LAGOA SANTA REVISITED: AN OVERVIEW OF THE CHRONOLOGY, SUBSISTENCE, AND MATERIAL CULTURE OF PALEOINDIAN SITES IN EASTERN CENTRAL BRAZIL

Lagoa Santa, a karstic area in eastern Central Brazil, has been subject to research on human paleontology and archaeology for 175 years. Almost 300 Paleoindian human skeletons have been found since Danish naturalist Peter Lund's pioneering work. Even so, some critical issues such as the role of rockshelters in settlement systems, and the possible paleoclimatic implications of the peopling of the region have yet to be addressed. We present some results obtained from recent excavations at four rockshelters and two open-air sites, new dates for human Paleoindian skeletons, and a model to explain the cultural patterns observed so far. It is also argued that the Paleoindian subsistence system at Lagoa Santa was similar to other locations in South America: generalized small-game hunting complemented by fruits, seed, and root gathering.

Evidence supporting a protective role for Th9 and Th22 cytokines in human and experimental periapical lesions

Introduction: The development of periapical granulomas is dependent on the host response and involves Th1, Th2, Th17, and Treg-related cytokines. The discovery of new Th9 and Th22 subsets, with important immunomodulatory roles mediated by interleukin (IL)-9 and IL-22, respectively, emphasizes the need for reevaluation of current cytokine paradigms in context of periapical lesions. We investigated the expression of IL-9 and IL-22 in active and stable human granulomas and throughout experimental lesion development in mice. Methods: Periapical granulomas (N = 83) and control specimens (N = 24) were evaluated regarding the expression of IL-9 and IL-22 via realtime polymerase chain reaction. Experimental periapical lesions were induced in mice (pulp exposure and bacterial inoculation) and the lesions evolution correlation with IL-9 and IL-22 expression kinetics was evaluated. Results: IL-9 and IL-22 mRNA expression was higher in periapical lesions than in control samples; higher levels of IL-9 and IL-22 were observed in inactive than in active lesions. In the experimental lesions model, increasing levels of IL-9 and IL-22 mRNA were detected in the lesions, and inverse correlations were found between IL-9 and IL-22 and the increase of lesion area in the different time point intervals. Conclusions: Our results suggest that Th9 and Th22 pathways may contribute to human and experimental periapical lesion stability

Role of the amygdala in the reinforcement omission effect

The reinforcement omission effect (ROE) has been attributed to both motivational and attentional consequences of surprising reinforcement omission. Recent evidence suggests that the basolateral complex of the amygdala is involved in motivational components related to reinforcement value, whereas the central nucleus of the amygdala is involved in the processing of the attentional consequences of surprise. This study was designed to verify whether the mechanisms involved in the ROE depend on the integrity of either the basolateral amygdala complex or central nucleus of the amygdala. The ROE was evaluated in rats with lesions of either the central nucleus or basolateral complex of the amygdala and trained on a fixed-interval schedule procedure (Experiment 1) and fixed-interval with limited hold signaled schedule procedure (Experiment 2). The results of Experiment 1 showed that sham-operated rats and rats with lesions of either the central nucleus or basolateral area displayed the ROE. In contrast, in Experiment 2, subjects with lesions of the central nucleus or basolateral complex of the amygdala exhibited a smaller ROE compared with sham-operated subjects. Thus, the effects of selective lesions of amygdala subregions on the ROE in rats depended on the training procedure. Furthermore, the absence of differences between the lesioned groups in either experiment did not allow the dissociation of attentional or motivational components of the ROE with functions of specific areas of the amygdala. Thus, results did not show a functional double-dissociation between the central nucleus and basolateral area in the ROE.

Shear force and torsion in reinforced concrete beam elements: theoretical analysis based on Brazilian Standard Code ABNT NBR 6118:2007

