ESTRATIFICAÇÃO E DENSIDADE DE INVERTEBRADOS EM SOLO ARENOSO SOB FLORESTA PRIMÁRIA E PLANTIOS ARBÓREOS NA AMAZÔNIA CENTRAL DURANTE A ESTAÇÃO SECA

Densidade e distribuição vertical de invertebrados foram estudados durante o mês de setembro de 1990 e 1991, em solo de três tipos de cobertura vegetal: floresta primária, plantios de Dipteryx odorata(Leguminosae = cumaru) e Simaruba amara(Simarubaceae = marupá), nos arredores de Manaus, Brasil. Foram encontrados 19 grupos principais da fauna. A maioria desses grupos foram similares para os três tipos de cobertura, sendo Isoptera (40,1%), Formicidae (25,2%), Araneae (6,7%) os grupos mais abundantes que, juntos, representaram 62,4% da fauna de cumaru, 57,0% da fauna de marupá e 84,1% da fauna de floresta. Houve uma diminuição da densidade para todos os grupos (excluídos os cupins) até a profundidade de 20 cm, com subseqüente aumento até 30 cm de profundidade, principalmente pela presença de Isoptera. Cerca de 45% de toda a fauna ocorreu no estrato de 0-5 cm de profundidade, seguido de 9,5% (5-10 cm), 9,1% (10-15 cm), 2,7% (15-20 cm), 20,7% (20-25 cm) e 12,3% (25-30 cm) nos estratos subseqüentes. Isoptera, Diptera e outros invertebrados não apresentaram correlação com a umidade e o pH do solo.

EFEITO DA ADUBAÇÃO ORGÂNICA NA PRODUÇÃO DE BIOMASSA EM QUEBRA-PEDRA (Phyllanthus stipulatus, EUPHORBIACEAE) EM MANAUS, AMAZONAS, BRASIL

O quebra-pedra (Phyllanthus stipulatus (Raf.) Webster, Euphorbiaceae) é um importante remédio popular usado para reduzir o ácido urico no sangue e facilitar a eliminação de cálculos renais. Para avaliar a produção de biomassa dessa espécie utilizou-se sementes de populações naturais num experimento realizado em Manaus, AM. Adotou-se um delineamento experimental de parcelas subdivididas, onde as parcelas foram: (a) o ambiente natural e (b) o ambiente com tela plástica sombrite com 50% de luminosidade, e as subparcelas constituídas por dosagens de 0,2,4,6,8 e 10 kg de composto orgânico/ m2. Não foram encontradas diferenças significativas entre os ambientes na biomassa total das plantas (63,1 g vs 62,3 g fresca e 26,6 g vs 25,6 g seca), embora tivessem sido encontradas para a altura (70,0 cm a pleno sol vs 96,2 cm sombra) e, conseqüentemente, para a biomassa do caule (5,lg vs 5,7 g seca, respectivemente). O quebra-pedra responde bem a adubação orgânica, tanto na biomassa total, como em todas as partes da planta. A melhor resposta, em termos de rendimento, se deu sob o efeito de 10 kg de CO/m2 incorporado ao solo ( 1,26 kg/m2 de biomassa fresca e 0,55 kg/m2 de biomassa seca). Em comparação com a testemunha, este tratamento produziu 43% mais biomassa seca total. No entanto, a razão benefício/ custo sugere que 4 kg de CO/m2 é a quantidade máxima que é economicamente viável no solo usado. A biomassa total é composta de 17,2% de raízes, 22,3% de caules, 23,1% de galhos e 37,4% de folhas. O crescimento das plantas exige muito potássio e pouco fósforo, magnésio e micronutrientes.

Biologia e controle microbiano de Urbanus acawoios (Williams, 1926) (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae): II. patologia e susceptibilidade em larvas infectadas por Bacillus thuringiensis Var. kurstaki (H-3a:3b)

Devido à falta de informações sobre Urbanus acawoios (Williams, 1926) (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae), e pelos danos severos por ele causados em árvores de Clitoria racemosa, o presente trabalho foi desenvolvido sob condições de laboratório para verificar a possibilidade de utilizar Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki (H-3a:3b) como agente microbiano para o seu controle. O pH do intestino médio do hesperídeo mostrou ser bastante alcalino, variando de 8,4 a 9,2 (média de 8,7), indicando a possibilidade das larvas serem susceptíveis ao patógeno. Os ensaios confirmaram a alta susceptibilidade a dosagens equivalentes a 110 g / ha, resultando em tempos letais medianos (TL50) de 42,28, 37,18, 28,00 e 51,87 horas para larvas de 3o, 4°, início e final do 5º ínstares, respectivamente. Três outras dosagens (80, 150 e 280 g/h) foram aplicadas para larvas do 3º ínstar, resultando em TLs50 de 42,62, 30,77 e 30,06 horas, respectivamente. Descrições detalhadas sobre os sintomas externos nas larvas infectadas foram dadas. As alterações histológicas do intestino médio afetado pela d-endotoxina de B. thuringiensis foram descritas. Os resultados obtidos no presente trabalho revelam a grande possibilidade de controlar esta praga utilizando-se produtos e formulados à base desta bactéria.

