Evaluación del efecto antídoto de fluxofenin sobre Digitaria Eriantha y Panicum Coloratum cv. Klein para aplicar herbicidas preemergentes

Resumen: En la región semiárida central, las gramíneas perennes megatérmicas contribuyen a disminuir los riesgos de erosión, a incrementar la receptividad en los sistemas de producción basados en pastizales naturales y a disminuir los costos de producción. Una de las especies de mayor difusión es pasto llorón (Eragrostis curvula). La resistencia a las bajas temperaturas invernales (-17°C), alta producción primaria y resistencia al pastoreo son algunas de las virtudes de esta especie. No obstante, durante el semestre frío y seco (otoño-invierno) el valor nutritivo del forraje diferido es muy bajo. La suplementación con concentrados energéticos –proteicos soluciona este problema, aunque incrementa los costos y complica el manejo. La identificación y evaluación de otras especies con características semejantes a pasto llorón, pero de mayor valor nutritivo sobre todo durante el invierno, fue una línea de trabajo importante en el INTA San Luis. De éste trabajo, surgieron dos especies actualmente en difusión en los sistemas de producción, a saber: Digitaria (Digitaria eriantha) y Mijo perenne (Panicum coloratum). Si bien la adopción de esta tecnología es importante, podría ser aún más elevada. Las dificultades de implantación es una causa relevante, sobre todo en potreros que han sido cultivados con especies anuales durante muchos años. En estos sitios, existe un importante banco de semilla de malezas gramíneas, que dificultan el control sin afectar la digitaria. El desarrollo de herbicidas preemergentes con gran poder residual, como así de compuestos químicos que funcionan como antídotos para proteger las especies que son afectadas por estos herbicidas, podrían resultar valiosos. Se dispone en el mercado de herbicidas de presiembra o preemergentes residuales formulados en base a acetamidas, a saber: i) S-metolaclor y ii) Acetoclor que controlan un amplio espectro de malezas incluidas las malezas problemas mencionadas. También se dispone de una sustancia química que funciona como antídoto-protector (fluxofenin) con el nombre comercial de Concep II y es utilizado para sembrar exitosamente el cultivo de sorgo. Se desconoce si éste compuesto podría proteger a las plántulas de digitaria y panicum. Se hipotetiza que la aplicación en el suelo de los herbicidas mencionados y la posterior siembra de semillas de digitaria y panicum protegidas con antídoto, no afectaría la germinación ni el desarrollo normal de plántulas de ambas especies. El objetivo de éste trabajo fue evaluar el efecto del antídoto, de los herbicidas y de la combinación de ambos sobre la germinación, crecimiento y sobrevivencia de plántulas de digitaria y panicum. El trabajo se desarrolló en el Laboratorio de semillas de la EEA San Luis del INTA, próxima a la ciudad de Villa Mercedes (Pcia. de San Luis). Se diseñaron 12 tratamientos con cuatro repeticiones para evaluar el efecto de cuatro dosis de antídoto (0; 20; 40 y 60 cc cada 100 kg de semilla) sin la aplicación de herbicidas (Sin), y la combinación de cada dosis de antídoto con dos herbicidas: SM (S-metolaclor) y A (Acetoclor) con la dosis recomendada comercialmente. Los tratamientos fueron: T1= (0:Sin); T2=(20:Sin); T3=(40:Sin); T4=(60:Sin); T5=(20:SM); T6=(40:SM); T7= (60:SM); T8=(20:A); T9=(40:A); T10=(60:A); T11=(0:SM); T12=(0:A). Se utilizaron 48 bandejas de plástico por especie forrajera de 15x10x3,5 cm, con 150 Se realizó la siembra al voleo con 0,5 gr de semilla en cada bandeja. Se compactó en forma semejante y cada bandeja se colocó en una bolsa de nylon para evitar la deshidratación. Luego se llevaron las 96 bandejas (2 especies forrajeras por 12 tratamientos por 4 repeticiones) a la cámara de cultivo con 30°C con 8 hs de luz y 20 °C con 16 hs de oscuridad. El ensayo tuvo una duración de 57 días. Se hicieron 14 mediciones de altura y n° de plantas. La unidad experimental fue la bandeja. Las variables respuesta (altura de hoja (mm) y el número de plantas) fueron sometidos a análisis de varianza y las medias comparadas utilizando el test de LSD. El nivel de significación utilizado en el trabajo es del 5%. Los resultados obtenidos: En Digitaria (Digitaria eriantha): I) El desarrollo y número de plantas fue mayor sin antídoto y sin herbicida, (p≤0,05) II) El tratamiento 6 (40:SM) resultó la mejor combinación para obtener un adecuado crecimiento y número de plántulas, aunque inferior al testigo (p≤0,05). III) Se logra efecto protector para el herbicida S-metolaclor con una dosis de antídoto entre 20cc y 40cc. IV) El antídoto es fitotóxico para la Digitaria Eriantha en dosis de 60cc (p≤0,05). V) El antídoto no protege a la Digitaria Eriantha en ninguna de sus dosis del herbicida Acetoclor En Mijo perenne (Panicum coloratum).: I) La aplicación de antídoto en la menor dosis (20 cc) no afectó el crecimiento ni el número de las plantas. En esta última variable, aún las dosis mayores del antídoto (40 y 60 cc) no tuvieron efectos negativos respecto al testigo (p≤0,05), II) La combinación del herbicida s-metolaclor (SM) con las dosis intermedias (20 y 40cc) de antídoto tuvo un ligero efecto negativo sobre el crecimiento y número de plantas respecto al testigo, aunque con diferencias significativas (p≤0,05) III) La aplicación del herbicida Acetoclor con todas las dosis del antídoto afectó significativamente el crecimiento y el número de plantas (p≤0,05). Se concluye que el tratamiento con antídoto en dosis bajas (20cc) no afecta el desarrollo ni el número de plantas de digitaria y panicum. Esta última especie es menos afectada que digitaria aún con mayores dosis. La mejor combinación de antídoto y herbicida SM, es de 20 cc para digitaria y 60 cc para panicum. El herbicida Acetoclor tuvo efectos negativos en ambas especies. Se recomienda realizar nuevos ensayos en condiciones reales de producción.

