Jogos cooperativos: uma proposta de educação ambiental

O presente trabalho está vinculado ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em Educação Ambiental - PPGEA/FURG e tem como tema a Educação Ambiental, a Educação Física e os Jogos Cooperativos no contexto escolar, com o objetivo de repensar a prática de Educação Física na escola a partir do desenvolvimento dos jogos cooperativos. A Educação Física é uma disciplina inserida no espaço escolar caracterizada pela presença dos esportes competitivos como conteúdo dominante e a Educação Ambiental é uma prática social que considera outros modos de constituição de relações sociais que estejam para além da lógica perspectivada pelo capitalismo e tão presente na prática dos jogos competitivos realizada nas aulas de Educação Física. A pesquisa insere-se numa perspectiva qualitativa tendo como suporte metodológico a pesquisa-ação. Ocorreu na Escola Municipal de Ensino Fundamental Mate Amargo, onde a pesquisadora possui vínculo. Os sujeitos da pesquisa foram os alunos de uma turma da referida escola e a partir do questionamento ?quais os significados atribuídos aos jogos cooperativos pelos estudantes da turma 71 - sétima série (no ano de 2012 e oitava série em 2013) da Escola Municipal de Ensino Fundamental Mate Amargo, desenvolveu-se esta pesquisa. A produção dos dados ocorreu por meio da proposição de jogos cooperativos e semi-cooperativos com registros escritos dos sujeitos da pesquisa após as vivências, escrita no diário de campo da pesquisadora e a produção de uma história das aulas de Educação Física realizada pelos referidos alunos. Como instrumento de análise foi utilizado a análise textual discursiva (ATD) proposta por Moraes e Galliazzi (2007) o qual se constitui por diversas etapas num movimento recursivo de compreensão do fenômeno investigado. A partir dos dados analisados emergiram duas categorias de análise: a primeira intitula-se ?Jogos e suas múltiplas faces: o resgate do lúdico? onde foi possível analisar as percepções dos alunos diante de tais jogos, os sentimentos que surgiram, suas opiniões e aprendizados. Evidenciouse ainda o potencial lúdico existente nestes jogos propostos. A segunda denomina-se "Entre a competição e a cooperação", e são expressas suas percepções acerca destes dois elementos no jogo, demonstrando que em alguns momentos a competição se evidencia revelando talvez, as próprias vivências dos alunos em seu cotidiano, e por vezes a cooperação se anuncia confirmando a possibilidade desses jogos em impulsionar e desenvolver sentimentos de coletividade, cooperação e sentido de grupo nos sujeitos da pesquisa permitindo o encaminhamento do significado atribuído por eles aos jogos cooperativos como atividades que propiciaram momentos de diversão e prazer, acompanhados de situações em que possibilitou o exercício da cooperação, percepção do outro e da coletividade. Como aporte teórico, deu-se ênfase a autores como Loureiro (2006; 2009), Guimarães (1995;2007), Bracht (1992;2009), Orlick (1978) Brown (2002) Brotto (2001). A pesquisa mostrou que os jogos cooperativos propiciaram a emergência de atitudes cooperativas e a percepção do outro, como também foi possível apreender pelas análises um clima de diversão e prazer sentido e expressado por eles confirmando o potencial lúdico existente nestes jogos.

Habitar lo comunitario: vivencias desde de una política pública de cuidados

RESUMEN Este trabajo presenta resultados de una investigación sobre los habitares que se construyen en un residencial que articula el sector salud con el sector social en una incipiente política pública de cuidados. En estos espacios conviven transitoriamente sujetos en situación de vulnerabilidad, junto a cooperativas de trabajadores y a equipos técnicos. Nos interesamos por la vivencia de los residentes, a partir de los vínculos que se construyen es esta experiencia y los sentidos otorgados a los mismos. Reflexionaremos sobre aportes y tensiones que algunas nociones clave en Psicología Social Comunitaria genera en este escenario de política pública intersectorial, en especial a lo que refiere al agenciamiento político de los sujetos: su poder autónomo y transformador de las condiciones de existencia.

