Enfoque genómico en la enfermedad cardiovascular

Introducción: las enfermedades cardiovasculares (EC) constituyen la principal causa de muerte a nivel mundial. La etiología es multifactorial, pueden influir diversos factores como la dieta, los hábitos de vida, el nivel de ejercicio físico o la carga genética. El gran número de genes implicados, así como sus diversas variantes, pueden influir sobre el riesgo de padecer enfermedades cardiovasculares por medio de distintas vías. Objetivo: determinar la relación existente entre diferentes polimorfismos genéticos y el riesgo individual de EC en población infantil y adulta. Métodos: se llevó a cabo una búsqueda bibliográfica utilizando la base de datos PubMed. La búsqueda se limitó a un periodo de diez años y a metaanálisis realizados en humanos. Resultados: se establece relación entre el riesgo de enfermedad cardiovascular y los siguientes polimorfismos genéticos: cromosoma 9p21, apolipoproteína A5, apolipoproteínas E2, E3 y E4, gen PPARG o PPARΥ, genes implicados en el metabolismo lipídico, gen MTHFR, citocromo P450, factor V de coagulación o factor de Leiden (FVL) y gen VKORC. Conclusiones: Se han identificado un gran número de genes relacionados con la enfermedad cardiovascular. La carga genética puede influir de manera directa o indirecta sobre el riesgo cardiovascular, modificando factores de riesgo para enfermedad cardiovascular o actuando sobre la medicación empleada para tratarla.

Avoiding staff removal stage in optical music recognition: application to scores written in white mensural notation

Staff detection and removal is one of the most important issues in optical music recognition (OMR) tasks since common approaches for symbol detection and classification are based on this process. Due to its complexity, staff detection and removal is often inaccurate, leading to a great number of errors in posterior stages. For this reason, a new approach that avoids this stage is proposed in this paper, which is expected to overcome these drawbacks. Our approach is put into practice in a case of study focused on scores written in white mensural notation. Symbol detection is performed by using the vertical projection of the staves. The cross-correlation operator for template matching is used at the classification stage. The goodness of our proposal is shown in an experiment in which our proposal attains an extraction rate of 96 % and a classification rate of 92 %, on average. The results found have reinforced the idea of pursuing a new research line in OMR systems without the need of the removal of staff lines.

La traducción: interacción de semiosferas

[Traducción y lingüística del texto]

Activity of Ricinus communis (Euphorbiaceae) and ricinine against the leaf-cutting ant Atta sexdens rubropilosa (Hymenoptera : Formicidae) and the symbiotic fungus Leucoagaricus gongylophorus

The focus of this study was the identification of compounds from plant extracts for use in crop protection. This paper reports on the toxic activity of fractions of leaf extracts of Ricinus communis L (Euphorbiaceae) and isolated active compounds in the leaf-cutting ant Atta sexdens rubropilosa Forel and its symbiotic fungus Leucoagaricus gongylophorus (Singer) Moller. The main compounds responsible for activity against the fungus and ant in leaf extracts of R communis were found to be fatty acids for the former and ricinine for the ants. (C) 2004 Society of Chemical Industry.

BARIUM CONCENTRATIONS IN ROCK SALT BY LASER INDUCED BREAKDOWN SPECTROSCOPY

Time-REsolved Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (TRELIBS) was used to determine the elemental concentration of barium in Texas Dome rock salt. TRELIBS allows for an efficient and in situ concentration analysis technique that detects a wide range of elements with no sample preparation. TRELIBS measurements were made in the 545nm to 594nm wavelength range. The proximity of a strong barium emission line (553.5481 nm) to the sodium doublet (588.9950 nm and 589.5924 nm) allowed for measurement within a single frame of the spectrograph. This barium emission line was compared to the sodium doublet for relative intensity. A homemade calibration sample containing known amounts of barium and sodium was used to determine the relative concentrations. By approximating the sodium content in the rock salt as 50%, we determined the absolute concentration of barium in the salt to be (0.13±0.03)%.

High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and high-performance liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (HPLC/MS) for the analysis of date rape drugs

The drugs studied in this work have been reportedly used to commit drug-facilitated sexual assault (DFSA), commonly known as "date rape". Detection of the drugs was performed using high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection (HPLC/UV) and identified with high performance-liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (HPLC/MS) using selected ion monitoring (SIM). The objective of this study was to develop a single HPLC method for the simultaneous detection, identification and quantitation of these drugs. The following drugs were simultaneously analyzed: Gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB), scopolamine, lysergic acid diethylamide, ketamine, flunitrazepam, and diphenhydramine. The results showed increased sensitivity with electrospray (ES) ionization versus atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) using HPLC/MS. HPLC/ES/MS was approximately six times more sensitive than HPLC/APCI/MS and about fifty times more sensitive than HPLC/UV. A limit of detection (LOD) of 100 ppb was achieved for drug analysis using this method. The average linear regression coefficient of correlation squared (r2) was 0.933 for HPLC/UV and 0.998 for HPLC/ES/MS. The detection limits achieved by this method allowed for the detection of drug dosages used in beverage tampering. This method can be used to screen beverages suspected of drug tampering. The results of this study demonstrated that solid phase microextraction (SPME) did not improve sensitivity as an extraction technique when compared to direct injections of the drug standards.