Reinforced concrete beam elements are submitted to applicable loads along their life cycle that cause shear and torsion. These elements may be subject to only shear, pure torsion or both, torsion and shear combined. The Brazilian Standard Code ABNT NBR 6118:2007 [1] fixes conditions to calculate the transverse reinforcement area in beam reinforced concrete elements, using two design models, based on the strut and tie analogy model, first studied by Mörsch [2]. The strut angle θ (theta) can be considered constant and equal to 45º (Model I), or varying between 30º and 45º (Model II). In the case of transversal ties (stirrups), the variation of angle α (alpha) is between 45º and 90º. When the equilibrium torsion is required, a resistant model based on space truss with hollow section is considered. The space truss admits an inclination angle θ between 30º and 45º, in accordance with beam elements subjected to shear. This paper presents a theoretical study of models I and II for combined shear and torsion, in which ranges the geometry and intensity of action in reinforced concrete beams, aimed to verify the consumption of transverse reinforcement in accordance with the calculation model adopted As the strut angle on model II ranges from 30º to 45º, transverse reinforcement area (Asw) decreases, and total reinforcement area, which includes longitudinal torsion reinforcement (Asℓ), increases. It appears that, when considering model II with strut angle above 40º, under shear only, transverse reinforcement area increases 22% compared to values obtained using model I.

Cessation of physical exercise changes metabolism and modifies the adipocyte cellularity of the periepididymal white adipose tissue in rats

All of the adaptations acquired through physical training are reversible with inactivity. Although significant reductions in maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) can be observed within 2 to 4 wk of detraining, the consequences of detraining on the physiology of adipose tissue are poorly known. Our aim was therefore to investigate the effects of discontinuing training (physical detraining) on the metabolism and adipocyte cellularity of rat periepididymal (PE) adipose tissue. Male Wistar rats, aged 6 wk, were divided into three groups and studied for 12 wk under the following conditions: 1) trained (T) throughout the period; 2) detrained (D), trained during the first 8 wk and detrained during the remaining 4 wk; and 3) age-matched sedentary (S). Training consisted of treadmill running sessions (1 h/day, 5 days/wk, 50–60%VO2max). The PE adipocyte size analysis revealed significant differences between the groups. The adipocyte cross-sectional area (in µm2) was significantly larger in D than in the T and S groups (3,474 ± 68.8; 1,945.7 ± 45.6; 2,492.4 ± 49.08, respectively, P < 0.05). Compared with T, the isolated adipose cells (of the D rats) showed a 48% increase in the ability to perform lipogenesis (both basal and maximally insulin-stimulated) and isoproterenol-stimulated lipolysis. No changes were observed with respect to unstimulated lipolysis. A 15% reduction in the proportion of apoptotic adipocytes was observed in groups T and D compared with group S. The gene expression levels of adiponectin and PPAR-gamma were upregulated by factors of 3 and 2 in D vs. S, respectively. PREF-1 gene expression was 3-fold higher in T vs. S. From these results, we hypothesize that adipogenesis was stimulated in group D and accompanied by significant adipocyte hypertrophy and an increase in the lipogenic capacity of the adipocytes. The occurrence of apoptotic nuclei in PE fat cells was reduced in the D and T rats; these results raise the possibility that the adipose tissue changes after detraining are obesogenic.

Natural antibody response to Plasmodium falciparum merozoite antigens MSP5, MSP9 and EBA175 is associated to clinical protection in the Brazilian Amazon

BACKGROUND: Antibodies have an essential role in the acquired immune response against blood stage P. falciparum infection. Although several antigens have been identified as important antibody targets, it is still elusive which antigens have to be recognized for clinical protection. Herein, we analyzed antibodies from plasmas from symptomatic or asymptomatic individuals living in the same geographic area in the Western Amazon, measuring their recognition of multiple merozoite antigens. METHODS: Specific fragments of genes encoding merozoite proteins AMA1 and members of MSP and EBL families from circulating P. falciparum field isolates present in asymptomatic and symptomatic patients were amplified by PCR. After cloning and expression of different versions of the antigens as recombinant GST-fusion peptides, we tested the reactivity of patients' plasmas by ELISA and the presence of IgG subclasses in the most reactive plasmas. RESULTS: 11 out of 24 recombinant antigens were recognized by plasmas from either symptomatic or asymptomatic infections. Antibodies to MSP9 (X2(DF=1) = 9.26/p = 0.0047) and MSP5 (X2(DF=1) = 8.29/p = 0.0069) were more prevalent in asymptomatic individuals whereas the opposite was observed for MSP1 block 2-MAD20 (X2(DF=1) = 6.41/p = 0.0206, Fisher's exact test). Plasmas from asymptomatic individuals reacted more intensely against MSP4 (U = 210.5, p < 0.03), MSP5 (U = 212, p < 0.004), MSP9 (U = 189.5, p < 0.002) and EBA175 (U = 197, p < 0.014, Mann-Whitney's U test). IgG1 and IgG3 were predominant for all antigens, but some patients also presented with IgG2 and IgG4. The recognition of MSP5 (OR = 0.112, IC95% = 0.021-0.585) and MSP9 (OR = 0.125, IC95% = 0.030-0.529, cross tab analysis) predicted 8.9 and 8 times less chances, respectively, to present symptoms. Higher antibody levels against MSP5 and EBA175 were associated by odds ratios of 9.4 (IC95% = 1.29-69.25) and 5.7 (IC95% = 1.12-29.62, logistic regression), respectively, with an asymptomatic status. CONCLUSIONS: Merozoite antigens were targets of cytophilic antibodies and antibodies against MSP5, MSP9 and EBA175 were independently associated with decreased symptoms.