Controle social e políticas públicas: contribuições para aprimorar o controle social do programa nacional de alimentação escolar

The National School Feeding Programme (PNAE) is a public policy in Brazil for over 60 years and represents one of the most important programs of feeding and nutrition in the world. The role of family farming as a source of employment in rural areas, food provider and for ensuring much of the Brazil’s food security is constantly present at the government's and social movement’s agendas. Law 11.947 of 2009 marked its integration in the food supply for the National School Feeding Programme. Article 14 of aforementioned law highlights that a minimum of 30% (thirty percent) of the funds transferred by the National Development Fund Education (FNDE) to the Programme must be used for the purchase of food directly from family farmers or their organizations. The national school feeding policy under the responsibility of the FNDE and is subjected to agencies of internal control, such as the General Controllership of the Union (CGU), of external control, such as the Audit Courts of the Union and the of the states, and to the social control of the school feeding councils. Those funds are transferred to the implementing agencies, which are the education offices of the states, municipalities and of the Federal District. These entities must annually present their accountings to the School Feeding Councils, which analyze them and then issue a conclusive report to the FNDE, approving with or without reservations, or rejecting them. In this sense, this research aims to propose parameters that should contribute to the improvement of the social control over purchases from family farming for the National School Feeding Programme. The study was conducted by non parametric sampling alongside the managers of the implementing entities, school feeding councils and Family Farming Organizations all across Brazil, from the databases provided by FNDE and by the National Union of Cooperatives of Family Agriculture and Solidarity Economy (Unicafes). The study points out that the legal framework of PNAE seeks to ensure the participation of family farming in the food supply for the Programme, despite allowing the executing agencies to justify the non-compliance of the minimum required in a number of ways. The survey also signalizes that the school feeding councils follow the implementation of the Programme very shyly, and points out that there is room to expand and enhance the participation of these councils and organizations of family farming in the execution of PNAE. Its effectiveness requires a constant and effective process of training of the agents involved in the Programme.

O processo de organização social do Grupo Herança Viva de Chapecó-SC e suas estratégias de ação conjunta

The consequences resulting from economic modernization model generated social and environmental imbalances, resulting in the exclusion and social isolation, perceived consequences in the agricultural sector. When studying social organizations, tends to see how they keep their forward cooperation processes all a company incorporated by the appreciation of individualism and competition. The overall objective for this research was to analyze the organizational dynamics of Agroecology Group Heritage Viva Chapecó, Santa Catarina, in order to identify the strengths and threats and collaborate in this way for preparation of action strategies for sustainability. The selected group is based on the principles of agroecology for the conduct of their agricultural production systems, avoiding the use of agrochemicals, proven through the use of participatory certification seal Ecovida Network, and the products sold mainly in street fairs in the city of chapecó. To fulfill such a proposal were consulted the minutes of meetings and questionnaires with farmers to assess the dynamics of cooperation among its members, through the understanding of their social capital and social network analysis (SNA). To extend the study of the group and its members was adopted methodological approach of action research where activities were developed to identify strengths and weaknesses and contribute to its organizational restructuring, resulting in the construction, carried out by farmers, the guiding principles of the Living Heritage Group will contribute to the decision-making and strengthen their identity. The survey also brought the group is inserted in the Social Transition Agroecology therefore change the current paradigm is not inserted only in the alternative model of production, but in the form of organization of social actors and their role in the marketing process of their products, in discussing the scenario of food supply chains.

