Synthesis of Eu3+-activated BaMoO4 phosphors and their Judd-Ofelt analysis: Applications in lasers and white LEDs

Eu3+-activated BaMoO4 phosphors were synthesized by the nitrate citrate gel combustion method. The Rietveld refinement analysis confirmed that all the compounds were crystallized in the scheelite-type tetragonal structure with I4(1)/a (No. 88) space group. Photoluminescence (PL) spectra of BaMoO4 phosphor reveals broad emission peaks at 465 and 605 nm, whereas the Eu3+-activated BaMoO4 phosphors show intense 615 nm (D-5(0) -> F-7(2)) emission peak. Judd-Ofelt theory was applied to evaluate the intensity parameters (Omega(2), Omega(4)) of Eu3+-activated BaMoO4 phosphors. The transition probabilities (A(T)), radiative lifetime (tau(rad)), branching ratio (beta), stimulated emission cross-section (sigma(e)), gain bandwidth (sigma(e) x Delta lambda(eff)) and optical gain (sigma(e) x tau(rad)) were investigated by using the intensity parameters. CIE color coordinates confirmed that the BaMoO4 and Eu3+-activated BaMoO4 phosphors exhibit white and red luminescence, respectively. The obtained results revealed that the present phosphors can be a potential candidate for red lasers and white LEDs applications. (C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Reservoir Operation with Fuzzy State Variables for Irrigation of Multiple Crops

This paper presents the development and application of a stochastic dynamic programming model with fuzzy state variables for irrigation of multiple crops. A fuzzy stochastic dynamic programming (FSDP) model is developed in which the reservoir storage and soil moisture of the crops are considered as fuzzy numbers, and the reservoir inflow is considered as a stochastic variable. The model is formulated with an objective of minimizing crop yield deficits, resulting in optimal water allocations to the crops by maintaining storage continuity and soil moisture balance. The standard fuzzy arithmetic method is used to solve all arithmetic equations with fuzzy numbers, and the fuzzy ranking method is used to compare two or more fuzzy numbers. The reservoir operation model is integrated with a daily-based water allocation model, which results in daily temporal variations of allocated water, soil moisture, and crop deficits. A case study of an existing Bhadra reservoir in Karnataka, India, is chosen for the model application. The FSDP is a more realistic model because it considers the uncertainty in discretization of state variables. The results obtained using the FSDP model are found to be more acceptable for the case study than those of the classical stochastic dynamic model and the standard operating model, in terms of 10-day releases from the reservoir and evapotranspiration deficit. (C) 2015 American Society of Civil Engineers.

Neonatal exposure to 17 beta-estradiol down-regulates the expression of synaptogenesis related genes in selected brain regions of adult female rats

Aims: Administration of estradiol or compounds with estrogenic activity to newborn female rats results in irreversible masculinization as well as defeminization in the brain and the animals exhibit altered reproductive behavior as adults. The cellular and molecular mechanism involved in inducing the irreversible changes is largely unknown. In the present study, we have monitored the changes in the expression of selected synaptogenesis related genes in the sexually dimorphic brain regions such as POA, hypothalamus and pituitary following 17 beta-estradiol administration to neonatal female rats. Main methods: Female Wistar rats which were administered 17 beta-estradiol on day 2 and 3 after birth were sacrificed 120 days later and the expression levels of genes implicated in synaptogenesis were monitored by semi-quantitative reverse transcription PCR. Since estradiol induced up-regulation of COX-2 in POA is a marker for estradiol induced masculinization as well as defeminization, in the present study only animals in which the increase in expression of COX-2 gene was observed in POA were included in the study. Key findings: Down-regulation of genes such as NMDA-2B, NETRIN-1, BDNF, MT-5 MMP and TNF-alpha was observed in the pre-optic area of neonatally E2 treated female rat brain but not in hypothalamus and pituitary compared to the vehicle- treated controls as assessed by RT-PCR and Western blot analysis. Significance: Our results suggest a possibility that down-regulation of genes associated with synaptogenesis in POA, may be resulting in disruption of the cyclical regulation of hormone secretion by pituitary the consequence of which could be infertility and altered reproductive behavior. (C) 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Development of an automated ultrasonic spray pyrolysis system and the growth of Cu2ZnSnS4 thin films