Dry spell mitigation to upgrade semi-arid rainfed agriculture : Water harvesting and soil nutrient management for smallholder maize cultivation in Machakos, Kenya

Improvements in on-farm water and soil fertility management through water harvesting may prove key to up-grade smallholder farming systems in dry sub-humid and semi-arid sub-Sahara Africa (SSA). The currently experienced yield levels are usually less than 1 t ha-1, i.e., 3-5 times lower than potential levels obtained by commercial farmers and researchers for similar agro-hydrological conditions. The low yield levels are ascribed to the poor crop water availability due to variable rainfall, losses in on-farm water balance and inherently low soil nutrient levels. To meet an increased food demand with less use of water and land in the region, requires farming systems that provide more yields per water unit and/or land area in the future. This thesis presents the results of a project on water harvesting system aiming to upgrade currently practised water management for maize (Zea mays, L.) in semi-arid SSA. The objectives were to a) quantify dry spell occurrence and potential impact in currently practised small-holder grain production systems, b) test agro-hydrological viability and compare maize yields in an on-farm experiment using combinations supplemental irrigation (SI) and fertilizers for maize, and c) estimate long-term changes in water balance and grain yields of a system with SI compared to farmers currently practised in-situ water harvesting. Water balance changes and crop growth were simulated in a 20-year perspective with models MAIZE1&2. Dry spell analyses showed that potentially yield-limiting dry spells occur at least 75% of seasons for 2 locations in semi-arid East Africa during a 20-year period. Dry spell occurrence was more frequent for crop cultivated on soil with low water-holding capacity than on high water-holding capacity. The analysis indicated large on-farm water losses as deep percolation and run-off during seasons despite seasonal crop water deficits. An on-farm experiment was set up during 1998-2001 in Machakos district, semi-arid Kenya. Surface run-off was collected and stored in a 300m3 earth dam. Gravity-fed supplemental irrigation was carried out to a maize field downstream of the dam. Combinations of no irrigation (NI), SI and 3 levels of N fertilizers (0, 30, 80 kg N ha-1) were applied. Over 5 seasons with rainfall ranging from 200 to 550 mm, the crop with SI and low nitrogen fertilizer gave 40% higher yields (**) than the farmers’ conventional in-situ water harvesting system. Adding only SI or only low nitrogen did not result in significantly different yields. Accounting for actual ability of a storage system and SI to mitigate dry spells, it was estimated that a farmer would make economic returns (after deduction of household consumption) between year 2-7 after investment in dam construction depending on dam sealant and labour cost used. Simulating maize growth and site water balance in a system of maize with SI increased annual grain yield with 35 % as a result of timely applications of SI. Field water balance changes in actual evapotranspiration (ETa) and deep percolation were insignificant with SI, although the absolute amount of ETa increased with 30 mm y-1 for crop with SI compared to NI. The dam water balance showed 30% productive outtake as SI of harvested water. Large losses due to seepage and spill-flow occurred from the dam. Water productivity (WP, of ETa) for maize with SI was on average 1 796 m3 per ton grain, and for maize without SI 2 254 m3 per ton grain, i.e, a decerase of WP with 25%. The water harvesting system for supplemental irrigation of maize was shown to be both biophysically and economically viable. However, adoption by farmers will depend on other factors, including investment capacity, know-how and legislative possibilities. Viability of increased water harvesting implementation in a catchment scale needs to be assessed so that other down-stream uses of water remains uncompromised.