Elaboración y guía de legalización del sistema contable de la Asociación Cooperativa De Producción Pesquera “el nuevo puerto”, ACOPPENP de R.L. en el municipio de La Unión

La investigación tiene como propósito la elaboración y Guía de Legalización del Sistema Contable que facilite el proceso de generación de la información financiera básica para la toma de decisiones de la Asociación Cooperativa de Producción Pesquera “El Nuevo Puerto”, ACOPPENP de R. L. En el municipio de La Unión, La Unión Año 2014, se propone un plan de cuentas y manual de aplicaciones de acuerdo a la normativa técnico-legal; e ilustrar el procedimiento de legalización del plan contable para la Asociación Cooperativa de Producción Pesquera “El Nuevo Puerto”. La elaboración y la guía de legalización del sistema contable posibilitará la apropiada agrupación de los registros contables, el cumplimiento legal y técnico, el crecimiento económico y comercial, el fortalecimiento de la estructura de la asociación cooperativa, además del desarrollo personal de los asociadas, otorgando confianza y transparencia en la información financiera a los usuarios internos y externos, a través de la minimización de los riesgos por fraudes y la garantía sustancial de las políticas y reglamentos que estarán enmarcadas en el sistema contable, el presente trabajo será de beneficio para las asociaciones cooperativas de producción pesquera y en específico a ACOPPENP de R.L. contribuirá al robustecimiento de la estructura de la asociación, y para sumarle credibilidad y para un mayor aprovechamiento de las oportunidades en el ámbito en el que se desenvuelve, este tipo de proyecto se enfocan a contribuir con la Pequeña y Mediana empresa el cual es el caso de la asociación cooperativa que no cuenta con los recursos y ni con los profesionales que le brinden apoyo que necesitan en esta área.

Relatório de estágio da intervenção pedagógica no Infantário O Carrocel e na Escola EB1/PE da Ladeira

O presente relatório foi elaborado no âmbito do Mestrado em Educação PréEscolar e Ensino do 1.º Ciclo do Ensino Básico para a obtenção do grau de mestre. Ao longo do corpo do mesmo encontram-se descritas as intervenções pedagógicas realizadas no pré-escolar e no 1.º ciclo do ensino básico, antecedidas por uma fundamentação teórica que constituiu a base de toda a ação pedagógica nos diferentes contextos educativos. No pré-escolar a ação realizou-se no Infantário “O Carrocel”, com crianças entre os três e os cinco anos, e decorreu em torno de uma problemática de investigação-ação que visava o desenvolvimento da socialização das crianças do grupo em questão. No 1.º ciclo do ensino básico, a intervenção realizou-se na Escola Básica do 1.º Ciclo com PréEscolar da Ladeira, numa turma de 3.º ano de escolaridade e teve como objetivo a adoção de estratégias que possibilitassem o desenvolvimento da motivação dos alunos, bem como a aquisição de hábitos de trabalho. Com o intuito de adequar e melhorar a prática para que atendesse aos interesses e necessidades das crianças, foi adotada uma postura reflexiva desde o início até o seu términus. Sendo o docente um profissional prático-reflexivo, é possível construir a sua identidade profissional ao longo da sua intervenção contextualizada ao meio, e que de forma desconcentrada proporciona atividades diversificadas num sistema educativo centralizado. Com as atividades apresentadas, pretendeu-se proporcionar às crianças momentos de aprendizagem ativa e significativa, onde os seus conhecimentos prévios foram valorizados e potencializavam o seu desenvolvimento através de uma atitude experiencial de forma autónoma. Assim, através das atividades cooperativas, interdisciplinares, com recurso a material didático diversificado e ao valorar a relação escola-família, foi possível contribuir para uma melhor qualidade na educação baseada nos pressupostos de vários pedagogos.

