Predição não-linear de curvas de produção de petróleo via redes neurais recursivas

One of the main activities in the petroleum engineering is to estimate the oil production in the existing oil reserves. The calculation of these reserves is crucial to determine the economical feasibility of your explotation. Currently, the petroleum industry is facing problems to analyze production due to the exponentially increasing amount of data provided by the production facilities. Conventional reservoir modeling techniques like numerical reservoir simulation and visualization were well developed and are available. This work proposes intelligent methods, like artificial neural networks, to predict the oil production and compare the results with the ones obtained by the numerical simulation, method quite a lot used in the practice to realization of the oil production prediction behavior. The artificial neural networks will be used due your learning, adaptation and interpolation capabilities

Modelo didáctico alternativo para el ajuste de curvas

El análisis de datos ha cambiado muchísimo en estos últimos años con la inclusión de ciertas técnicas que en general son muy sencillas y poco conocidas por ejemplo los diagramas de tallos y hojas o los diagramas de cajas y bigotes, estos últimos ya incorporados en algunas calculadoras gráficas. La recta de Tukey, o mejor conocida como el método de Mediana-Mediana, que figura en el currículo de Matemáticas IV, del tronco común de los programas actuales del Colegio de Ciencias y Humanidades, permite ajustar una recta a una nube de puntos en algunos casos en los que el ajuste mínimo cuadrático produce resultados no muy buenos. Por eso, nos ha parecido que podría tener cierto interés el conocer esta técnica desarrolladas por el matemático americano John Wilder Tukey. La recta de Tukey o Mediana-Mediana es un método novedoso y práctico que puede venir a apoyar a otro que tradicionalmente se ha empleado en el ajuste de curvas, a nivel bachillerato, el de mínimos cuadrados. En el presente trabajo presentamos las bondades prácticas de este método ingenioso que no requiere de un fundamento matemático demasiado abstracto en su tratamiento, y por lo cual se puede emplear en el cuarto semestre del tronco común de los programas vigentes del Colegio de Ciencias y Humanidades.

Estudo de adsorvente obtido de terras diatomáceas para remoção de metais pesados em águas produzidas: processamento, caracterização e dinâmica em leito fixo

The acceleration of industrial growth in recent decades on all continents aroused the interest of the companies to counter the impacts produced on the environment, spurred primarily by major disasters in the petroleum industry. In this context, the water produced is responsible for the largest volume of effluent from the production and extraction of oil and natural gas. This effluent has in its composition some critical components such as inorganic salts, heavy metals (Fe, Cu, Zn, Pb, Cd, ), presence of oil and chemicals added in the various production processes. In response to impact, have been triggered by research alternative adsorbent materials for water treatment and water produced, in order to removing oils and acids and heavy metals. Many surveys of diatomaceous earth (diatomite) in Brazil involve studies on the physico-chemical, mineral deposits, extraction, processing and applications. The official estimated Jazi are around 2.5 million tonnes, the main located in the states of Bahia (44%) and Rio Grande do Norte (37,4%). Moreover, these two states appear as large offshore producers, earning a prominent role in research of adsorbents such as diatomite for treatment of water produced. Its main applications are as an agent of filtration, adsorption of oils and greases, industrial load and thermal insulator. The objective of this work was the processing and characterization of diatomite diatomaceous earth obtained from the municipality of Macaíba-RN (known locally as tabatinga) as a low cost regenerative adsorbent for removal of heavy metals in the application of water produced treatment. In this work we adopted a methodology for batch processing, practiced by small businesses located in producing regions of Brazil. The characterization was made by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and specific surface area (BET). Research conducted showed that the improvement process used was effective for small volume production of diatomite concentrated. The diatomite obtained was treated by calcination at temperature of 900 oC for 2 hours, with and without fluxing Na2CO3 (4%), according to optimal results in the literature. Column adsorption experiments were conducted to percolation of the in nature, calcined and calcined fluxing diatomites. Effluent was used as a saline solution containing ions of Cu, Zn, Na, Ca and Mg simulating the composition of produced waters in the state of Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil. The breakthrough curves for simultaneous removal of copper ions and zinc as a result, 84.3% for calcined diatomite and diatomite with 97.3 % for fluxing. The calcined fluxing diatomite was more efficient permeability through the bed and removal of copper and zinc ions. The fresh diatomite had trouble with the permeability through the bed under the conditions tested, compared with the other obtained diatomite. The results are presented as promising for application in the petroleum industry

Estudo da perda de carga e calor no poço injetor no processo De drenagem gravitacional assistida por vapor (SAGD)

