Dinoflagellate cyst counts of sediment core GIK23071-3

Marine sediments from the Vøring Plateau (Norwegian Sea) have been studied for their dinoflagellate cyst (dinocyst) and foraminiferal content in order to reconstruct sea-surface conditions in the eastern Norwegian Sea during Marine Isotope Stage (MIS) 5e. In combination with stable oxygen isotope and ice rafted detritus (IRD) data, the variations in foraminiferal and dinocyst assemblage composition reflect a stepwise transition from the final phase of deglaciation (Termination II) into typical interglacial conditions. This stepwise change is repeated subsequently during the cooling conditions of glacial inception towards MIS 5d. The interval studied is characterized by relatively high abundances of Bitectatodinium tepikiense, in comparison to present-day values in the area, indicating a larger seasonal temperature amplitude with enhanced surface water stratification during MIS 5e. The important occurrence of the warm-temperate dinocyst Spiniferites mirabilis s.l. concurrent with subpolar foraminifers Turborotalita quinqueloba, Globigerina bulloides, and Globigerinita glutinata reveals that most pronounced interglacial marine conditions prevailed in the area just prior to the transition towards MIS 5d. The late stratigraphic position of this phase in the interglacial is verified by comparison with dinocyst data from south of Iceland, manifesting its over-regional implication. Besides the good agreement in dinocyst and foraminiferal assemblage changes, the variations in and between both fossil assemblages also point to the existence of some significant surface water variability in the eastern Norwegian Sea during MIS 5e.

(Appendix B Table 2) Abundance of organic-walled dinoflagellate cysts of sediment core GeoB2204-2

A palaeoceanographic reconstruction of the Late Quaternary tropical Atlantic Ocean has been made on the basis of dinoflagellate cyst associations of two sediment cores: the first core was recovered from below the highly productive waters of the equatorial divergence and the second from the oligotrophic western tropical Atlantic Ocean. Palaeoenvironmental indicators for productivity, sea surface temperature (SST) and salinity (SSS) based on selected organic-walled dinoflagellate cyst species have been established. On the basis of these palaeoenvironmental indicators, a strengthened intensity of the equatorial divergence in the eastern region during glacials and cold periods of interglacials has been reconstructed. The highest SST probably occurred around substage 5.5 and might refer to weakest upwelling intensity. In comparison, SST and SSS appear to have been generally higher in the western tropical Atlantic Ocean, with probably enhanced values during glacial intervals. Pronounced differences in accumulation rates and relative abundances of cysts formed by congruentidiacean dinoflagellates and relative abundances of oligotrophic cyst species between the eastern and the western region can be related to differences in palaeoproductivity, suggesting much higher values in the eastern area. The coherence between variation in frequency of the indicators for productivity and the boreal summer insolation and monsoon intensity in the eastern tropical Atlantic Ocean suggests an oceanographic reflection of regional intertropical, rather than boreal, dynamics.

Phytoplanktonic microfossil groups of sediments from the South and Equatorial Atlantic

Individual planktonic microfossil species, or assemblage groups of different species, are often used to, qualitatively and/or quantitatively, reconstruct past (sub)surface-water conditions of the world's oceans and seas. Until now, little information has been available on the surface sediment distribution patterns and paleoenvironmental reconstruction potential of coccolith, calcareous dinoflagellate cyst and organic-walled dinoflagellate cyst assemblages of the South and equatorial Atlantic, especially at the species level. This paper (i) summarizes the distributions of these three phytoplanktonic microfossil groups in numerous Atlantic surface sediments from 20°N-50°S and 30°E-65°W and determines their relationship with the physicochemical and trophic conditions of the overlying (sub)surface-waters, and (ii) determines the synecology of the three phytoplankton groups by carrying out statistical analyses (i.e. detrended and canonical correspondence analyses) on all groups simultaneously. Ecological relationships are additionally strengthened by statistically comparing the distribution patterns of the phytoplankton groups with those of planktonic foraminifera (Pflaumann et al. 1996; Niebler et al. 1998), as the ecological preferences of the latter are much better known. Many of the analyzed phytoplanktonic microfossil species or groups of species in the surface sediments do show restricted distributions which primarily reflect the environmental conditions of the upper water masses above them (e.g. sea-surface temperature, productivity, stratification). The acquired 'reference' data sets are large and diverse enough to allow future development of transfer functions for the reconstruction of past surface-water conditions, and show that there is still an enormous paleoenvironmental reconstruction potential concealed in many fossil coccolith and dinoflagellate cyst assemblages.