Programa de aquisição de alimentos (2003-2010): avaliação da implementação pela CONAB no Rio Grande do Norte

This thesis aimed to evaluate the implementation of the Food Acquisition Program(PAA) through CONAB RN in the period of 2003-2010 with the perception of all agents involved in the implementation of the government program.For the methodological trajectory it was adopted a descriptive bibliographical and documentary approach with triangular qualitative and quantitative, also called evaluative research.The theoretical model was supported by the authors Draibe (2001), Aguilar and Ander-Egg (1994) and Silva(2001), among others, that focused on family farming and evaluation of implementation of public policy having as a category of analysis the size implementation of policy and the latter divided into 10 theoretical dimensions.The universe consisted of three groups: the first were the managers and technicians from CONAB(RN and Brasilia), totaling 15 subjects. The second group was of associations/cooperatives that participated in the programin 2010, totaling a sample in each access of 15 representatives. The third group of subjects totaled with 309 representatives of governmental and non-governmental organizations that received donations of food for the same period. Semi-structured interviews and forms were adopted as instruments of data collection.The data were processed qualitatively by the analysis of content (interviews and documents) and quantitatively by means of statistical tests that allowed inferences and adoption of frequencies. Among the key find ingests that the program is not standing as a structure supported by planning. The interests of the performers do not necessarily converge with the objectives of the Food Acquisition Program (PAA). A shockof goals was identified (within the same program) when comparingthe financial agent (Ministry of Rural Development and of Social Development and Fight Against Hunger Ministry r) and the executor, CONAB/RN. Within the assessed dimensions, the most fragileis the sub-managerial decision-making and Organizational Environment and internal assessment, still deserves attention the sizeof logistical and operational Subsystem, as this also proved weak.The focusin the quest toexpand thequantificationof the resultsof theFood Acquisition Program (PAA)by CONAB/RN does forget a quality management focused on what really should be:the compliance with the institutional objectives of the government program.Finally, the perspective for the traded implementation should be re-examined because excessive discretion by managers along with technical staff has characterized there al role of the Food Acquisition Program (PAA) as public policy. We conclude that the implementation model, which apparently aggregates values to the benefitted citizens, has weakened the context of work on family farms having the management model of the implementation process be reviewed by the Federal Government and point too ther paths, which have as a guide line the emancipation and developmentof the field or in the field andat the same time enables the reduction of nutritional deficiency of beneficiaries in a balanced and coherent way

Ensayo sobre la realidad estratégica de Coomeva

Desde hace varios años, se ha venido investigando en la Cooperativa cuál es el modelo de organización administrativa que debe adoptarse, a fin de que sirva de medio para el mejor cumplimiento del objeto social, referido concretamente a lograr la satisfacción de los asociados y de los afiliados a través de los servicios que les presta la Cooperativa.

A formação e o desenvolvimento de arranjos cooperativos sob a ótica da imersão social e da economia dos custos de transação: um estrudo de caso na Coopercam e na Unipesca

The current study analyzes the birth and development of two strategic alliances established between shrimp producers in Rio Grande do Norte: the Unipesca and the Coopercam. To achieve this aim, two approaches which, at first sight, could be considered contradictory were used: the Transactional Costs Economy and Embeddedness. The first approach is fundamentally based in the studies of Williamson (1985; 1991; 1996; 1999; 2000; 2002). Embededness, on the other hand, went through the review of a series of authors, such as Burt (1992), Granovetter (1973; 1985), Uzzi (1997), Gulati (1994; 1995; 1997; 1998; 1999; 2000), Nielsen (2005), Ring (2002), Ring and Van de Ven (1994), Zafirovski (2002), among others. To analyze the birth and development of the cooperatives in this study, Gulati s work (1998) was used. This study shows the steps to be studied for a better comprehension of an alliance: the decision of starting an alliance and the choice of the partners, the decision about the governance structure, the evolution of the alliance and the development of the companies which established this partnership. To carry this study out, a study case accordingly to Yin s proposal (2001) was adopted. Semi-structured interviews with pre-defined plots were conducted in two phases: in the beginning of 2006 and in the beginning of 2007. The subjects from the research were, in 2006, representative members of the main associations and corporations, besides the shrimp producers from the state, when the context of the activity was set. In the second phase, in 2007, representative members from the two cooperatives that were listed above were interviewed the president from Coopercam and the marketing manager from Unipesca. Besides these two members, directors from two important organizations in each of these cooperatives were also interviewed, giving out the necessary information for the research. Secondary data was also collected from the Brazilian Association of Crab producers website, as well as from news from important newspapers in RN, such as Tribuna do Norte. The primary data was analyzed in terms of quality, accordingly to the documental analysis technique. Thus, through the data that was collected, it can be concluded that the reasons that motivated the companies to cooperate can be explained in terms of the transactional costs economy. However, the choice of partners is more connected to aspects approached by the social embededness. When aspects related to development and evolution were analyzed, it could be seen that both aspects from TCE and Embededness were vital to explain the development of the cooperatives mentioned