Pimentas do gênero Capsicum cultivadas em Roraima, Amazônia Brasileira. I. Espécies domesticadas

Foram inventariadas as pimentas domesticadas do gênero Capsicum que são cultivadas no Estado de Roraima, extremo norte da Amazônia brasileira. O levantamento foi realizado em comunidades indígenas e não indígenas. Dos 163 acessos registrados, C. chinense Jacq. (76,7%) foi a espécie com o maior número, seguida de C. frutescens L. (9,8%), C. annuum L. (8,0%) e C. baccatum v. pendulum Wild. (5,5%). As formas de fruto mais encontradas foram "alongada" (42,9%) e "ovalada" (27,0%). C. chinense apresentou a maior diversidade de formas enquanto que as demais estavam concentradas na forma "alongada". A cor predominante dos frutos maduros foi a vermelha (64,4%). Isoladamente, C. chinense foi melhor distribuída entre as cores básicas amarela (44,8%) e vermelha (55,2%), independente das diferentes tonalidades assumidas por cada acesso (alaranjado, vermelho-escuro, etc). O nível de pungência sensorial com maior número de registros foi o "alto" (62,6%), seguido do "médio" (16,0%), "baixo" (15,3%) e "muito alto" (6,1%). Dos 105 acessos de coloração vermelha, 67,6% possuía pungência "alta" ou "muito alta". C. chinense do tipo "murupi" e "olho-de-peixe", juntamente com "malagueta" (C. frutescens) são os morfotipos mais tradicionalmente consumidos entre as comunidades indígenas locais.

Teores de elementos minerais em algumas populações de Camu-Camu

O camu-camu, caçari, ou araçá d'água (Myrciaria dubia (H.B.K) McVaugh) é um arbusto da família Myrtaceae, disperso em quase toda a Amazônia. É uma espécie tipicamente silvestre mas com grande potencial econômico e nutricional. Entretanto, no que se refere a elementos minerais, poucas informações são disponíveis na literatura. Considerando a essencialidade dessas informações na nutrição humana e objetivando contribuir na elaboração de uma Tabela de composição de alimentos a nível regional e nacional, determinou-se os elementos minerais em algumas populações de camu-camu, pela Técnica de Ativação com Nêutrons Instrumental. Verificou-se que em relação aos macro elementos minerais, nos frutos de camu-camu analisados, as maiores concentrações foram para potássio, com uma variação de (62,6±0,4 a 144,1±08 mg %) e cálcio (9,5±0,3 a 10,6±0,5 mg%). A concentração de sódio nos frutos foi baixa (90,7±16,5 µg%). A população Uatumã-9 apresentou maiores concentrações de zinco (472,0±8,3µg%), molibdênio (6,2±0,6µg%) e cromo (19,9±1,7 µg%), seguida da população Uatumã 24 em cobalto (2,4±0,03 mg%). Dessa forma, o consumo de camu-camu pode contribuir para atingir a ingestão adequada das recomendações de elementos minerais nos diferentes grupos populacionais da região Amazônica.

Jet energy measurement and its systematic uncertainty in proton-proton collisions at s√=7 TeV with the ATLAS detector

The jet energy scale (JES) and its systematic uncertainty are determined for jets measured with the ATLAS detector using proton–proton collision data with a centre-of-mass energy of s√=7 TeV corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 4.7 fb −1 . Jets are reconstructed from energy deposits forming topological clusters of calorimeter cells using the anti- kt algorithm with distance parameters R=0.4 or R=0.6 , and are calibrated using MC simulations. A residual JES correction is applied to account for differences between data and MC simulations. This correction and its systematic uncertainty are estimated using a combination of in situ techniques exploiting the transverse momentum balance between a jet and a reference object such as a photon or a Z boson, for 20≤pjetT<1000 GeV and pseudorapidities |η|<4.5 . The effect of multiple proton–proton interactions is corrected for, and an uncertainty is evaluated using in situ techniques. The smallest JES uncertainty of less than 1 % is found in the central calorimeter region ( |η|<1.2 ) for jets with 55≤pjetT<500 GeV . For central jets at lower pT , the uncertainty is about 3 %. A consistent JES estimate is found using measurements of the calorimeter response of single hadrons in proton–proton collisions and test-beam data, which also provide the estimate for pjetT>1 TeV. The calibration of forward jets is derived from dijet pT balance measurements. The resulting uncertainty reaches its largest value of 6 % for low- pT jets at |η|=4.5 . Additional JES uncertainties due to specific event topologies, such as close-by jets or selections of event samples with an enhanced content of jets originating from light quarks or gluons, are also discussed. The magnitude of these uncertainties depends on the event sample used in a given physics analysis, but typically amounts to 0.5–3 %.