Convective heat dissipation with lattice-frame materials

This paper presents experimental results on heat transfer and pressure drop for a compact heat sink made of fully triangulated, lightweight (porosity∼0.938), aluminum lattice-frame materials (LFMs). Due to the inherent structural anisotropy of the LFMs, two mutually perpendicular orientations were selected for the measurements. Constant heat flux was applied to the heat sink under steady state conditions, and dissipated by forced air convection. The experimental data were compared with those predicted from an analytical model based on fin analogy. The experimental results revealed that pressure drop is strongly dependent upon the orientation of the structure, due mainly to the flow blockage effect. For heat transfer measurements, typical local temperature distributions on the substrate under constant heat flux conditions were captured with infrared camera. The thermal behavior of LFMs was found to follow closely that of cylinder banks, with early transition Reynolds number (based on strut diameter) equal to about 300. The Nusselt number prediction from the fin-analogy correlates well with experimental measurements, except at low Reynolds numbers where a slightly underestimation is observed. Comparisons with empty channels and commonly used heat exchanger media show that the present LFM heat sink can remove heat approximately seven times more efficient than an empty channel and as efficient as a bank of cylinders at the same porosity level. The aluminum LFMs are extremely stiff and strong, making them ideal candidates for multifunctional structures requiring both heat dissipation and mechanical load carrying capabilities. © 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Novel wideband active waveguide photonic crystal polarisation selector

We have designed and fabricated a broadband and compact polarisation selector using a photonic crystal at the junction of two intersecting active waveguides. The crystal shows >8dB polarisation selectivity over a 70nm range. © 2003 Optical Society of America.