La empresa social. Experiencias innovadoras a través del deporte

Dentro del ámbito de la economía social destacan las empresas sociales, las cuales identifican y tratan de solucionar problemas sociales que las administraciones públicas no son capaces de solventar de la manera adecuada. Por su parte, la actual crisis económica ha aumentado las desigualdades sociales y ha provocado un aumento de la pobreza y del riesgo de exclusión social. En este nuevo escenario es donde el emprendimiento social está adquiriendo relevancia, pues es capaz de satisfacer las necesidades no atendidas, ni por las instituciones públicas, ni por el mercado. Respecto a las instituciones públicas, principalmente debido a la falta de recursos, y por lo que se refiere al mercado, por la falta de interés derivada de la escasa rentabilidad económica que presenta este tipo de actividades. La empresa social puede, en este contexto, rentabilizar su actuación social innovadora al dar protagonismo por encima de todo a las personas en lugar del capital. En este sentido, su finalidad social y la reinversión de sus beneficios económicos en su propio objetivo, propician que este tipo de entidades sean idóneas para poder beneficiar a las comunidades en las que están asentadas. Dentro de los ámbitos donde el emprendimiento social puede tener una mayor incidencia se encuentra el deporte. De hecho, a lo largo del presente estudio se pretende poner de manifiesto la importancia y la idoneidad del deporte como ámbito para el desarrollo del emprendimiento social, ya que ambos buscan fines semejantes: la igualdad de oportunidades, la cohesión y la integración entre otros, junto con el logro de una sociedad más equitativa, dentro de un proyecto social responsable en todas sus dimensiones.

Las competencias de emprendimiento social, COEMS: aproximación a traves de programas de formación universitaria en Iberoamérica

El auge que el emprendimiento social tiene en nuestra sociedad cada vez es mayor y muchas universidades han apostado por la educación emprendedora como parte de su misión, adquiriendo un papel de responsabilidad en la sociedad y en el proceso emprendedor, y desarrollando así una “cultura emprendedora”. No obstante, se ha constatado la necesidad de establecer un marco común sobre la formación en emprendimiento social, y las competencias que es necesario desarrollar en las personas emprendedoras sociales. Este artículo tiene como objetivo reflexionar sobre dichas competencias, a través de una revisión de lo planteado en la literatura. A su vez, se pretende comprobar si la propuesta teórica está en consonancia con las competencias que los programas de formación universitaria están desarrollando en esta materia. De esta forma, se contrastó el análisis teórico realizado con los resultados obtenidos de un estudio sobre programas de formación universitarios en emprendimiento social que se realizó dentro del marco de la investigación Alfa-Tuning Latin American Project 2011-2013, financiado por la Comisión Europea. Como parte del estudio, se analizaron las competencias que se están trabajando en dichos programas. Para ello, se ha hecho un análisis documental de una selección de siete programas de formación de distintas universidades de América Latina y España. Como resultado de la revisión literaria y el análisis de los programas, se delimitó una clasificación de competencias de emprendimiento social, COEMS, que se presenta en este artículo. Esta clasificación consta de cuatro bloques que pretenden desarrollar las capacidades del alumnado desde una visión de globalidad. Cada bloque de competencias se ilustra con el ejemplo de uno de los programas analizados, debido al trabajo significativo desarrollado en las competencias de dicho bloque. Se hace hincapié, en particular, en aquel bloque de competencias relacionadas con la filosofía y la ética, COEMS 4, como base fundamental para el fomento del compromiso social en el alumnado, marca de identidad de la futura persona emprendedora social.