Differential top-antitop cross-section measurements as a function of observables constructed from final-state particles using pp collisions at s√=7 TeV in the ATLAS detector

Various differential cross-sections are measured in top-quark pair (tt¯) events produced in proton--proton collisions at a centre-of-mass energy of s√=7 TeV at the LHC with the ATLAS detector. These differential cross-sections are presented in a data set corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 4.6 fb−1. The differential cross-sections are presented in terms of kinematic variables of a top-quark proxy referred to as the pseudo-top-quark whose dependence on theoretical models is minimal. The pseudo-top-quark can be defined in terms of either reconstructed detector objects or stable particles in an analogous way. The measurements are performed on tt¯ events in the lepton+jets channel, requiring exactly one charged lepton and at least four jets with at least two of them tagged as originating from a b-quark. The hadronic and leptonic pseudo-top-quarks are defined via the leptonic or hadronic decay mode of the W boson produced by the top-quark decay in events with a single charged lepton.The cross-section is measured as a function of the transverse momentum and rapidity of both the hadronic and leptonic pseudo-top-quark as well as the transverse momentum, rapidity and invariant mass of the pseudo-top-quark pair system. The measurements are corrected for detector effects and are presented within a kinematic range that closely matches the detector acceptance. Differential cross-section measurements of the pseudo-top-quark variables are compared with several Monte Carlo models that implement next-to-leading order or leading-order multi-leg matrix-element calculations.

Exposição à escrita e rendimento académico na língua portuguesa: um estudo com alunos do 5.º e 7.º ano

Dissertação de mestrado integrado em Psicologia

Measurements of Higgs boson production and couplings in the four-lepton channel in pp collisions at center-of-mass energies of 7 and 8 TeV with the ATLAS detector

The final ATLAS Run 1 measurements of Higgs boson production and couplings in the decay channel H→ZZ∗→ℓ+ℓ−ℓ′+ℓ′−, where ℓ,ℓ′=e or μ, are presented. These measurements were performed using pp collision data corresponding to integrated luminosities of 4.5 fb−1 and 20.3 fb−1 at center-of-mass energies of 7 TeV and 8 TeV, respectively, recorded with the ATLAS detector at the LHC. The H→ZZ∗→4ℓ signal is observed with a significance of 8.1 standard deviations at 125.36 GeV, the combined ATLAS measurement of the Higgs boson mass from the H→γγ and H→ZZ∗→4ℓ channels. The production rate relative to the Standard Model expectation, the signal strength, is measured in four different production categories in the H→ZZ∗→4ℓ channel. The measured signal strength, at this mass, and with all categories combined, is 1.44 +0.40−0.33. The signal strength for Higgs boson production in gluon fusion or in association with tt¯ or bb¯ pairs is found to be 1.7 +0.5−0.4, while the signal strength for vector-boson fusion combined with WH/ZH associated production is found to be 0.3 +1.6−0.9.

Observation of top-quark pair production in association with a photon and measurement of the t t ¯ γ production cross section in pp collisions at s =7 TeV using the ATLAS detector

A search is performed for top-quark pairs (tt¯) produced together with a photon (γ) with transverse momentum >20 GeV using a sample of tt¯ candidate events in final states with jets, missing transverse momentum, and one isolated electron or muon. The dataset used corresponds to an integrated luminosity of 4.59 fb−1 of proton--proton collisions at a center-of-mass energy of 7 TeV recorded by the ATLAS detector at the CERN Large Hadron Collider. In total 140 and 222 tt¯γ candidate events are observed in the electron and muon channels, to be compared to the expectation of 79±26 and 120±39 non-tt¯γ background events respectively. The production of tt¯γ events is observed with a significance of 5.3 standard deviations away from the null hypothesis. The tt¯γ production cross section times the branching ratio (BR) of the single-lepton decay channel is measured in a fiducial kinematic region within the ATLAS acceptance. The measured value is σfidtt¯γ=63±8(stat.)+17−13(syst.)±1(lumi.) fb per lepton flavor, in good agreement with the leading-order theoretical calculation normalized to the next-to-leading-order theoretical prediction of 48±10 fb.