Inferences about Parameters of Trivariate Normal Distribution with Missing Data

Multivariate normal distribution is commonly encountered in any field, a frequent issue is the missing values in practice. The purpose of this research was to estimate the parameters in three-dimensional covariance permutation-symmetric normal distribution with complete data and all possible patterns of incomplete data. In this study, MLE with missing data were derived, and the properties of the MLE as well as the sampling distributions were obtained. A Monte Carlo simulation study was used to evaluate the performance of the considered estimators for both cases when ρ was known and unknown. All results indicated that, compared to estimators in the case of omitting observations with missing data, the estimators derived in this article led to better performance. Furthermore, when ρ was unknown, using the estimate of ρ would lead to the same conclusion.

Estratégias de educação sustentável e gestão de pessoas: novos rumos?

Neste artigo buscou-se compreender se as Instituições de Ensino Superior (IES), nos cursos de Administração que priorizam a educação sustentável de modo compatível aos Principles for Responsible Management Education (PRME), tornaram seus alunos candidatos potenciais nos processos de recrutamento e seleção em empresas brasileiras. A base teórica alicerçou-se em Boyatzis e Dutra. A metodologia é de caráter exploratório - descritiva com abordagem qualitativa. Os resultados demonstram que a maioria das empresas, apesar de considerarem fundamental o conhecimento dos candidatos sobre educação sustentável, ainda não utiliza esse critério nos processos de recrutamento, seleção e desenvolvimento de carreira, em virtude do desconhecimento em relação ao esforço que as IES vêm realizando juntamente à rede PRME.

Triceps and subscapular skinfold thicknesses percentiles and cut-offs for overweight and obesity in a population-based sample of schoolchildren in Bogota, Colombia

OBJECTIVES: The aims of this study were to establish a Colombian smoothed centile charts and LMS tables for tríceps, subscapular and sum tríceps+subscapular skinfolds; appropriate cut-offs were selected using receiver operating characteristic analysis based in a populationbased sample of schoolchildren in Bogota, Colombia and to compare them with international studies. METHODS: A total of 9 618 children and adolescents attending public schools in Bogota, Colombia (55.7% girls; age range of 9–17.9 years). Height, weight, body mass index (BMI), waist circumference, triceps and subscapular skinfold measurements were obtained using standardized methods. We have calculated tríceps+subscapular skinfold (T+SS) sum. Smoothed percentile curves for triceps and subscapular skinfold thickness were derived by the LMS method. Receiver operating characteristics curve (ROC) analyses were used to evaluate the optimal cut-off point of tríceps, subscapular and sum tríceps+subscapular skinfolds for overweight and obesity based on the International Obesity Task Force (IOTF) definitions. Data were compared with international studies. RESULTS: Subscapular, triceps skinfolds and T+SS were significantly higher in girls than in boys (P <0.001). The median values for triceps, subscapular as well as T+SS skinfold thickness increased in a sex-specific pattern with age. The ROC analysis showed that subscapular, triceps skinfolds and T+SS have a high discrimination power in the identification of overweight and obesity in the sample population in this study. Based on the raw non-adjusted data, we found that Colombian boys and girls had high triceps and subscapular skinfolds values than their counterparts from Spain, UK, German and US. CONCLUSIONS: Our results provide sex- and age-specific normative reference standards for the triceps and subscapular skinfold thickness values in a large, population-based sample of 3 schoolchildren and adolescents from an Latin-American population. By providing LMS tables for Latin-American people based on Colombian reference data, we hope to provide quantitative tools for the study of obesity and its complications.

Efecto del consumo concomitante de inhibidores de bomba protones y levotiroxina : revisión sistemática y metaanálisis