A dinâmica do campo organizacional e a adoção de estratégias na carcinicultura do RN

This study aimed to understand the relations inside the organizational Structuring of the shrimp Field - the shrimp agribusiness placed in Rio Grande do Norte State and the strategies adopted by its players. In order to achieve that, semi-structured interviews were conducted with samples of various organizations that act in the field, like cooperatives, associations, enterprises of different links in the chain, universities and state agencies. The interviews built up a large collection of secondary data. As expected, it was found that Field and strategies are related in a recursive way: the configuration of the field, a result from his own biography, has decisively influenced the strategies adopted by its actors, who, as evolved, eventually caused further changes in the Field and outlines the plot of this area of interaction. It was found, for example, that after thirty-five years of its genesis, the Field of shrimp RN still has a low level of institutionalization, which helps to understand the difficulty of its actors in establish strategies based on partnerships and cooperation; Those actions are so necessary to alleviate the effects of the crisis that devastated the industry since 2004. It was noticed, however, that this level of institutionalization is a result, beside other factors, the very strategies that field actors are embracing along its trajectory. Thus, this study hopes to have contributed both to the necessary revival of the agency to institutional phenomenon, cited by Oliver (1991), and to meet the need for more contextualized approaches to organizational strategies (MINTZBERG, 1987; CLEGG, 2004; WHITTINGTON, 2004; 2006; SARAIVA and CARRIERI, 2007). It is an exploratory study that needs further investigation in order to get deep in this research. In this sense, others methodologies and theoretical perspectives need to be used, especially those relating to the seizure of the disputes and discursive aspects of power, as salient in the field investigated. Moreover, in terms of "practical actions", it is suggested that, as soon as possible, the main actors of the field (cooperatives, companies, and state entities in class) can be able of agglutinate efforts to support the shrimp field in RN State and make sustainable actions, which can promote the development of activity in a global view. On the apse of shrimp activities everybody wanted to be the "father of the child," Now, someone has to "stay in the goal."

As relações da tríplice hélice no setor da carcinicultura do Rio Grande do Norte: uma análise a partir das abordagens da imersão social e da dependência de recursos