On using periocular biometric for gender classification in the wild

[EN]Gender information may serve to automatically modulate interaction to the user needs, among other applications. Within the Computer Vision community, gender classification (GC) has mainly been accomplished with the facial pattern. Periocular biometrics has recently attracted researchers attention with successful results in the context of identity recognition. But, there is a lack of experimental evaluation of the periocular pattern for GC in the wild. The aim of this paper is to study the performance of this specific facial area in the currently most challenging large dataset for the problem.

Contributo della modellistica idrologica all'analisi di suscettività alle frane superficiali in argilla

L'Appenino Emiliano è tra le zone più franose al mondo; i fenomeni che la interessano sono abbastanza lenti e quindi mai catastrofici, ma, vista la loro diffusione, molto dannosi per le infrastrutture. La ricerca della pericolosità associata alle frane si distingue in previsione spaziale e previsione temporale; la prima, detta anche suscettività, è il tema del presente lavoro. La suscettività è volta alla realizzazione di carte di propensione al dissesto, relative e indipendenti dal tempo. Dall'inizio degli anni '90 sono disponibili in letteratura diversi modelli per rispondere a questa esigenza, i quali sono generalmente costituiti da una componente geo-meccanica (di solito il modello del Pendio Infinito) e una idrologica. Il presente lavoro si concentra su quest'ultima che, nei diversi modelli, presenta la maggiore varietà, e cerca di capire quale sia il contributo che questa componente può dare all'analisi di suscettività in un'area argillosa. Per valutare questo contributo, sono stati applicati ad un'area di studio rappresentativa, diversi modelli fisicamente basati noti in letteratura o creati appositamente. Le informazioni dinamiche dei modelli transitori sono state integrate nel tempo secondo diversi metodi che tengono conto della permanenza delle condizioni critiche nel versante. I risultati dell'analisi suggeriscono che, nell'area di studio, e presumibilmente nelle aree a prevalenza argillosa in genere, per la determinazione della suscettività alle frane, il contributo di un modello fisicamente basato, completo di componente geo-meccanica e componente idrologica accoppiate, è assolutamente trascurabile rispetto ad un semplice modello geo-meccanico basato sulla sola pendenza come quello del Pendio Infinito. Le indicazioni provenienti da un modello completo possono essere ridondanti o addirittura fuorvianti se questo non è adatto alle caratteristiche dell'area in studio e ben calibrato.

The assessment of change in rural landscape and the analysis of the driving forces. Proposal of a spatial model for the rural built environment

The presented study carried out an analysis on rural landscape changes. In particular the study focuses on the understanding of driving forces acting on the rural built environment using a statistical spatial model implemented through GIS techniques. It is well known that the study of landscape changes is essential for a conscious decision making in land planning. From a bibliography review results a general lack of studies dealing with the modeling of rural built environment and hence a theoretical modelling approach for such purpose is needed. The advancement in technology and modernity in building construction and agriculture have gradually changed the rural built environment. In addition, the phenomenon of urbanization of a determined the construction of new volumes that occurred beside abandoned or derelict rural buildings. Consequently there are two types of transformation dynamics affecting mainly the rural built environment that can be observed: the conversion of rural buildings and the increasing of building numbers. It is the specific aim of the presented study to propose a methodology for the development of a spatial model that allows the identification of driving forces that acted on the behaviours of the building allocation. In fact one of the most concerning dynamic nowadays is related to an irrational expansion of buildings sprawl across landscape. The proposed methodology is composed by some conceptual steps that cover different aspects related to the development of a spatial model: the selection of a response variable that better describe the phenomenon under study, the identification of possible driving forces, the sampling methodology concerning the collection of data, the most suitable algorithm to be adopted in relation to statistical theory and method used, the calibration process and evaluation of the model. A different combination of factors in various parts of the territory generated favourable or less favourable conditions for the building allocation and the existence of buildings represents the evidence of such optimum. Conversely the absence of buildings expresses a combination of agents which is not suitable for building allocation. Presence or absence of buildings can be adopted as indicators of such driving conditions, since they represent the expression of the action of driving forces in the land suitability sorting process. The existence of correlation between site selection and hypothetical driving forces, evaluated by means of modeling techniques, provides an evidence of which driving forces are involved in the allocation dynamic and an insight on their level of influence into the process. GIS software by means of spatial analysis tools allows to associate the concept of presence and absence with point futures generating a point process. Presence or absence of buildings at some site locations represent the expression of these driving factors interaction. In case of presences, points represent locations of real existing buildings, conversely absences represent locations were buildings are not existent and so they are generated by a stochastic mechanism. Possible driving forces are selected and the existence of a causal relationship with building allocations is assessed through a spatial model. The adoption of empirical statistical models provides a mechanism for the explanatory variable analysis and for the identification of key driving variables behind the site selection process for new building allocation. The model developed by following the methodology is applied to a case study to test the validity of the methodology. In particular the study area for the testing of the methodology is represented by the New District of Imola characterized by a prevailing agricultural production vocation and were transformation dynamic intensively occurred. The development of the model involved the identification of predictive variables (related to geomorphologic, socio-economic, structural and infrastructural systems of landscape) capable of representing the driving forces responsible for landscape changes.. The calibration of the model is carried out referring to spatial data regarding the periurban and rural area of the study area within the 1975-2005 time period by means of Generalised linear model. The resulting output from the model fit is continuous grid surface where cells assume values ranged from 0 to 1 of probability of building occurrences along the rural and periurban area of the study area. Hence the response variable assesses the changes in the rural built environment occurred in such time interval and is correlated to the selected explanatory variables by means of a generalized linear model using logistic regression. Comparing the probability map obtained from the model to the actual rural building distribution in 2005, the interpretation capability of the model can be evaluated. The proposed model can be also applied to the interpretation of trends which occurred in other study areas, and also referring to different time intervals, depending on the availability of data. The use of suitable data in terms of time, information, and spatial resolution and the costs related to data acquisition, pre-processing, and survey are among the most critical aspects of model implementation. Future in-depth studies can focus on using the proposed model to predict short/medium-range future scenarios for the rural built environment distribution in the study area. In order to predict future scenarios it is necessary to assume that the driving forces do not change and that their levels of influence within the model are not far from those assessed for the time interval used for the calibration.