The oil companies in the area in general are looking for new technologies that can increase the recovery factor of oil contained in reservoirs. These investments are mainly aimed at reducing the costs of projects which are high. Steam injection is one of these special methods of recovery in which steam is injected into the reservoir in order to reduce the viscosity of the oil and make it more mobile. The process assisted gravity drainage steam (SAGD) using steam injection in its mechanism, as well as two parallel horizontal wells. In this process steam is injected through the horizontal injection well, then a vapor chamber is formed by heating the oil in the reservoir and, by the action of gravitational forces, this oil is drained down to where the production well. This study aims to analyze the influence of pressure drop and heat along the injection well in the SAGD process. Numerical simulations were performed using the thermal simulator STARS of CMG (Computer Modeling Group). The parameters studied were the thermal conductivity of the formation, the flow of steam injection, the inner diameter of the column, the steam quality and temperature. A factorial design was used to verify the influence of the parameters studied in the recovery factor. We also analyzed different injection flow rates for the model with pressure drop and no pressure drop, as well as different maximum flow rates of oil production. Finally, we performed an economic analysis of the two models in order to check the profitability of the projects studied. The results showed that the pressure drop in injection well have a significant influence on the SAGD process.

Diseño factorial multivariado para la medición de la fatiga con inclusión de la tecnología en el transporte de carga terrestre

61 p.

Comportamento mecânico de um agregado reciclado a partir de resíduos de construção e demolição submetido a carregamentos cíclicos

Tese (doutorado)—Universidade de Brasília, Faculdade de Tecnologia, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Geotecnia, 2016.

Evaluación financiera del uso de gas licuado de petróleo (GLP) en empresas dedicadas al transporte de carga terrestre.

Las empresas de transporte de carga terrestre del país son parte de uno de los sectores productivos más importantes, que contribuyen en la economía y en el producto interno bruto (PIB), a través de las operaciones requeridas para su actividad. Así mismo, influye en los costos de los bienes que se movilizan desde su lugar de embarque hacia su destino, mediante el cobro de la tarifa del servicio de transporte y/o logística. El origen de esta investigación radica en la incidencia del alza de los precios de los combustibles en los costos operativos de las empresas dedicadas al transporte de carga terrestre nacional, y la decisión de estas; entre incrementar el importe de la prestación, afectando el nivel de competitividad que se tiene en el mercado o absorber las variaciones provocando la disminución del margen de ganancias. El objetivo de este trabajo es brindar información referente al uso del recurso energético alternativo llamado gas licuado de petróleo (GLP) para automotores, que disminuya significativamente los costos de operación del sector de transporte de carga terrestre en el país y contribuya de esta manera en la competitividad brindando precios rentables sin sacrificar sus utilidades. Además, dar a conocer la legislación, los aspectos técnicos de instalación, mantenimiento, el análisis del ahorro generado y el valor de la inversión. Con el propósito que los empresarios de dicho sector puedan tomar la decisión, de invertir en el proyecto del uso del recurso energético alternativo GLP. El desarrollo de la investigación se enfocó en las empresas dedicadas al transporte de carga terrestre ubicadas en el departamento de San Salvador, municipio de San Salvador. Formando un universo de 66 empresas y de las que se tomó una muestra de 32. La encuesta fue la herramienta de investigación utilizada para entrevistar a los empresarios y/o responsables del área contable financiera, por medio de preguntas relevantes para la comprobación de la problemática y la ampliación del estudio, las cuales se encuentran tabuladas y con su correspondiente análisis. Los resultados obtenidos permitieron elaborar un diagnóstico, el cual determina que las empresas han visto afectados sus costos de operación de una forma representativa, principalmente por el incremento de los precios de los combustibles, este dato lo reportan por medio del análisis financiero que de forma periódica llevan a cabo. También los empresarios poseen información significativa de algunas opciones para el ahorro en los carburantes, y además se evidencia la necesidad de un documento completo que les brinde el conocimiento de una alternativa para enfrentar la problemática mencionada. En conclusión, al ejecutar el estudio y al realizar el análisis financiero de los ahorros generados a partir de la instalación del sistema de conversión combustión Diesel – Gas Licuado de Petróleo (GLP) en los equipos de transporte de carga terrestre, se observa una disminución sustancial de los costos operativos de la empresa permitiendo mayores ganancias y una mejor competitividad del negocio. Por lo tanto, se recomienda sean tomados en cuenta los resultados de esta investigación por parte de los empresarios de dicho sector para que les sirva de apoyo en la evaluación y toma de mejores decisiones.