High rate deposition of ta-C:H using an electron cyclotron wave resonance plasma source

A compact electron cyclotron wave resonance (ECWR) source has been developed for the high rate deposition of hydrogenated tetrahedral amorphous carbon (ta-C:H). The ECWR provides growth rates of up to 1.5 nm/s over a 4-inch diameter and an independent control of the deposition rate and ion energy. The ta-C:H was deposited using acetylene as the source gas and was characterized as having an sp3 content of up to 77%, plasmon energy of 27 eV, refractive index of 2.45, hydrogen content of about 30%, optical gap of up to 2.1 eV and RMS surface roughness of 0.04 nm. © 1999 Elsevier Science S.A. All rights reserved.

High rate deposition of Ta-C:H using an electron cyclotron wave resonance plasma source

A compact electron cyclotron wave resonance (ECWR) source has been developed for the high rate deposition of hydrogenated tetrahedral amorphous carbon (ta-C:H). The ECWR provides growth rates of up to 900 angstrom/min and an independent control of the deposition rate and ion energy. The ta-C:H was deposited using acetylene as the source gas and was characterized in terms of its bonding, stress and friction coefficient. The results indicated that the ta-C:H produced using this source fulfills the necessary requirements for applications requiring enhanced tribological performance.

The preparation, characterization and tribological properties of TA-C : H deposited using an electron cyclotron wave resonance plasma beam source

A compact electron cyclotron wave resonance (ECWR) source has been developed for the high rate deposition of hydrogenated tetrahedral amorphous carbon (ta-C:H). The ECWR provides growth rates of up to 900 Å/min over a 4″ diameter and an independent control of the deposition rate and ion energy. The ta-C:H was deposited using acetylene as the source gas and was characterized in terms of its sp3 content, mass density, intrinsic stress, hydrogen content, C-H bonding, Raman spectra, optical gap, surface roughness and friction coefficient. The results obtained indicated that the film properties were maximized at an ion energy of approximately 167 eV, corresponding to an energy per daughter carbon ion of 76 eV. The relationship between the incident ion energy and film densification was also explained in terms of the subsurface implantation of carbon ions into the growing film.

Transparent electrode with a nanostructured coating.

Using single-walled nanotubes as an example, we fabricated transparent conductive coatings and demonstrated a new technique of centrifuge coating as a potential low-waste, solution-based batch process for the fabrication of nanostructured coatings. A theoretical model is developed to account for the sheet resistance exhibited by layered random-network coatings such as nanofilaments and graphene. The model equation is analytical and compact, and allows the correlation of very different scaling regimes reported in the literature to the underlying coating microstructure. Finally, we also show a refined experimental setup to systematically measure the curvature-dependent sheet resistance.

Free-Space Interconnect for Optical Switch and Analogue Neural Network

In this paper, the architecture of a vector-matrix multiplier (MVM) is simulated. The optical design can be made compact by the use of GRIN lenses for the optical fan-in. The intended application area was in storage area networks (SANs) but the concept can be applied to a neural network. © 2011 Allerton Press, Inc.

Explosive consolidation of amorphous cobalt-based alloys

This paper addresses the explosive consolidation of amorphous cobalt-based alloys. Using the experimental setup introduced in the present paper, specimens with high compact density, excellent magnetic properties and great wearability have been made. In comparison with permalloy and ferrite, the present specimens exhibit superior magnetic properties. Therefore, the compact is deemed as being a promising material for magnetic recording heads.

Growth Mechanism And Corrosion Behavior Of Ceramic Coatings On Aluminum Produced By Autocontrol Ac Pulse Peo

Ceramic coatings are produced on aluminum alloy by autocontrol AC pulse Plasma Electrolytic Oxidation (PEO) with stabilized average current. Transient signal gathering system is used to study the current, voltage, and the transient wave during the PEO process. SEM, OM, XRD and EDS are used to study the coatings evolution of morphologies, composition and structure. TEM is used to study the micro profile of the outer looser layer and inner compact layer. Polarization test is used to study the corrosion property of PEO coatings in NaCl solution. According to the test results, AC pulse PEO process can be divided into four stages with different aspects of discharge phenomena, voltage and current. The growth mechanism of AC PEO coating is characterized as anodic reaction and discharge sintering effect. PEO coating can increase the corrosion resistance of aluminum alloy by one order or two; however, too long process time is not necessarily needed to increase the corrosion resistance. In condition of this paper, PEO coating at 60 min is the most protective coating for aluminum alloy substrate. (C) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All fights reserved.