(Table T3) Distribution of radiolarian taxa in sediments of ODP Leg 180 sites

Cores from the 11 sites drilled during Leg 180 showed radiolarian assemblages that appear only in the Quaternary sediments. The most diverse and well-preserved assemblages were found in hemipelagic sediments from Holes 1108A, 1110A, and 1115B.

Limiting glutamate transmission in a Vglut2-expressing subpopulation of the subthalamic nucleus is sufficient to cause hyperlocomotion

The subthalamic nucleus (STN) is a key area of the basal ganglia circuitry regulating movement. We identified a subpopulation of neurons within this structure that coexpresses Vglut2 and Pitx2, and by conditional targeting of this subpopulation we reduced Vglut2 expression levels in the STN by 40%, leaving Pitx2 expression intact. This reduction diminished, yet did not eliminate, glutamatergic transmission in the substantia nigra pars reticulata and entopeduncular nucleus, two major targets of the STN. The knock-out mice displayed hyperlocomotion and decreased latency in the initiation of movement while preserving normal gait and balance. Spatial cognition, social function, and level of impulsive choice also remained undisturbed. Furthermore, these mice showed reduced dopamine transporter binding and slower dopamine clearance in vivo, suggesting that Vglut2-expressing cells in the STN regulate dopaminergic transmission. Our results demonstrate that altering the contribution of a limited population within the STN is sufficient to achieve results similar to STN lesions and high-frequency stimulation, but with fewer side effects.