Um Modelo híbrido para previsão de curvas de produção de petróleo

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior

Efeito da perda de carga e calor no poço injetor no processo de drenagem gravitacional assistido com vapor e solvente

Nowadays, most of the hydrocarbon reserves in the world are in the form of heavy oil, ultra - heavy or bitumen. For the extraction and production of this resource is required to implement new technologies. One of the promising processes for the recovery of this oil is the Expanding Solvent Steam Assisted Gravity Drainage (ES-SAGD) which uses two parallel horizontal wells, where the injection well is situated vertically above the production well. The completion of the process occurs upon injection of a hydrocarbon additive at low concentration in conjunction with steam. The steam adds heat to reduce the viscosity of the oil and solvent aids in reducing the interfacial tension between oil/ solvent. The main force acting in this process is the gravitational and the heat transfer takes place by conduction, convection and latent heat of steam. In this study was used the discretized wellbore model, where the well is discretized in the same way that the reservoir and each section of the well treated as a block of grid, with interblock connection with the reservoir. This study aims to analyze the influence of the pressure drop and heat along the injection well in the ES-SAGD process. The model used for the study is a homogeneous reservoir, semi synthetic with characteristics of the Brazilian Northeast and numerical simulations were performed using the STARS thermal simulator from CMG (Computer Modelling Group). The operational parameters analyzed were: percentage of solvent injected, the flow of steam injection, vertical distance between the wells and steam quality. All of them were significant in oil recovery factor positively influencing this. The results showed that, for all cases analyzed, the model considers the pressure drop has cumulative production of oil below its respective model that disregards such loss. This difference is more pronounced the lower the value of the flow of steam injection

Comparación de tres protocolos de desinfección en huevo fértil, su relación con la disminución en la carga bacteriana y viabilidad del pollo de engorde

Bogotá (Colombia): Universidad de La Salle. Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias. Programa de Medicina Veterinaria

Eutrofização e capacidade de carga de fósforo de seis reservatórios a bacia do Rio Seridó, região semi-árida do Estado do RN

The eutrofization is a natural process of accumulation of nutrients in aquatic´s body that it has been accelerated for the human´s actives, mainly the related with the activities of camp, industrial and the inadequate disposition of the domestic sewage. The enrichment of the aquatic´s body with nutrients, mainly the nitrogen and the phosphorus, and the consequent proliferation of algae and Cyanobacteria can commit the quality of the water for the public provisioning, for the fish farming and for other ends. The problem becomes more critical when there is a shortage of water naturally as in the semi-arid area of the Brazilian northeast. Before that problem this work had as objective evaluates the trophic state of six reservoirs of the basin of River Seridó of Rio Grande of Norte and also estimate the capacity of load of match of the reservoir and risk probabilities based on the established limits by the resolution Conama 357/05. The results demonstrate that the six reservoirs are eutrofization, with concentration of total phosphorus and cloro a in the water upster to 50 e 12 μg l-1. The results show that space homogeneity exists in the state trophic of the reservoirs, but a significant variation interanual in function of the increase of the concentrations of nutrients and decrease of the transparency of the water with the reduction of the body of water accumulated in the reservoirs.The results of the simulation risk estocastic show that the reservoirs could receive annually from 72 to 216 Kg of P, assuming a risk of 10% of increasing in more than 30 μg l-1 the annual medium concentrations of total match in the water of these reservoirs. This load could be high in until 360 kg of P a year in case the managers assume a risk of 10% of increasing in more than 50 μg l-1 the annual medium concentrations of total phosphorus in the waters of these reservoirs

Nova técnica para obtenção de fraturas com altíssima condutividade em poços de petróleo

Increase hydrocarbons production is the main goal of the oilwell industry worldwide. Hydraulic fracturing is often applied to achieve this goal due to a combination of attractive aspects including easiness and low operational costs associated with fast and highly economical response. Conventional fracturing usually involves high-flowing high-pressure pumping of a viscous fluid responsible for opening the fracture in the hydrocarbon producing rock. The thickness of the fracture should be enough to assure the penetration of the particles of a solid proppant into the rock. The proppant is driven into the target formation by a carrier fluid. After pumping, all fluids are filtered through the faces of the fracture and penetrate the rock. The proppant remains in the fracture holding it open and assuring high hydraulic conductivity. The present study proposes a different approach for hydraulic fracturing. Fractures with infinity conductivity are formed and used to further improve the production of highly permeable formations as well as to produce long fractures in naturally fractured formations. Naturally open fractures with infinite conductivity are usually encountered. They can be observed in rock outcrops and core plugs, or noticed by the total loss of circulation during drilling (even with low density fluids), image profiles, pumping tests (Mini-Frac and Mini Fall Off), and injection tests below fracturing pressure, whose flow is higher than expected for radial Darcian ones. Naturally occurring fractures are kept open by randomly shaped and placed supporting points, able to hold the faces of the fracture separate even under typical closing pressures. The approach presented herein generates infinite conductivity canal held open by artificially created parallel supporting areas positioned both horizontally and vertically. The size of these areas is designed to hold the permeable zones open supported by the impermeable areas. The England & Green equation was used to theoretically prove that the fracture can be held open by such artificially created set of horizontal parallel supporting areas. To assess the benefits of fractures characterized by infinite conductivity, an overall comparison with finite conductivity fractures was carried out using a series of parameters including fracture pressure loss and dimensionless conductivity as a function of flow production, FOI folds of increase, flow production and cumulative production as a function of time, and finally plots of net present value and productivity index

Metodologia multicritério para avaliar as condições de operação do transporte de carga por cabotagem no Brasil, sob a ótica dos armadores

Tese (doutorado)—Universidade de Brasília, Faculdade de Tecnologia, Departamento de Engenharia Civil e Ambiental, 2016.