This work consists in a study of the Shrimp Industry in the state of Rio Grande do Norte, whose central issue relates to the understanding of how the Triple Helix (University, Government and the productive sector) interrelationship limits or expands the industry s innovation process. The study aims to understand how the Triple Helix relationship interferes in the innovation process of shrimp in Rio Grande do Norte. As the knowledge becomes the resource key for production methods, the generation of new technologies, new products and processes which demands joint and integrated action of the institutions comprising the Triple Helix: University, Government and productive sector, which possess the essential resources to innovate the process and can be maximized from cooperative relationships between the referred Institutions. Thus, in this work, it was sharply used the pioneering studies of Sabato and Botana (1968) regarding the cooperation relationship between the scientific-technological sphere, the governmental and the productive base, and studies on the Triple Helix approach, proposed by Etzkowitz and Leydesdorff (2000), in which the university has a key role in the process of technological and innovative development of countries and regions, and under which it is assigned to the very University - the character of the entrepreneurial institution, through the concept of entrepreneurial University. Aiming to overcome the criticism of Cooke (2005), regarding the limitations of the Triple Helix approach, in this study it was used - as analytical perspectives - the perspective of social immersion (Granovetter, 1985, 2005) and the theory of resources dependence (PFEFFER; SALANCIK, 1978). The analytical perspectives presented in here, despite of the different assumptions, are essential to eliminate the bias that one only approach can lead (ASTLEY; VAN DE VEM; 2007). The authors arguments focus on the fact that the integration is possible if the researcher acknowledged that different perspectives may have different descriptions of the same phenomenon. As a research strategy, this study is characterized as a study case, along with the proposed objectives - the qualitative method was used as an approach and, depending on the gathering of the sector s historical, a sectional longitudinal view approach was applied (VIEIRA, 2004). The primary and secondary data were used in order to understand the sector s evolutionary process and its inter-institutional relations - regarding the shrimp culture in Rio Grande do Norte - to promote the development, as the content was used for the technical analysis (BARDIN, 1977). The approach of social immersion and resources addiction dependence made it possible to understand that relationships are established within and between each sphere (university, government and productive sector) characterizing a network of low density relationships and strongly internal and external dependence. Based on the speech of Etzkowitz and Mello (2006), a successful Triple Helix strategy of innovation requires not only the involvement and commitment of the parts, within the institutional sphere and among them, but also the development of mechanisms to coordinate the multiple and complex interactions and interfaces, focusing on promoting both environment and context for innovation and learning; it can be acknowledge from study results that the shrimp in the State of the RN, although there are several institutional mechanisms to promote greater integration and technological development, has been presented disjointed - both internally and between the spheres - and under no legitimate practice when facing the innovational promotion and integration institutions. Due to those factors, the central institutions of the network are crucial to the promotion of innovations, spreading through their direct contacts the importance factor of the sustainable competitive activity in the world market and on the national level. However, it may be concluded, from the data, that the Triple Helix relations are interfering in a negative way on what concerns the promotion of innovations in the shrimp industry in RN