Les premiers pas de la société d’investissement du Mouvement acadien

Les petites entreprises au Canada et au Nouveau-Brunswick sont devenues depuis une quinzaine d'années la principale source de création de nouveaux emplois. Les petites entreprises canadiennes (celles qui comptent moins de 1(X) employés) employaient 37% de la population active en 1987 et elles ont créé 81% des nouveaux emplois entre 1979 et 1988. Pour le Nouveau-Brunswick, les petites entreprises jouent un rôle encore plus grand: elles employaient 38% de la population active en 1987 et ont créé 88% des nouveaux emplois durant cette même période. La vitalité et la croissance des petites entreprises sont donc des facteurs cruciaux dans le développement socio-économique du Canada en général et du Nouveau-Brunswick en particulier. Pour assurer leur croissance, les petites entreprises ont besoin de financement, bien sûr, mais elles requièrent aussi du support technique sous forme de conseils et de perfectionnement de leurs ressources humaines. Jusqu'en 1990, les entrepreneurs du Nouveau-Brunswick qui cherchaient sur leur territoire du capital de risque n'avaient autre choix que de s'adresser au gouvernement fédéral ou provincial car ce service d'appui à la petite entreprise n'était pas offert dans le secteur privé, ou du moins n'était pas publiquement connu. En avril 1990, le Mouvement Coopératif Acadien annonça la création de la Société d'Investissement du Mouvement Acadien (SIMA) et lui donna justement le mandat de fournir aux petites entreprises coopératives et à capital-actions un accès à du capital de risque et au support technique pour assurer leur croissance. La SIMA adresse ses services aux entreprises acadiennes du Nouveau-Brunswick étant donné la spécificité culturelle de son membership. Quel genre de portefeuille d'investissement la SIMA a-t-elle constituté jusqu'à date? Quelle contribution a-t-elle apporté après deux ans à la croissance des entreprises acadiennes et au perfectionnement de leurs ressources humaines? C est à ces questions que s'intéresse ce travail et à lesquelles nous tenterons de répondre. Cet essai cherchera précisément à évaluer l'impact de la SIMA depuis 1990 jusqu'à la première moitié de 1992. Nous devons toutefois tenir compte du fait que notre étude ne pourra mesurer la performance ultime de la SIMA après deux ans d'activités. Comme le cycle d'affaires d'une société de capital de risque varie entre cinq et sept ans, nous apprécierons les accomplissements nous nous intéresserons aux tendances qui se dessinent en date de juin 1992. Afin de mieux saisir le caractère stratégique de l'initiative de la SIMA, nous examinerons dans un premier chapitre l'état de la petite entreprise et de l'emploi. Ensuite nous nous pencherons sur la problématique du financement de la petite entreprise, qu'elle soit coopérative ou à capital-actions, pour constater l'arrivée opportune de cette société d'investissement sur la scène acadienne. Nous découvrirons aussi les besoins non-monétaires des petites entreprises et cela nous permettra de vérifier si l'offrande de la SIMA en appui technique correspond aux besoins réels des entrepreneurs. Ayant ainsi pris connaissance de la dimension de la problématique, nous formulerons quelques hypothèses, dont les variables nous permettront de confirmer ou au contraire d'infirmer l'impact social et l'impact économique de la SIMA au Nouveau-Brunswick, Nous tiendrons compte, bien sûr, qu'au moment de notre enquête la Société n'est que dans la première phase de sa relation avec ses partenaires. Dans le deuxième chapitre, nous prendrons connaissance de la nature de cette activité économique qu'est le capital de risque. Nous ferons un recul dans l'histoire pour retracer les débuts de cette forme de capitalisme et nous dresserons un portrait sommaire de cette activité au Canada. Étant donné que ces services étaient déjà offerts au Nouveau-Brunswick avant 1990, avant l'arrivée de la SIMA, nous prendrons connaissance des principaux acteurs pour être en mesure de comparer leurs approches à celles de la SIMA. Afin de mieux connaître la Société d'Investissement du Mouvement Acadien, la dernière-née du Mouvement Coopératif Acadien, nous étudierons dans un autre chapitre sa structure interne et ses politiques d'investissement dans les petites entreprises. Nous ferons aussi la genèse de la SIMA, ce qui nous permettra de découvrir une pratique courante de collaboration entre le Mouvement Acadien et le Mouvement Desjardins du Québec. Nous ferons par la suite une analyse des données que nous avons recueillies sur le terrain dans le but de mesurer l'impact social de la SIMA. Nous ferons état de notre enquête dans les archives des médias francophones qui s'adressent à la communauté d'affaires acadienne ainsi qu'auprès de la Société elle-même pour constater ses démarches de communication. Parce que l'activité vedette la SIMA est celle d'investir, nous étudierons ensuite ses investissements dans les entreprises et nous tenterons d'évaluer l'impact économique de ses initiatives. Nous ferons également état des témoignages de quelques experts et observateurs de la question économique au Nouveau-Brunswick que nous avons interrogés dans le cadre de ce travail. Nous terminerons cet essai en dressant un bilan de l'intervention de la SIMA depuis sa création et, le cas échéant, nous formulerons quelques recommandations aux dirigeants de la SIMA. Nous sommes donc en présence d'un phénomène inusité dans le contexte acadien: une activité hautement capitaliste entreprise par un mouvement coopératif qui en a ai l'expérience, ni les valeurs. Et par ailleurs, nous effectuons notre étude de cette société bien avant la fin de son cycle productif, pour ainsi dire. C'est son caractère innovateur qui incite à son étude, même si les données que l'on pourra cueillir ne traduisaient que partiellement sa performance ultime. Par conséquent, ce travail ne saurait être une analyse d'impact dans le sens classique du terme, car il n'attend pas la fin du processus avant de poser un regard qui pourrait être utile aux coopérateurs dans le champ. Notre approche, qui combine la cueillette et l'analyse de données à des observations critiques d'experts, peut constituer un outil utile dans l'étude pilote d'un projet innovateur en coopération.

Le secteur informel, micro-entreprise et philosophie coopérative

Le présent document constitue une réflexion sur de nouvelles avenues d'une philosophie coopérative, tablant sur le potentiel du secteur informel par le biais du développement des micro-entreprises. La connaissance des lois de fonctionnement du secteur informel jettera une compréhension plus nuancée sur le rôle de la micro-entreprise dans les pays en voie de développement et son aptitude à s'articuler autour du mode coopératif comme agent socio-économique. Cette réflexion se veut le prolongement de la réorientation de politique du Ministère des relations extérieures que Mme Monique Vézina annonça le 13 juin '86. "On ne peut pas faire de l'aide au développement international sans passer par la base." et "...Le maître d'œuvre de tout projet de développement sur le terrain, c'est le conseil du village, le paysan, ou le petit entrepreneur. Notre philosophie s'appuie sur le dynamisme des populations

Atividade antioxidante, fenólicos totais, flavonóides totais e vitaminas em subprodutos de anona