Lineamientos de Norma internacional de información financiera No.1 en la mediana empresa del sector servicios de transporte de carga internacional.

Frente a la obligatoriedad de aplicación de las Normas Internacionales de Contabilidad correspondiente al ejercicio 2005, surge la necesidad de iniciar un proceso de convergencia hacia las Normas Internacionales de Contabilidad, en un intento de obtener la eficiencia, que permita mejorar la comparabilidad y las posibilidades de análisis de la información financiera presentada por las compañías. Con el objetivo de armonizar la normativa técnica contable a nivel internacional, a fin de garantizar la comparabilidad de la información financiera, son adoptadas las Normas Internacionales de Información Financiera que incluyen las Normas Internacionales de Contabilidad e Interpretaciones , con lo cual se pretende implementar el uso de la nueva base contable. En El salvador la implantación de la normativa, se desarrolla de acuerdo a los diferentes sectores económicos, mediante un plan escalonado, en tal sentido el objetivo de la investigación es presentar a la pequeña y mediana empresa, los lineamientos de la normativa técnica contable internacional que deberán aplicar, cuya adopción implica modificaciones a nivel estructural de las políticas contables, para determinar los cambios sustanciales en los estados financieros. Con ésta finalidad se analizan y determinan las normas de información financiera aplicables en las pequeñas y medianas empresas dedicadas al servicio de transporte de carga internacional. De acuerdo a lo antes expuesto, existe cada vez mayor necesidad que la información financiera en la que se basa sus decisiones se encuentre disponible de una forma transparente y mediante la aplicación de criterios comúnmente aceptados. Para las medianas y pequeñas empresas del sector en estudio se recomienda, considerar las necesidades que se derivan del proceso de conversión a las Normas Internacionales de Contabilidad, esto permitirá identificar las distintas opciones y evaluar el alcance del impacto en los resultados de los procesos de generación de la información financiera. Por lo tanto se sugiere que se utilicen los lineamientos de Norma Internacional de Información Financiera, que se exponen en el contenido de ésta investigación, a la vez que es responsabilidad de cada entidad permanecer atentos a las nuevas publicaciones relacionadas con la aplicación de la normativa internacional.

Curvas de crescimiento de una alga bioindicadora expuesta a diferentes tratamientos: uso de modelos lineales y no lineales.

Los modelos no lineales son ampliamente utilizados para describir curvas de crescimiento. En un modelo no lineal, Y=f(t,0)+E donde Y es el vector de observaciones, t el vector correspondiente a las condiciones de evaluacion (instantes de tiempo conocidos), 0 el vector de parametros desconocidos, f(.) una funcion no lineal en 0 y E el vector de errores, comunmente se asume que E ~ N(O,sigma ao quadrado I). Cuando no se cumplen algunos aspectos de esa suposicion (normalidad, independencia y homogeneidad de variancias), la normalidad asintotica de los estimadores de interes puede ser afectada dificultando la comparacion de curvas obtenidas en los diferentes tratamentos. En organismos unicelulares, tales como las algas, el crecimiento es comumente medido a travez de la observacion del numero de celulas N1, N2,...,Nk en los instantes t1, t2,...,tk., respectivamente. Variables de esa naturaleza, geralmente modeladas por la distribuicion de Poisson, tienen variancias iguales a las respectivas esperanzas (crescientes con el tiempo), no verificando-se la de suposicion de homocedasticidad, lo que inviabiliza la utilizacion del modelo anteriormente descrito. El objetivo de este trabajo es discutir aspectos relacionados al uso adecuado de los modelos lineales y no lineales en el ajuste de curvas de crecimiento donde la variable respuesta tiene distribucion de Poisson. Como ejemplo, son utilizados datos de crecimiento de la microalga bioindicadora Selenastrumcapricornutum, la cual fue expuesta a diferentes tratamientos (con y sin un biopesticidas) en condiciones de laboratorio. En tales casos, donde la transformacion logaritmica de la respuesta linealiza la relacion numero de celulas versus tiempo, ademas de homogeneizar las variancias, el uso de un modelo lineal es adecuado.