An automated ultrasonic spray pyrolysis system is fabricated for the growth of thin films. The system is equipped with x-y movement and enables film deposition in different patterns and spray rates. Cu-2(Zn,Sn)S-4 (CZTS) films are deposited using this setup. The substrate temperature (T-s) is varied from 240 to 490 degrees C. Kesterite CZTS phase is observed in all the films together with binary phases. The films prepared at T-s <340 degrees C showed SnxSy phase and those at T-s >340 degrees C showed Cu2S phase. Sulfur incorporation is maximum (40%) at 440 degrees C and the films showed better morphology. The Cu and S concentrations are varied to remove binary phases. Depth wise elemental analysis confirmed the existence of single phase CZTS. p-Type CZTS films of resistivity in the range of 10(2)-10(3) Omega cm are obtained. (C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Material response and failure mechanism of unidirectional metal matrix composites under impulsive shear loading

The material response and failure mechanism of unidirectional metal matrix composite under impulsive shear loading are investigated in this paper. Both experimental and analytical studies were performed. The shear strength of unidirectional C-f/A356.0 composite and A356.0 aluminum alloy at high strain rate were measured with a modified split Hopkinson torsional bar technique. The results indicated that the carbon fibers did not improve the shear strength of aluminum matrix if the fiber orientation aligned with the shear loading axis. The microscopic inspection of the fractured surface showed a multi-scale zigzag feature which implied a complicated shear failure mechanism in the composite. In addition to testing, the micromechanical stress field in the composite was analyzed by the generalized Eshelby equivalent method (GEEM). The influence of cracking in matrix on the micromechanical stress field was investigated as well. The results showed that the stress distribution in the composite is quite nonhomogeneous and very high shear stress concentrations are found in some regions in the matrix. The high shear stress concentration in the matrix induces tensile cracking at 45 degrees to the shear direction. This in turn aggravates the stress concentration at the fiber/matrix interface and finally leads to a catastrophic failure in the composite. From the correlation between the analysis and experimental results, the shear failure mechanism of unidirectional C-f/A356.0 composite can be elucidated qualitatively.

High speed liquid crystal over silicon display based on the flexoelectro-optic effect.

One of the key technologies to evolve in the displays market in recent years is liquid crystal over silicon (LCOS) microdisplays. Traditional LCOS devices and applications such as rear projection televisions, have been based on intensity modulation electro-optical effects, however, recent developments have shown that multi-level phase modulation from these devices is extremely sought after for applications such as holographic projectors, optical correlators and adaptive optics. Here, we propose alternative device geometry based on the flexoelectric-optic effect in a chiral nematic liquid crystal. This device is capable of delivering a multilevel phase shift at response times less than 100 microsec which has been verified by phase shift interferometry using an LCOS test device. The flexoelectric on silicon device, due to its remarkable characteristics, enables the next generation of holographic devices to be realized.

抗癌药长春新碱及其与微管蛋白相互作用的电化学研究

在0.05 mol/L Tris，0.15 mol/L NaCl溶液中，用吸附伏安法研究长春新碱(VCR)，其峰电位在-1.68 V(vs. Ag/AgCl)，峰电流与1.0*10^{-8}～2.0*10^{-7}mol/L VCR浓度成正比，检测限为7.0*l0^{-9} mol/L，用常规脉冲极谱法、线性扫描和循环伏安法等研究该体系的电化学行为，实验表明，电极还原过程为具有吸附特征的不可逆过程。VCR的吸附符合Frumkin吸附等温式。也研究了VCR与微管蛋白的相互作用。实验表明，VCR与微管蛋白形成一电活性的结合物，这一结合物具有吸附性，且还原过程也为不可逆过程。

Properties of a-C:H films deposited from a methane electron cyclotron wave resonant plasma

