Caspase-3 mediates hippocampal apoptosis in pneumococcal meningitis

Bacterial meningitis causes neuronal apoptosis in the hippocampal dentate gyrus, which is associated with learning and memory impairments after cured disease. The execution of the apoptotic program involves pathways that converge on activation of caspase-3, which is required for morphological changes associated with apoptosis. Here, the time course and the role of caspase-3 in neuronal apoptosis was assessed in an infant rat model of pneumococcal meningitis. During clinically asymptotic meningitis (0-12 h after infection), only minor apoptotic damage to the dentate gyrus was observed, while the acute phase (18-24 h) was characterized by a massive increase of apoptotic cells, which peaked at 36 h. In the subacute phase of the disease (36-72 h), the number of apoptotic cells decreased to control levels. Enzymatic caspase-3 activity was significantly increased in hippocampal tissue of infected animals compared to controls at 22 h. The activated enzyme was localized to immature cells of the dentate gyrus, and in vivo activity was evidenced by cleavage of the amyloid-beta precursor protein. Intracisternal administration of the caspase-3-specific inhibitor Ac-DEVD-CHO significantly reduced apoptosis in the hippocampal dentate gyrus. In contrast to a study where the decrease of hippocampal apoptosis after administration of a pan-caspase inhibitor was due to downmodulation of the inflammatory response, our data demonstrate that specific inhibition of caspase-3 did not affect inflammation assessed by TNF-alpha and IL-1beta concentrations in the cerebrospinal fluid space. Taken together, the present results identify caspase-3 as a key effector of neuronal apoptosis in pneumococcal meningitis.

Tractatus de Iudaeis et aliis infidelibus : circa concernentia originem contractum, bella, foedera, ultimas voluntates, iudicia & eorum conuersiones ad fidem; cum sumariis ac repertoriis

per Marquardum de Susannis ...

Hebraeomastix, vindex impietatis et perfidiae Judaicae, quo deteguntur ac firmissimis argumentis refutantur enormes et nefarii Judaeorum eorimque Talmud errores atque superstitiones

Hieronimus de Sancta Fide

De Ivdaeorvm Tolerantia Legvm Series Temporvm Ordine Digesta Ac Speciatim Moeno-Francofvrtensi : Ad Reformat. P. II, Tit. XII

Tübingen, Univ., Diss. 1772

Grand duo pour piano e viola

arr. par F. Hermann d'après Le Grand Septuor Oeuvre 20 composé par L. van Beethoven

Mi Addir : hebräische Melodie für eine Singstimme mit Orchester, Piano-Forte, oder Harmonium-Begleitung ; 2 Viol., Viola, Bass, Clarinetto u. 2 Corni

componirt von L. Lewandowski

Kŏl nidrēh : für Pianoforte oder Piano und Violine ; op. 6

bearb. von L. Lewandowski

Kŏl nidrēh : für Pianoforte oder Piano und Violine ; op. 6

bearb. von L. Lewandowski

Chanukka-Hymne für Kinderstimmen : Sopran und Alt, Piano-Forte oder Harmonium

von J. Rosenfeld ...

Evaluation of 3-dimensional superimposition techniques on various skeletal structures of the head using surface models.

OBJECTIVES To test the applicability, accuracy, precision, and reproducibility of various 3D superimposition techniques for radiographic data, transformed to triangulated surface data. METHODS Five superimposition techniques (3P: three-point registration; AC: anterior cranial base; AC + F: anterior cranial base + foramen magnum; BZ: both zygomatic arches; 1Z: one zygomatic arch) were tested using eight pairs of pre-existing CT data (pre- and post-treatment). These were obtained from non-growing orthodontic patients treated with rapid maxillary expansion. All datasets were superimposed by three operators independently, who repeated the whole procedure one month later. Accuracy was assessed by the distance (D) between superimposed datasets on three form-stable anatomical areas, located on the anterior cranial base and the foramen magnum. Precision and reproducibility were assessed using the distances between models at four specific landmarks. Non parametric multivariate models and Bland-Altman difference plots were used for analyses. RESULTS There was no difference among operators or between time points on the accuracy of each superimposition technique (p>0.05). The AC + F technique was the most accurate (D<0.17 mm), as expected, followed by AC and BZ superimpositions that presented similar level of accuracy (D<0.5 mm). 3P and 1Z were the least accurate superimpositions (0.79ach superimposition technique (p>0.05), the detected structural changes differed significantly between different techniques (p<0.05). Bland-Altman difference plots showed that BZ superimposition was comparable to AC, though it presented slightly higher random error. CONCLUSIONS Superimposition of 3D datasets using surface models created from voxel data can provide accurate, precise, and reproducible results, offering also high efficiency and increased post-processing capabilities. In the present study population, the BZ superimposition was comparable to AC, with the added advantage of being applicable to scans with a smaller field of view.

Sonate pour piano et alto ou violoncelle op. 36

comp. ... par H. Vieuxtemps

3me concerto pour la clarinette, avec accompagnement de 2 violons, alto, basse, 2 flûtes, 2 hautbois, 2 cors, 2 bassons, trompettes & timbales

par Iwan Müller

Der Hofnarr, Operette in 3 Acten

von A. Müller jun. Text von H. Wittmann u. J. Bauer. / Gezeichnet von J. E. Scheurer ac. Maler, Wien. [[Elektronische Ressource]]