106/mm3; Hemoglobina 12,78 ( 1,68) g/dL; VGM 71,69 ( 3,56) fl; CHGM 33,01 ( 0,63) %; Plaquetas 514,70 ( 323,10) x 103/mm3; Leucócitos 19.678,52 ( 10.152,26)/mm3; Basófilos 0,59 ( 0,72) %; Eosinófilos 13,79 ( 6,94)%; Bastonetes 0,77 ( 2,04) %; Segmentados 41,12 ( 13,95) %; Linfócitos 41,97 ( 12,97) %; Monócitos 1,75 ( 1,51)%. Para parâmetros bioquímicos encontramos os seguintes resultados: Proteínas totais 8,50 ( 1,68); albumina 3,03 ( 0,69); globulina 5,44 ( 1,66); uréia 83,57 ( 20,11); creatinina 0,44 ( 0,13); ALT 85,01 ( 65,65); AST 314,55 ( 130,58); FA 420,38 ( 371,89); GGT 19,40 ( 8,51). Os parâmetros hematócrito, hemoglobina, hematimetria, ALT, AST e FA foram maiores nos machos do que nas fêmeas. Adultos apresentaram valores de proteína plasmática total, leucócitos, hematócrito, hemoglobina, hematimetria, albumina, proteínas totais, creatinina e GGT maiores do que jovens, e o inverso ocorreu para plaquetas, globulina e FA. Animais do Fragmento apresentaram valores de massa corporal e albumina menores do que os do Garrafão, e o inverso ocorreu para GGT e globulina. Babesiasp. ocorreu em 26,6% da população, sendo mais freqüente em adultos. Estes resultados são os primeiros parâmetros de referência para Didelphis aurita na Serra dos Órgãos, contribuindo para o estudo desta espécie.

Ecosystem function and biodiversity on coral reefs

The article highlights a workshop held in Key West, Florida in November 1993 attended by a group of 35 international scientists where topics of ecosystem function and biodiversity on coral reefs were discussed.

Rice-fish-vegetable integrated farming: towards a sustainable ecosystem

An outline is given of procedures to take in order to adopt an integrated rice-fish-vegetable farming system in India. Vegetables, which are cultivated in the dikes of the system, may include Luffa acutangula, Vigna unguiculata and Phaseolus vulgaris . When the water depth of the field rises to 30-40 cm, fish fingerlings (Puntius javanicus, Cyprinus carpio and Labeo rohita ) and prawn juveniles (Macrobranchium rosenbergii ) may be stocked. The advantages of such a system are listed and include year round employment opportunities for the farm family and improved farm family income and nutrition.

Ecosystem-based Management for Protected Species in the North Pacific Fisheries

In the North Pacific Ocean, an ecosystem-based fishery management approach has been adopted. A significant objective of this approach is to reduce interactions between fishery-related activities and protected species. We review management measures developed by the North Pacific Fishery Management Council and the National Marine Fisheries Service to reduce effects of the groundfish fisheries off Alaska on marine mammals and seabirds, while continuing to provide economic opportunities for fishery participants. Direct measures have been taken to mitigate known fishery impacts, and precautionary measures have been taken for species with potential (but no documented) interactions with the groundfish fisheries. Area closures limit disturbance to marine mammals at rookeries and haulouts, protect sensitive benthic habitat, and reduce potential competition for prey resources. Temporal and spatial dispersion of catches reduce the localized impact of fishery removals. Seabird avoidance measures have been implemented through collaboration with fishery participants and have been highly successful in reducing seabird bycatch. Finally, a comprehensive observer monitoring program provides data on the location and extent of bycatch of marine mammals and seabirds. These measures provide managers with the flexibility to adapt to changes in the status of protected species and evolving conditions in the fisheries. This review should be useful to fishery managers as an example of an ecosystem-based approach to protected species management that is adaptive and accounts for multiple objectives.

An Assessment of Fishery Yields from the East China Sea Ecosystem

A first assessment ofimportant East China Sea fisheries was carried out using data from 1956 to 1993. Two different data sets were available: 1) catch and effort data taken from landings and boat registrations and 2) catch and effort data from skipper's logs taken at sea. The two sets provided similar trends in CPUE over the study period. Stocks of high value, low volume species have been fished heavily and now produce very low landings or have been depleted (e.g. small and large yellow croaker). Some high volume and low value species have also been heavily fished (e.g. green filefish) while others (e.g. hairtail) are still producing high landings. Surplus production models were fitted to seven stocks. All showed considerable fluctuations in landings around MSY. The green filefish stock had an estimated MSY of around 160,000 tlyr at an effort of 2,500,000 kw and was depleted by a combination of excessive effort (around 4,000,000 kw in 1993) and marked fluctuations in landings (up to 70,000 tlyr above or below MSY). A sustainable policyfor managing ECS fisheries should address the effects ofboth effort and environmental variation.