Estudios afirman que la acidez gástrica es importante en la absorción de levotiroxina (LT4) con resultados controversiales sobre la interacción entre inhibidores de bomba de protones (IBP) y LT4. El objetivo del estudio fue establecer el efecto del uso concomitante de LT4 e IBP en los niveles de TSH en pacientes adultos con hipotiroidismo primario. Se realizó una revisión sistemática mediante búsqueda en Medline, Embase, Lilacs, Bireme, Scielo, Cochrane y Universidad de York, Access Pharmacy, Google Scholar, Dialnet y Opengray. La búsqueda no se limito por lenguaje. Se evaluó el efecto en la diferencia de medias de TSH luego del consumo de LT4 y luego del consumo concomitante con IBP. Se hizo un metaanálisis, análisis de subgrupos y análisis de sensibilidad utilizando el programa Review Manager 5.3. Se eligieron 5 artículos para el análisis cualitativo y 3 para el metaanálisis. La calidad de los estudios fue buena y el riesgo de sesgos bajo. La diferencia de medias obtenida fue 0.21 mUI/L (IC95%: 0.02-0.40; p=0.03; I2:0%). En el análisis de subgrupos en pacientes mayores de 55 años la diferencia de medias fue 0.21 mUI/L (IC95%: 0.01-0.40; p=0.27; I2:19%). En el análisis de sensibilidad se excluyo el estudio con mayor muestra y la diferencia de medias fue 0.49 mUI/L (IC95%: -0.12 a 1.11; p=0.12; I2:0%). La diferencia de medias de TSH luego del consumo concomitante no se considera clínicamente significativa pues no representa riesgo para el paciente. Son necesarios estudios clínicos aleatorizados y evaluar el efecto en los niveles de T4 libre.

FAST-E en Pacientes con Trauma Abdominal Cerrado Estable, en un Departamento de Urgencias en Colombia

El impacto que ha generado el trauma en Colombia a lo largo de la historia, nos ha obligado a mejorar y adaptar diferentes tipos de sistemas de atención en trauma, basados en los lineamientos internacionales, los cuales buscan evitar el significativo aumento en las tasas de mortalidad y discapacidad que se obtienen de este, especialmente en los servicios de Emergencias en los cuales se reciben el 100% de estos pacientes con traumatismo múltiple o politraumatismo. Dentro de este grupo de pacientes hay un subgrupo que son las pacientes con trauma de abdomen que cursan con estabilidad hemodinámica y además son clasificados de bajo riesgo, ya sea por índices de trauma o por otros métodos como la medición sérica de lactato, los cuales tienen un papel poco despreciable al momento de ver mortalidad y discapacidad por trauma, ya sea penetrante o cerrado; en este trabajo específicamente nos centramos en las personas que consultan al servicio de Emergencias con trauma cerrado de abdomen los cuales son considerados de bajo riesgo, siendo este subgrupo de pacientes uno de los más difíciles de abordar y enfocar al momento de la valoración inicial, ya que se debe tener la seguridad de que no hay lesiones que comprometen la vida y por consiguiente estos pacientes puedan ser dados de alta.

Population structure of Spodoptera frugiperda collected in maize from different Brazilian geographic regions.

Spodoptera frugiperda é a praga do milho de maior importância econômica no Brasil. Existe pouca informação disponível sobre a estrutura genética, utilizando marcadores SSR, de populações de S. Frugiperda coletadas em cultivos de milho.Neste estudo, 21 marcadores SSR foram utilizados para avaliar a diversidade e a estrutura genética de S. frugiperda coletadas em regiões brasileiras geograficamente distintas. Um total de 227 alelos foram obtidos, com uma média de 10,76 alelos por marcador, e os valores do Conteúdo de Informação Polimórfica (PIC) variaram de 0,242 a 0,933, com uma média de 0,621, indicando alto poder de discriminação. O FST geral, 0,061, indicou moderada diferenciação genética entre as populações de S. frugiperda coletadas em milho e a Amova mostrou que 87,36% da variação está dentro de populações. O teste de Mantel mostrou correlação significativa entre distâncias genéticas e distâncias geográficas. Os dados genéticos demonstraram que todos os indivíduos dos seis locais de amostragem foram estruturados em duas sub-populações, sendo uma delas composta apenas pela população CL, coletada no estado do Rio Grande do Sul. O conhecimento sobre a diversidade genética e a estrutura populacional de S. frugiperda é importante para o desenvolvimento de estratégias para os sistemas de manejo e monitoramento de insetos-praga, especialmente para a diferenciada população CL.

Origem, cursos e terapêuticas dos transtornos mentais comuns

O objeto inicia declarando que são considerados TMC o uso de substâncias, as somatizações, as fobias, os transtornos do pânico, a bulimia, os transtornos depressivos, a ansiedade generalizada e o misto destes dois últimos, mostra ainda o que o termo em geral abrange e a necessidade de compreender bem o universo biopsicossocial de cada um. Segue mostrando informações sobre três TMCs: Depressivos, Bipolar 2 e de Ansiedade, além do diagnóstico dos mesmos. Aborda a necessidade da criação de um ambiente acolhedor e de confiança e fornece algumas dicas para aumentar a possibilidade de detecção de um transtorno mental. Termina abordando a avaliação de crianças e adolescentes, diferenciando a abordagem em cada caso. Unidade 3 do módulo 9 que compõe o Curso de Especialização em Saúde da Família.