Natural patterns and anthropogenic disturbance in north Adriatic marine benthic assemblages: descriptive and methodological studies

Marine soft bottom systems show a high variability across multiple spatial and temporal scales. Both natural and anthropogenic sources of disturbance act together in affecting benthic sedimentary characteristics and species distribution. The description of such spatial variability is required to understand the ecological processes behind them. However, in order to have a better estimate of spatial patterns, methods that take into account the complexity of the sedimentary system are required. This PhD thesis aims to give a significant contribution both in improving the methodological approaches to the study of biological variability in soft bottom habitats and in increasing the knowledge of the effect that different process (both natural and anthropogenic) could have on the benthic communities of a large area in the North Adriatic Sea. Beta diversity is a measure of the variability in species composition, and Whittaker’s index has become the most widely used measure of beta-diversity. However, application of the Whittaker index to soft bottom assemblages of the Adriatic Sea highlighted its sensitivity to rare species (species recorded in a single sample). This over-weighting of rare species induces biased estimates of the heterogeneity, thus it becomes difficult to compare assemblages containing a high proportion of rare species. In benthic communities, the unusual large number of rare species is frequently attributed to a combination of sampling errors and insufficient sampling effort. In order to reduce the influence of rare species on the measure of beta diversity, I have developed an alternative index based on simple probabilistic considerations. It turns out that this probability index is an ordinary Michaelis-Menten transformation of Whittaker's index but behaves more favourably when species heterogeneity increases. The suggested index therefore seems appropriate when comparing patterns of complexity in marine benthic assemblages. Although the new index makes an important contribution to the study of biodiversity in sedimentary environment, it remains to be seen which processes, and at what scales, influence benthic patterns. The ability to predict the effects of ecological phenomena on benthic fauna highly depends on both spatial and temporal scales of variation. Once defined, implicitly or explicitly, these scales influence the questions asked, the methodological approaches and the interpretation of results. Problem often arise when representative samples are not taken and results are over-generalized, as can happen when results from small-scale experiments are used for resource planning and management. Such issues, although globally recognized, are far from been resolved in the North Adriatic Sea. This area is potentially affected by both natural (e.g. river inflow, eutrophication) and anthropogenic (e.g. gas extraction, fish-trawling) sources of disturbance. Although few studies in this area aimed at understanding which of these processes mainly affect macrobenthos, these have been conducted at a small spatial scale, as they were designated to examine local changes in benthic communities or particular species. However, in order to better describe all the putative processes occurring in the entire area, a high sampling effort performed at a large spatial scale is required. The sedimentary environment of the western part of the Adriatic Sea was extensively studied in this thesis. I have described, in detail, spatial patterns both in terms of sedimentary characteristics and macrobenthic organisms and have suggested putative processes (natural or of human origin) that might affect the benthic environment of the entire area. In particular I have examined the effect of off shore gas platforms on benthic diversity and tested their effect over a background of natural spatial variability. The results obtained suggest that natural processes in the North Adriatic such as river outflow and euthrophication show an inter-annual variability that might have important consequences on benthic assemblages, affecting for example their spatial pattern moving away from the coast and along a North to South gradient. Depth-related factors, such as food supply, light, temperature and salinity play an important role in explaining large scale benthic spatial variability (i.e., affecting both the abundance patterns and beta diversity). Nonetheless, more locally, effects probably related to an organic enrichment or pollution from Po river input has been observed. All these processes, together with few human-induced sources of variability (e.g. fishing disturbance), have a higher effect on macrofauna distribution than any effect related to the presence of gas platforms. The main effect of gas platforms is restricted mainly to small spatial scales and related to a change in habitat complexity due to a natural dislodgement or structure cleaning of mussels that colonize their legs. The accumulation of mussels on the sediment reasonably affects benthic infauna composition. All the components of the study presented in this thesis highlight the need to carefully consider methodological aspects related to the study of sedimentary habitats. With particular regards to the North Adriatic Sea, a multi-scale analysis along natural and anthopogenic gradients was useful for detecting the influence of all the processes affecting the sedimentary environment. In the future, applying a similar approach may lead to an unambiguous assessment of the state of the benthic community in the North Adriatic Sea. Such assessment may be useful in understanding if any anthropogenic source of disturbance has a negative effect on the marine environment, and if so, planning sustainable strategies for a proper management of the affected area.