An electron cyclotron wave resonant methane plasma discharge was used for the high rate deposition of hydrogenated amorphous carbon (a-C:H). Deposition rates of up to ∼400 Å/min were obtained over substrates up to 2.5 in. in diameter with a film thickness uniformity of ∼±10%. The deposited films were characterised in terms of their mass density, sp3 and hydrogen contents, C-H bonding, intrinsic stress, scratch resistance and friction properties. The deposited films possessed an average sp3 content, mass density and refractive index of ∼58%, 1.76 g/cm3 and 2.035 respectively.Mechanical characterisation indicated that the films possessed very low steady-state coefficients of friction (ca. 0.06) and a moderate shear strength of ∼141 MPa. Nano-indentation measurements also indicated a hardness and elastic modulus of ∼16.1 and 160 GPa respectively. The critical loads required to induce coating failure were also observed to increase with ion energy as a consequence of the increase in degree of ion mixing at the interface. Furthermore, coating failure under scratch test conditions was observed to take place via fracture within the silicon substrate itself, rather than either in the coating or at the film/substrate interface. © 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Fluctuacion poblacional de la broca del fruto del cafeto hypothenemus hampei Ferr. (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) en tres localidades de la VI region, Nicaragua

Durante el período de los meses de junio 1989 a febrero 1990, se estudió la fluctuación poblacional de la broca del fruto del cafeto Hypothenemus hampei Ferr. en alturas de 950,1000 y 11SO m.s.n.m en la Región VI de Nicaragua. La temperatura en las localidades del estudio oscila entre 18 y 212 C. Las mayores precipitaciones se registran de junio a noviembre y la menor de diciembre a febrero. Los niveles máximos de infestación de broca oscilaron entre 0.5 y 1.55% de frutos brocados encontrandose mayores niveles en las menores alturas donde se observa que el incremento de la población ocurre entre los 107 y 246 días después de la floración principal (ddfp). En las alturas superiores a 1000 m.s.n.m las infestaciones comienzan incrementarse en fechas tardías (141 ddfp). Sin embargo, dichos niveles decrecen al momento de la cosecha. El desarrollo de los diferentes estadíos de H. hampei resultó diferentes en las localidades estudiadas. La producción de huevos se inicia más temprano en las zonas de menor altitude (78 ddfp) en comparación con zonas de mayor altitud (141 ddfp). Las poblaciones de huevos, larvas y pupas aumentan posteriormente con al número de adultos, alcanzando los máximos valores durante la maduración del fruto y disminuyendo al momento final de la cosecha. H. hampei se reproduce en frutos semiconsistentes, consistentes y maduros, sin embargo, se puede encontrar adultos de broca en los canales de penetración en los frutos en estado lechoso.

Efecto de tres especies de leguminosas sobre la dinámica poblacional, abundancia, diversidad de malezas y su aporte de (NPK) a partir de la materia orgánica al suelo en el cultivo de la pitahaya (Hylocereus undatus britton y rose)