A anona é um fruto muito apreciado pelas suas características organoléticas distintas, nomeadamente textura e sabor. Desde 2000, a anona da Madeira foi registada com Denominação de Origem Protegida. Depois da banana, é o fruto mais exportado na Região Autónoma da Madeira. Hoje em dia, a valorização de resíduos e de subprodutos agroalimentares tornou-se uma necessidade, sobretudo quando é possível utilizar estes subprodutos para o desenvolvimento e conceção de novos produtos. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a atividade antioxidante, teor de fenólicos e de flavonóides totais e os teores das vitaminas C e E em subprodutos de três cultivares de anona (Madeira, Mateus II e Perry Vidal). As amostras de Annona cherimola Mill. foram colhidas em diversos locais da Região Autónoma da Madeira. Posteriormente, as amostras foram separadas em polpa, casca e semente e procedeu-se à determinação dos parâmetros analíticos. Os extratos da casca e da semente para avaliação da atividade antioxidante, fenólicos totais e flavonóides totais, foram preparados em etanol (90%, v/v). Para avaliação da atividade antioxidante, utilizou-se o método do DPPH•, e os resultados foram expressos em EC50. O teor de fenólicos totais foi determinado pelo método de Folin-Ciocalteu e os resultados foram expressos em equivalentes de ácido gálhico. Os resultados referentes aos flavonóides totais foram expressos em equivalentes de epicatequina. Para a determinação das vitaminas utilizou-se a cromatografia líquida com deteção por díodos. A maior atividade antioxidante foi determinada na casca da anona do cultivar Madeira e a menor nas sementes da anona do cultivar Perry Vidal. O teor de fenólicos totais e de flavonóides totais também foi superior na casca comparativamente à semente dos diferentes cultivares analisados. O teor de vitamina C total variou entre 1,54 ± 0,1 (semente) e 5,17 ± 0,1 mg/100 g (casca), para o cultivar Perry Vidal. O teor de vitamina E (α-tocoferol) mais elevado foi determinado para a semente do cultivar Mateus II (1,1 ± 0,07 mg/100 g). Os resultados obtidos demonstram o potencial antioxidante dos subprodutos da anona da Madeira, sobretudo a casca, podendo constituir desta forma uma fonte natural de extratos de valor acrescentado com aplicações em inúmeras indústrias, nomeadamente a alimentar, farmacêutica e/ou cosmética.

Limiting glutamate transmission in a Vglut2-expressing subpopulation of the subthalamic nucleus is sufficient to cause hyperlocomotion

The subthalamic nucleus (STN) is a key area of the basal ganglia circuitry regulating movement. We identified a subpopulation of neurons within this structure that coexpresses Vglut2 and Pitx2, and by conditional targeting of this subpopulation we reduced Vglut2 expression levels in the STN by 40%, leaving Pitx2 expression intact. This reduction diminished, yet did not eliminate, glutamatergic transmission in the substantia nigra pars reticulata and entopeduncular nucleus, two major targets of the STN. The knock-out mice displayed hyperlocomotion and decreased latency in the initiation of movement while preserving normal gait and balance. Spatial cognition, social function, and level of impulsive choice also remained undisturbed. Furthermore, these mice showed reduced dopamine transporter binding and slower dopamine clearance in vivo, suggesting that Vglut2-expressing cells in the STN regulate dopaminergic transmission. Our results demonstrate that altering the contribution of a limited population within the STN is sufficient to achieve results similar to STN lesions and high-frequency stimulation, but with fewer side effects.

Ecologia da ictiofauna de um córrego de cabeceira da bacia do alto rio Paraná, Brasil

Ecological studies were conducted in the ichthyofauna of Cedro, a small headwater stream located in a degraded area of State of São Paulo, Brazil, situated in the upper Paraná River basin. These are the results of two non-consecutive years observations and collections in two biotopes of that stream: a pool and a rapid. The ecological characteristics studied change in space and time. The present richness of species is high (21 species), nine of which are constant, six accessory and six accidental. The diversity is low (0.69 to 2.38), and the numeric predominance, from one to three species, occurred in both biotopes. The most frequent species are Poecilia reticulata (Peters, 1859) (28.1%), Corydoras cf. aeneus (Gill, 1858) (20.3%) and Hypostomus cf. ancistroides (Ihering, 1911) (19.8%). The density ranges from 0.7 to 19.8 specimens/m³. The similarity index indicates high similarity between the ichthyofauna (45.0% to 95.0%) inside the same or contiguous biotopes. The evenness (0.46 to 1.0) is comparable to those found in similar studies carried out in other streams.

Teores de macronutrientes em folhas de gravioleiras.

