Decomposing hierarchical alignment: Co-arguments as conditions on alignment and the limits of referential hierarchies as explanations in verb agreement

Apart from common cases of differential argument marking, referential hierarchies affect argument marking in two ways: (a) through hierarchical marking, where markers compete for a slot and the competition is resolved by a hierarchy, and (b) through co-argument sensitivity, where the marking of one argument depends on the properties of its co-argument. Here we show that while co-argument sensitivity cannot be analyzed in terms of hierarchical marking, hierarchical marking can be analyzed in terms of co-argument sensitivity. Once hierarchical effects on marking are analyzed in terms of co-argument sensitivity, it becomes possible to examine alignment patterns relative to referential categories in exactly the same way as one can examine alignment patterns relative to referential categories in cases of differential argument marking and indeed any other condition on alignment (such as tense or clause type). As a result, instances of hierarchical marking of any kind turn out not to present a special case in the typology of alignment, and there is no need for positing an additional non-basic alignment type such as “hierarchical alignment”. While hierarchies are not needed for descriptive and comparative purposes, we also cast doubt on their relevance in diachrony: examining two families for which hierarchical agreement has been postulated, Algonquian and Kiranti, we find only weak and very limited statistical evidence for agreement paradigms to have been shaped by a principled ranking of person categories.

La hija del especiero,

"Escrita en alemán por su autor, y vertida a excelente francés por M. León Wocquier."

Amending the Export-import bank act of 1945 with respect to credit to Communist countries : hearings before the Subcommittee on International Trade, Investment, and Monetary Policy of the Committee on Banking, Finance, and Urban Affairs, House of Representatives, Ninety-sixth Congress, first session, on H.R. 1908 ... July 23 and 24, 1979.

"Serial no. 96-24."

Myth and guilt; the crime and punishment of mankind.

"Based on lectures for the Robert Lindner Foundation in Baltimore, given November 13 and 14, 1956."

Five sketches from Finland.

Pl. no. B.M. Co. 3082-3087.

Tales,

The recruit.--Mine host Gansendonck.--Blind Rosa.--The poor nobleman.

If the Germans conquered England, and other essays,

"Practically all the essays in this book have appeared in the New statesman ... The sketch of T. M. Kettle appeared in the Daily news, and that of the Sheehy-Skeffington in the Ploughshare. The essay, "On nationalism and nationality," was written as a preface to a report of the Nationalities and subject races conference as long ago as 1910."--Pref. note.

Greek lines and other architectural essays,

Greek lines and their influence on modern architecture.--The growth of conscience in modern decorative art.--Historical architecture, and the influence of the personal element upon it.--The royal château of Blois.--The present state of architecture.--Architecture and poetry.

Cours d'étude pour l'instruction du Prince de Parme ... /

Directions pour la conscience d'un Roi / composées pour l'instruction de Louis de France Duc de Bourgogne par ... François de Salignac de la Mothe-Fénelon ... ([8], 84 p.)

Cours d'étude pour l'instruction du prince de Parme aujourd'hui S. A. R. l'Infant D. Ferdinand ... /

Directions pour la conscience d'un roi : composées pour l'instruction de Louis de France ... / par ... François de Salignac de la Motte-Fénelon ..., p. 251-311, con portadilla.

Man and society, political and social theory.

Bibliographical footnotes.

L'Église et l'État : morceaux divers /

Contiene: L'église et l'Etat ; Liberté d'enseignement ; Du mariage civil ; La chute des jésuites ; Liberté de conscience ; Des officalités ; La question romaine ; Un projet de concordat ; La querelle des catholiques.

German stories : selected from the works of Hoffmann, De la Motte Fouqué, Pichler, Kruse and others /

Translated from the German.

Dorothea Scott, otherwise Gotherson and Hogben, of Egerton house, Kent, 1611-1680.

A discourse of polletique and civill honor by Thomas Scott: p. [145]-198.

Ghetto tragedies,

"They that walk in darkness."--Transitional.--Noah's ark.--The land of promise.--To die in Jerusalem.--Bethulah.--The keeper of conscience.--Satan Mekatrig.--Diary of a meshumad.--Incurable.--The Sabbath-breaker.