Estudio del sector caprino: Especial referencia al caso malagueño

La provincia de Málaga, en el sector caprino es muy importante, hay unas 1450 explotaciones actualmente en la provincia, esto implica que un número superior de familias viven o sobreviven con los ingresos que esta actividad genera. Málaga es, en número de cabezas de ganado, la primera provincia de España con 231.488 cabezas en 2014, seguida en segundo lugar de las Palmas de Gran Canaria. El sector lechero en general es un sector demasiado débil, con problemas estructurales, con explotaciones que se han reestructurado individualmente, y en general, es un sector escasamente vertebrado y con un escasísimo poder de negociación. Otro de los graves problemas del sector caprino, es el envejecimiento del sector, antiguamente había en España 142.000 ganaderos, mientras que a hora tenemos 17.000 que producen la misma cantidad de leche y carne. El número de ganaderos sigue disminuyendo, porque no hay sucesión. Las Cooperativas de comercialización en España, son 118 y tienen que reducirse. Lo mismo ocurre con la Industria. Se tienen que buscar estrategias de integración de organizaciones de productores. Un análisis de la situación actual de la cadena de valor, evidencia la existencia de claras asimetrías en el poder de negociación que pueden derivar, y en ocasiones derivan, en una falta de transparencia en la formación de precios y en prácticas comerciales potencialmente desleales y con prácticas contrarias a la competencia que distorsionan el mercado y tienen un efecto negativo sobre la competitividad de todo el sector agroalimentario. El correcto funcionamiento de la cadena alimentaria resulta indispensable para garantizar un valor añadido sostenible para todos los operadores, que contribuya a aumentar su competitividad global y revierta igualmente en beneficio de los consumidores. Alcanzar el correcto funcionamiento en un futuro próximo, depende a la capacidad de los eslabones de la cadena para llegar a acuerdos que beneficien a todas las partes. La gran capacidad de adaptación que posee la cabra permite que su explotación pueda llevarse a cabo en zonas calificadas como marginales, en las que no es posible el mantenimiento de otro tipo de ganado más exigente en recursos. Por sus características de pastoreo y su capacidad para rentabilizar residuos de cosechas, especialmente de cereal, y subproductos agrícolas, la cabra se complementa muy bien con la práctica de la agricultura en estas zonas marginales. Las características que presentan las canales de carne de caprino, dependen de las preferencias de consumo existentes en las zonas de producción, las cuales determinan el peso y la edad de sacrificio, y en consecuencia el estado de engrasamiento del animal. Estas preferencias, junto con la tendencia de consumo en determinados períodos del año, son las que marcan el carácter estacional de la producción de carne de caprino, presentando unos índices máximos de sacrificios durante los meses de marzo, abril y diciembre, en los que el consumo de este tipo de carne es mayor. El modelo de explotación más utilizado en España es el extensivo, a partir de razas autóctonas fundamentalmente muy rústicas y poco seleccionadas, en general, pero muy bien adaptadas al medio, como la “Murciano-Granadina”, la “Malagueña” y la “Serrana” en caprino. El pequeño ganadero es muy reacio a crear o formar parte de una Organización de Productores, más del 60% de los ganaderos caprinos de Málaga no pertenecen a ninguna Organización de este tipo. Los ganaderos malagueños de caprino están muy atomizados, no están vertebrados en Organizaciones de Productores, se están profesionalizado, evolucionando sus explotaciones a semi-extensivas o mixtas, pero les queda un largo recorrido para llegar a ser intensivas con un alto nivel de tecnificación de las granjas. Por lo tanto el objetivo general de este trabajo es el conocimiento del ámbito productivo del sector caprino malagueño. Derivándose de este gran objetivo formulamos los siguientes sub-objetivos: • Las posibilidades de cambios en la cadena de valor de sector caprino malagueño. • Las estrategias empleadas en sector caprino en el ámbito productivo del caprino malagueño. Las conclusiones más importantes obtenidas de este trabajo son: Las explotaciones ganaderas no transforman sus producciones y no tienen intención en un futuro de hacerlo. Existe una relación indirecta entre la antigüedad de la explotación y la intención de cambiar al siguiente eslabón de la cadena de valor. La explotación intensiva no se ha implantado en la provincia de Málaga. La inversión en la explotación intensiva es más alta. La explotación intensiva es usada por los ganaderos que se han incorporación recientemente al sector y por tanto sus explotaciones son menos antiguas.

Caracterização da economia solidária à luz do ambiente isonômico de Guerreiro Ramos: um estudo no Grupo Mulheres Decididas a Vencer

The Solidary Economy is an area that has shown unusual traits to what is preached in the traditional economic organizations, even organizations that have very similar principles, as some cooperatives. This trait is approaching the concept of isonomy proposed by Ramos (1989). Given this context, and the notion that the isonomy is like a ideal type, the objective this work was to evidence particulars of isonomic environment the in economic and solidarity experiences, taking as an empirical research area the Grupo de Mulheres Decididas a Vencer, considered a solidary economic enterprise. For this, we used the descriptive-exploratory research of qualitative nature, where the object of such research is the know enterprise, therefore, also characterized as a case study, which were taken as research subjects six associates, they being the most active in the enterprise. From the five categories that characterize isonomy - minimum standards prescribing, self-gratifying activity, activities undertaken as a vocation, wide system of making decision and primaries interpersonal relations - and from the traits of a solidary economic enterprise the data analysis was built, through content analysis, specifically the categorial analysis. Given this context and reality in which it is Grupo de Mulheres Decididas a Vencer, with minimal rules and procedures for conducting activities, comparing them to a therapy, women choosing to insert in that environment, faced with a democratic space and unfettered bureaucracy in professional interpersonal relationships, in others words, an organizational space where they were shown signs of substantive rationality was possible to conclude that the Group will share experiences and characteristics of isonomy. This disclosure meets the multidimensional social that presupposes Paraecomomic Paradigm, enabling man to enter in different social environments of the economy in order to search for self-actualization