El 22 de agosto del 2003 durante la época de postrera, se estableció un experimento de campo en la finca experimental el plantel propiedad de la Universidad Nacional Agraria ubicada en el kilómetro 43 ½ de la carretera Tipitapa- Masaya, se localiza en las coordenadas geográficas de 12032’ de latitud norte y 86004’ de longitud oeste, se encuentra a una altura de 65 metros sobre el nivel del mar (msnm), con temperatura promedio de 260C. El estudio se realizó con el propósito de evaluar la influencia de tres especie de leguminosas de cobertura Canavalia (Canavalia ensiformis L.), Mungo (Vignaradiata L.) , y Gandul (Cajanus cajan L.) en asocio con el cultivo de la pitahaya sobre la dinámica poblacional de las malezas, el aporte de NPK al suelo a partir de la materia orgánica y el número de brotes en el cultivo de la pitahaya. Se utilizó un Diseño Completo al Azar (DCA) con cuatro tratamientos (Mungo + pitahaya), (Canavalia+ pitahaya), (Gandul + pitahaya) y (manejo tradicional + pitahaya), la parcela útil de cada tratamiento estaba compuesta por 27 plantas cada una representa una observación para un total de 108 las cuales se evaluaron. El mayor peso seco de las plantas de cobertura se obtuvo con canavalia y el peso seco mas bajo lo registró el mungo, el mayor porcentaje de cobertura con malezas lo obtuvo el tratamiento testigo (manejo tradicional) y el menor porcentaje se obtuvo el tratamiento canavalia, con respecto al peso seco de las malezas el mayor peso lo registró el tratamiento con mungo y el menor peso seco lo obtuvo en el tratamiento canavalia. Las plantas de cobertura ejercieron efectos positivos en el manejo de las malezas reduciendo su abundancia y diversidad. El tratamiento que presentó mayor número de nódulos fue canavalia y el tratamiento con menor número de nódulos fue el mungo. Para determinar el aporte de materia orgánica y (NPK) por las plantas de cobertura se realizaron dos análisis químico de suelo, uno antes del establecimiento del ensayo en el cual se observó que los tratamientos canavalia y gandul presentaron la mayor concentración de nitrógeno disponible con (149.38kg/ha-1, 141.3138kg/ha-1), los que presentaron menor concentración fueron gandul y manejo tradicional (133.24, 129 kg/ha-1) y al finalizar el ciclo biológico de las leguminosas se efectuó el segundo análisis de suelo, reflejándose un incremento de nitrógeno en los tratamientos mungo, gandul y canavalia con (234.07kg/ha-1,165.53kg/ha-1,117.08kg/ha1 ), el tratamiento que reflejó reducción drástica de nitrógeno fue el manejo tradicional con (44.41kg/ha-1). En cuanto a la disponibilidad de fósforo el primer análisis de suelo demuestra que los tratamientos mungo y canavalia son los mas altos con (141.6kg/ha-1,111.08kg/ha-1) y los mas bajos son manejo tradicional y gandul (31.9kg/ha-1, 27.92kg/ha-1), en el segundo análisis se refleja una reducción drástica en cuanto a la disponibilidad de fósforo en canavalia, mungo, gandul y manejo tradicional con (29.96, 17.84, 15.44, 6.2kg/ha-1) respectivamente los tratamientos estudiados al ser sometidas al análisis estadísticos mediante el programa (SAS) no reflejan diferencias significativas en cuanto al número de brotes, sin embargo numéricamente el tratamiento con (Vigna radiata L.) presentó el mayor número de brotes y el tratamiento que reflejó menor número de brotes fue (Cajanus cajan L.).

Investigation of spatial repeatability using a tire force measuring mat

A portable mat for measuring the dynamic tire forces of commercial vehicles is described. The mat is 56 m long and 13 mm thick and has 141 capacitative strip sensors spaced at 0.4-m intervals. The accuracy of the mat for measuring dynamic tire forces generated by heavy commercial vehicles is assessed using an instrumented vehicle. The spatial repeatability of dynamic wheel loads generated by 14 uninstrumented articulated vehicles is investigated, and it is concluded that approximately half of the vehicles tested are likely to contribute to a repeatable pattern of road loading.

Características de los patrones de lluvia y su relación con los índices de erosividad para predecir erosión hídrica en tres municipios de Boaco, Nicaragua

Los patrones de la lluvia en el departamento de Boaco y específicamente en los municipios de San José de los Remates, Boaco y Santa Lucía, fueron registrados desde 2006–2008 en intervalos de 10, 20 y 30 minutos, con el propósito de lograr caracterizar un Índice de erosividad que se ajustara a los diferentes sitios de estudios, utilizando como herramienta metodológica el cálculo del Índice de erosividad propuesto por Wischmeier et al. 1978. Los eventos promedio para el municipio de San José de los Remates fue de 155 evento/a los cuales alcanzan una precipitación anual de 916mm un valor de energía cinética de 166.98 Mj/ha.mm y un índice de erosividad de 3,978.19 Mj.mm/ha.h siendo este el municipio que presenta los niveles más alto de erosividad. Seguido por el municipio de Santa Lucia que presento una cantidad de 110 eventos una lamina precipitada de 804.7 mm/a una energía cinética de 151.71 Mj/ha.mm y un índice de erosividad de 2,463.09 Mj.mm/ha.h y por ultimo encontramos el municipio de Boaco con un promedio de 141 eventos sumando una precipitación de 719.49mm/a un valor de energía cinética de 131.71Mj/ha.mm y un índice de erosividad de 3,065.94 todos estos datos calculado en intensidades de 30 minutos (I30) debido a que nuestro análisis de correlación de los patrones de la lluvia evaluados, nos indica que es el índice que mejor se ajusta a nuestra área de estudio a como lo establece Wischmeier en su investigación de más de 30 años. El área que presenta los mayores índices de riesgo de erosión potencial es el municipio de Santa lucia debido a que es el área más susceptible a la erosión por presentar los mayores valores de Erodabilidad y por ser la zona más accidentada.