Petrographie und Geochemie des Eckfelder Maares und von Hillscheid und die Einbindung in den Hocheifelvulkanismus

Tertiäre Vulkanite aus dem Eckfelder Maar, dem Hillscheider Diatrem und dem Hillscheid Basalt (Schlot) wurden petrologisch und geochemisch untersucht. Bis auf tonige Klasten aus dem Bohrkern des Eckfelder Maares handelt es sich bei allen weiteren Proben um undifferenzierte basische Vulkanite. Die tonigen Klasten aus dem Bohrkern müssen der ehemaligen Landoberfläche vor der Eruption des Eckfelder Maares zugerechnet werden, in dessen Krater sie während der Eruption hineingefallen sind. Bis auf die Proben des Hillscheid Basaltes sind die Proben alteriert. Die Alteration zeigt sich an der Bildung von Zeolithen und Calcitmineralisationen, die primär und sekundär gebildete Hohlräume aufgefüllt haben oder an einer vertonten Grundmasse der Proben, die daneben Mineraleinschlüsse (Spinell) und kantige Fremdgesteinsbruchstücke enthalten können. Bei den Proben mit vertonter Grundmasse handelt es sich um Palagonite, Umwandlungsprodukte aus Sideromelan (basaltischem Glas). Geochemische Analysen an Grundmassepräparaten der alterierten bis vertonten Proben zeigen, dass außer den immobilen Elementen Ti, Nb, Zr, Y alle weiteren Elemente teilweise bis vollständig abgereichert worden sind. Eine Ausnahme bildet Barium (Ba), welches z.T. in beträchtlichen Mengen in Zeolithen (Harmotom) angereichert wurde. Bei den Proben aus dem Eckfelder Maar kann die Alteration bis Vertonung der Proben alleine mit der Palagonitisierung und Verwitterung erklärt werden. Es gibt keine Hinweise auf Materialzufuhr und damit für sich anschließende hydrothermale Prozesse. Die Proben des Hillscheider Diatrem sind wesentlich geringer alteriert (glasige Grundmasse). Neuste Erkenntnisse aus einer Bohrung im Sommer 1999 im vermuteten Zentrum des Hillscheider Diatrems beschränken das Diatrem maximal auf einen kleineren Bereich im Nordosten der bisherigen Lokation. Bei der Bohrung stieß man nach 20 Meter auf Anstehendes. Im Hangschutt darüber fand man Blöcke des Hillscheid Basaltes. Eine geringere Größe der Lokation zusammen mit der geringen Alteration könnten auf deren Entstehung mit einer initialen Maarphase gefolgt von Schlackentätigkeit hinweisen. Die Schlacken könnten die ersten Ablagerungen vor Verwitterung geschützt haben. Allerdings gibt es keine Funde die eine Schlackentätigkeit belegen. Beim sogenannten 'Hillscheider Diatrem' könnte es sich aber auch um Hangschutt aus der Randbreccie des Hillscheider Basaltes handeln. Zusammen mit Bruchstücken aus dem Schlot des Hillscheid Basaltes wären die Palagonite des sogenannten 'Hillscheider Diatrem' erst in jüngster Zeit im Bereich einer Uferböschung zur Ablagerung gekommen. Dies würde allerdings das sogenannte 'Hillscheider Diatrem' in seiner Existenz in Frage stellen. Vergleiche der Proben des Hillscheid Basaltes mit basischen Hocheifelvulkaniten deuten auf kogenetische Beziehung aller Proben untereinander und ordnen die Proben des Hillscheid Basaltes geochemisch dem Hocheifelvulkanismus zu. REE- und weitere Spurenelementgehalte und auch deren Elementverhältnisse weisen für alle tertiären Eifelvulkanite gemeinsam auf Mantelschmelzen aus dem Bereich eines Granatperidotits mit niedrigen Aufschmelzgraden um ein Prozent hin. Vergleich der Elementverhältnisse hochinkompatibler Elemente im Bezug auf die Bildung mafischer Schmelzen mit primitivem Mantel deuten darauf hin, dass der Mantel im Bereich der Hocheifel verarmt ist an K, Rb, Sr und angereichert an Ba und eventuell an Nb. Ursachen für diese von typisch primären Mantelzusammensetzung abweichenden Verhältnisse könnten durch Mischungen von Mantelschmelzen mit lithosphärischem Mantel (K-Anomalie) und durch Anreicherungen mit fluiden Phasen (Ba-Anomalie) oder auch Schmelzen aus einem tieferliegenden Plume (Kelberger Hoch) verursacht worden sein. Englischer Zusammenfassung:

Lagrangian transport evaluation of atmospheric chemistry in the Mediterranean region

Global observations of the chemical composition of the atmosphere are essential for understanding and studying the present and future state of the earth's atmosphere. However, by analyzing field experiments the consideration of the atmospheric motion is indispensable, because transport enables different chemical species, with different local natural and anthropogenic sources, to interact chemically and so consequently influences the chemical composition of the atmosphere. The distance over which that transport occurs is highly dependent upon meteorological conditions (e.g., wind speed, precipitation) and the properties of chemical species itself (e.g., solubility, reactivity). This interaction between chemistry and dynamics makes the study of atmospheric chemistry both difficult and challenging, and also demonstrates the relevance of including the atmospheric motions in that context. In this doctoral thesis the large-scale transport of air over the eastern Mediterranean region during summer 2001, with a focus on August during the Mediterranean Intensive Oxidant Study (MINOS) measurement campaign, was investigated from a lagrangian perspective. Analysis of back trajectories demonstrated transport of polluted air masses from western and eastern Europe in the boundary layer, from the North Atlantic/North American area in the middle end upper troposphere and additionally from South Asia in the upper troposphere towards the eastern Mediterranean. Investigation of air mass transport near the tropopause indicated enhanced cross-tropopause transport relative to the surrounding area over the eastern Mediterranean region in summer. A large band of air mass transport across the dynamical tropopause develops in June, and is shifted toward higher latitudes in July and August. This shifting is associated with the development and the intensification of the Arabian and South Asian upper-level anticyclones and consequential with areas of maximum clear-air turbulence, hypothesizing quasi-permanent areas with turbulent mixing of tropospheric and stratospheric air during summer over the eastern Mediterranean as a result of large-scale synoptic circulation. In context with the latex knowledge about the transport of polluted air masses towards the Mediterranean and with increasing emissions, especially in developing countries like India, this likely gains in importance.