Direct Numerical Simulation Of Three-Dimensional Richtmyer-Meshkov Instability

Direct numerical simulation (DNS) is used to study flow characteristics after interaction of a planar shock with a spherical media interface in each side of which the density is different. This interfacial instability is known as the Richtmyer-Meshkov (R-M) instability. The compressible Navier-Stoke equations are discretized with group velocity control (GVC) modified fourth order accurate compact difference scheme. Three-dimensional numerical simulations are performed for R-M instability installed passing a shock through a spherical interface. Based on numerical results the characteristics of 3D R-M instability are analysed. The evaluation for distortion of the interface, the deformation of the incident shock wave and effects of refraction, reflection and diffraction are presented. The effects of the interfacial instability on produced vorticity and mixing is discussed.

Difference schemes on non-uniform mesh and their application

High order accurate schemes are needed to simulate the multi-scale complex flow fields to get fine structures in simulation of the complex flows with large gradient of fluid parameters near the wall, and schemes on non-uniform mesh are desirable for many CFD (computational fluid dynamics) workers. The construction methods of difference approximations and several difference approximations on non-uniform mesh are presented. The accuracy of the methods and the influence of stretch ratio of the neighbor mesh increment on accuracy are discussed. Some comments on these methods are given, and comparison of the accuracy of the results obtained by schemes based on both non-uniform mesh and coordinate transformation is made, and some numerical examples with non-uniform mesh are presented.

Numerical simulation of Richtmyer-Meshkov instability

The compressible Navier-Stokes equations discretized with a fourth order accurate compact finite difference scheme with group velocity control are used to simulate the Richtmyer-Meshkov (R-M) instability problem produced by cylindrical shock-cylindrical material interface with shock Mach number Ms = 1.2 and density ratio 1:20 (interior density/outer density). Effect of shock refraction, reflection, interaction of the reflected shock with the material interface, and effect of initial perturbation modes on R-M instability are investigated numerically. It is noted that the shock refraction is a main physical mechanism of the initial phase changing of the material surface. The multiple interactions of the reflected shock from the origin with the interface and the R-M instability near the material interface are the reason for formation of the spike-bubble structures. Different viscosities lead to different spike-bubble structure characteristics. The vortex pairing phenomenon is found in the initial double mode simulation. The mode interaction is the main factor of small structures production near the interface.

Numerical analysis of spatial evolution of the small signal gain in a chemical oxygen-iodine laser operating without primary buffer gas

A chemical oxygen iodine laser (COIL) that operates without primary buffer gas has become a new way of facilitating the compact integration of laser systems. To clarify the properties of spatial gain distribution, three-dimensional (3-D) computational fluid dynamics (CFD) technology was used to study the mixing and reactive flow in a COIL nozzle with an interleaving jet configuration in the supersonic section. The results show that the molecular iodine fraction in the secondary flow has a notable effect on the spatial distribution of the small signal gain. The rich iodine condition produces some negative gain regions along the jet trajectory, while the lean iodine condition slows down the development of the gain in the streamwise direction. It is also found that the new configuration of an interleaving jet helps form a reasonable gain field under appropriate operation conditions. (c) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

A high order accurate difference scheme for complex flow fields

A high order accurate finite difference method for direct numerical simulation of coherent structure in the mixing layers is presented. The reason for oscillation production in numerical solutions is analyzed, It is caused by a nonuniform group velocity of wavepackets. A method of group velocity control for the improvement of the shock resolution is presented. In numerical simulation the fifth-order accurate upwind compact difference relation is used to approximate the derivatives in the convection terms of the compressible N-S equations, a sixth-order accurate symmetric compact difference relation is used to approximate the viscous terms, and a three-stage R-K method is used to advance in time. In order to improve the shock resolution the scheme is reconstructed with the method of diffusion analogy which is used to control the group velocity of wavepackets. (C) 1997 Academic Press.