Neste trabalho analisou-se os teores de N, P, K, Ca e Mg em folhas de sete genotipos de gravioleiras: Blanca, Lisa, Morada, Graviola B, FAO ll e plantas da matriz 415 da coleção do CPATU, com um ano de idade, cultivadas em latossolo amarelo areno-argiloso, em área de cerrado do Amapá. Coletaram-se as amostras retirando-se folhas adultas nos quatro pontos cardeais. Analisando-se os dados, pode-se concluir que:1) não houve diferença significativa para N, P, K e Mg:2) o teor de Ca foi significativamente superior no genotipo Graviola B em relação a Morada, Blanca e FAO ll:3) os teores encontrados não indicam deficiência para a espécie: e 4) em ordem decrescente, encontrou-se a seguinte distribuição dos elementos: N, K, Ca, Mg e P.

ROLE OF THE FRONTAL EYE FIELD, SUPERIOR COLLICULUS, AND BASAL GANGLIA IN FLEXIBLE SACCADE BEHAVIOR

A distributed network of cortical and subcortical brain regions mediates the control of voluntary behavior, but it is unclear how this complex system may flexibly shift between different behavioral events. This thesis describes the neurophysiological changes in several key nuclei across the brain during flexible behavior, using saccadic eye movements in rhesus macaque monkeys. We examined five nuclei critical for saccade initiation and modulation: the frontal eye field (FEF) in the cerebral cortex, the subthalamic nucleus (STN), caudate nucleus (CD), and substantia nigra pars reticulata (SNr) in the basal ganglia (BG), and the superior colliculus (SC) in the midbrain. The first study tested whether a ‘threshold’ theory of how neuronal activity cues saccade initiation is consistent with the flexible control of behavior. The theory suggests there is a fixed level of FEF and SC neuronal activation at which saccades are initiated. Our results provide strong evidence against a fixed saccade threshold in either structure during flexible behavior, and indicate that threshold variability might depend on the level of inhibitory signals applied to the FEF or SC. The next two studies investigated the BG network as a likely candidate to modulate a saccade initiation mechanism, based on strong inhibitory output signals from the BG to the FEF and SC. We investigated the STN and CD (BG input), and the SNr (BG oculomotor output) to examine changes across the BG network. This revealed robust task-contingent shifts in BG signaling (Chapter 3), which uniquely impacted saccade initiation according to behavioral condition (Chapters 3 and 4). The thesis concludes with a published short review of the mechanistic effects of BG deep brain stimulation (Chapter 5), and a general discussion including proof of concept saccade behavioral changes in an MPTP-induced Parkinsonian model (Chapter 6). The studies presented here demonstrate that the conditions for saccade initiation by the FEF and SC vary according to behavioral condition, while simultaneously, large-scale task dependent shifts occur in BG signaling consistent with the observed modulation of FEF and SC activity. Taken together, these describe a mechanistic framework by which the cortico-BG loop may contribute to the flexible control of behavior.

Verificacao da atividade inseticida de alguns vegetais brasileiros.

Neste trabalho foram estudadas 30 espécies vegetais, quanto a atividade inseticida. Dessas espécies foram preparados 240 extratos a partir das diferentes partes dos vegetais, utilizando hexano, etanol, acetona e solução hidroalcoolica como líquidos extratores. Os testes foram efetuados contra os insetos: Mosca domestica, Ceratilis capitata, Zambrotes subfasciatus, Spodoptera frugiperda e Anthonomus grandis. Dos vegetais testados, apenas os extratos das sementes de Annona cacan, A. crassiflora, A. squamosa e raízes de Potomorphe umbellata apresentaram alguma atividade.

Nematoides associados a cinco fruteiras no estado do Amapá, Brasil.

The aim of this study was to conduct a survey on nematodes associated with five cultivated fruit trees growing in the Agroforestry System (AFS) of the municipality of Oiapoque, Amapá, Brazil. Rhizosphere samples were collected from three points at the base of murici (Byrsonima sp.), soursop (Annona muricata), cupuaçu (Theobroma grandiflorum), passion fruit (Passiflora sp.) and peach palm (Bactris gasipaes) trees. Four species of phytonematodes were identified, namely Pratylenchus brachyurus, Helicotylenchus dihystera, Mesocriconema xenoplax and Rotylenchulus reniformis. The most prevalent and abundant species was R. reniformis, which was found in the rhizospheres of passion fruit, cupuaçu, soursop, and peach palm. The first record in Brazil of the nematode P. brachyurus, found in the roots of murici is reported here, and all of the nematode species identified here are the first records for fruit trees in the state of Amapá.