Ground state properties of neutron-rich Mg isotopes

Studies in regions of the nuclear chart in which the model predictions of properties of nuclei fail can bring a better understanding of the strong interaction in the nuclear medium. To such regions belongs the so called "island of inversion" centered around Ne, Na and Mg isotopes with 20 neutrons in which unexpected ground-state spins, large deformations and dense low-energy spectra appear. This is a strong argument that the magic N = 20 is not a closed shell in this area. In this thesis investigations of isotope shifts of stable 24,25,26Mg, as well as spins and magnetic moments of short-lived 29,31Mg are presented. The successful studies were performed at the ISOLDE facility at CERN using collinear laser and beta-NMR spectroscopy techniques. The isotopes were investigated as single-charged ions in the 280-nm transition from the atomic ground state 2S1/2 to one of the two lowest excited states 2P1/2,3/2 using continuous wave laser beams. The isotope-shift measurements with fluorescence detection for the three stable isotopes show that it is feasible to perform the same studies on radioactive Mg isotopes up to the "island of inversion". This will allow to determine differences in the mean charge square radii and interpret them in terms of deformation. The high detection efficiency for beta particles and optical pumping close to saturation allowed to obtain very good beta-asymmetry signals for 29Mg and 31Mg with half-lives around 1 s and production yields about 10^5 ions/s. For this purpose the ions were implanted into a host crystal lattice. Such detection of the atomic resonances revealed their hyperfine structure, which gives the sign and a first estimate of the value of the magnetic moment. The nuclear magnetic resonance gave also their g-factors with the relative uncertainty smaller than 0.2 %. By combining the two techniques also the nuclear spin of both isotopes could be unambiguously determined. The measured spins and g-factors show that 29Mg with 17 neutrons lies outside the "island of inversion". On the other hand, 31Mg with 19 neutrons has an unexpected ground-state spin which can be explained only by promoting at least two neutrons across the N = 20 shell gap. This places the above nucleus inside the "island". However, modern shell-model approaches cannot predict this level as the ground state but only as one of the low-lying states, even though they reproduce very well the experimental g-factor. This indicates that modifications to the available interactions are required. Future measurements include isotope shift measurements on radioactive Mg isotopes and beta-NMR studies on 33Mg.

Ricerca di criteri analitico-progettuali per la riqualificazione paesaggistica di strutture e infrastrutture in aziende agricole multifunzionali.

Obiettivo generale dello studio è rivolto alla definizione di linee d’indirizzo volte alla riqualificazione paesaggistica, per l’integrazione ed il recupero delle corti e degli edifici moderni dei centri aziendali agricoli a carattere multifunzionale in territorio rurale, attraverso soluzioni appropriate sia sul piano tecnologico-formale che su quello economico-funzionale. Con riferimento ad un’area studio sovracomunale della provincia di Bologna (Regione Emilia-Romagna), si è determinato, quale obiettivo specifico, l’individuazione delle possibili soluzioni di riqualificazione, da realizzarsi in economia, cioè primariamente attraverso i mezzi e le competenze normalmente disponibili in un’azienda agricola di questo tipo. A seguito del riconoscimento dei caratteri specifici e dei tipi edilizi degli edifici rurali tradizionali nella pianura emiliano romagnola, dell’identificazione delle metodologie d’indagine dei caratteri degli edifici rurali in letteratura, nonché dell’analisi della normativa di riferimento in materia di aziende multifunzionali, sono state definite le aziende studio, appartenenti ad aree geografiche differenti. La metodologia d’indagine individuata è stata condotta per la determinazione delle tipologie costruttive, dei materiali utilizzati e dei requisiti delle aziende, in relazione alle diverse specificità, alla definizione funzionale degli spazi costruiti, degli spazi aperti e delle differenti relazioni fra essi e l’identificazione ed analisi dei percorsi delle diverse tipologie di fruitori. L’identificazione delle criticità dei caratteri architettonici riscontrate, sia negli edifici agricoli sia nella corte, ha condotto al riconoscimento degli ambiti di intervento per la progettazione delle soluzioni di riqualificazione funzionale e paesaggistica, attraverso lo studio delle possibili soluzioni per la schermatura o rivalorizzazione sia degli edifici moderni di servizio all’agricoltura (analizzando le potenzialità progettuali offerte dalle pareti verdi, dai brise soleil, dalle facciate ventilate o da intonaci e tinteggiature), sia per la riqualificazione dei percorsi e degli aspetti paesaggistici (intervenendo sulla proposta di materiali da pavimentazione, e delle essenze da utilizzare), da realizzarsi in economia, ma comparati con alternative proposte di tipo commerciale.