Search for H→γγ produced in association with top quarks and constraints on the Yukawa coupling between the top quark and the Higgs boson using data taken at 7 TeV and 8 TeV with the ATLAS detector

A search is performed for Higgs bosons produced in association with top quarks using the diphoton decay mode of the Higgs boson. Selection requirements are optimized separately for leptonic and fully hadronic final states from the top quark decays. The dataset used corresponds to an integrated luminosity of 4.5 fb−1 of proton--proton collisions at a center-of-mass energy of 7 TeV and 20.3 fb−1 at 8 TeV recorded by the ATLAS detector at the CERN Large Hadron Collider. No significant excess over the background prediction is observed and upper limits are set on the tt¯H production cross section. The observed exclusion upper limit at 95% confidence level is 6.7 times the predicted Standard Model cross section value. In addition, limits are set on the strength of the Yukawa coupling between the top quark and the Higgs boson, taking into account the dependence of the tt¯H and tH cross sections as well as the H→γγ branching fraction on the Yukawa coupling. Lower and upper limits at 95% confidence level are set at −1.3 and +8.0 times the Yukawa coupling strength in the Standard Model.

Simultaneous measurements of the tt¯, W+W−, and Z/γ∗→ττ production cross-sections in pp collisions at s√=7 TeV with the ATLAS detector

Simultaneous measurements of the tt¯, W+W−, and Z/γ∗→ττ production cross-sections using an integrated luminosity of 4.6 fb−1 of pp collisions at s√=7 TeV collected by the ATLAS detector at the LHC are presented. Events are selected with two high transverse momentum leptons consisting of an oppositely charged electron and muon pair. The three processes are separated using the distributions of the missing transverse momentum of events with zero and greater than zero jet multiplicities. Measurements of the fiducial cross-section are presented along with results that quantify for the first time the underlying correlations in the predicted and measured cross-sections due to proton parton distribution functions. These results indicate that the correlated NLO predictions for tt¯ and Z/γ∗→ττ significantly underestimate the data, while those at NNLO generally describe the data well. The full cross-sections are measured to be σ(tt¯)=181.2±2.8+9.7−9.5±3.3±3.3 pb, σ(W+W−)=53.3±2.7+7.3−8.0±1.0±0.5 pb, and σ(Z/γ∗→ττ)=1174±24+72−87±21±9 pb, where the cited uncertainties are due to statistics, systematic effects, luminosity and the LHC beam energy measurement, respectively.

Measurement of the forward-backward asymmetry of electron and muon pair-production in pp collisions at s√ = 7 TeV with the ATLAS detector

This paper presents measurements from the ATLAS experiment of the forward-backward asymmetry in the reaction pp→Z/γ∗→l+l−, with l being electrons or muons, and the extraction of the effective weak mixing angle. The results are based on the full set of data collected in 2011 in pp collisions at the LHC at s√ = 7 TeV, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 4.8 fb−1. The measured asymmetry values are found to be in agreement with the corresponding Standard Model predictions. The combination of the muon and electron channels yields a value of the effective weak mixing angle of 0.2308±0.0005(stat.)±0.0006(syst.)±0.0009(PDF), where the first uncertainty corresponds to data statistics, the second to systematic effects and the third to knowledge of the parton density functions. This result agrees with the current world average from the Particle Data Group fit.

Measurement of exclusive γγ→ℓ+ℓ− production in proton--proton collisions at s√=7 TeV with the ATLAS detector

This Letter reports a measurement of the exclusive γγ→ℓ+ℓ−(ℓ=e,μ) cross-section in proton--proton collisions at a centre-of-mass energy of 7 TeV by the ATLAS experiment at the LHC, based on an integrated luminosity of 4.6 fb−1. For the electron or muon pairs satisfying exclusive selection criteria, a fit to the dilepton acoplanarity distribution is used to extract the fiducial cross-sections. The cross-section in the electron channel is determined to be σexcl.γγ→e+e−=0.428±0.035(stat.)±0.018(syst.) pb for a phase-space region with invariant mass of the electron pairs greater than 24 GeV, in which both electrons have transverse momentum pT>12 GeV and pseudorapidity |η|<2.4. For muon pairs with invariant mass greater than 20 GeV, muon transverse momentum pT>10 GeV and pseudorapidity |η|<2.4, the cross-section is determined to be σexcl.γγ→μ+μ−=0.628±0.032(stat.)±0.021(syst.) pb. When proton absorptive effects due to the finite size of the proton are taken into account in the theory calculation, the measured cross-sections are found to be consistent with the theory prediction.

Combined Measurement of the Higgs Boson Mass in pp Collisions at root s=7 and 8 TeV with the ATLAS and CMS Experiments

A measurement of the Higgs boson mass is presented based on the combined data samples of the ATLAS and CMS experiments at the CERN LHC in the H→γγ and H→ZZ→4ℓ decay channels. The results are obtained from a simultaneous fit to the reconstructed invariant mass peaks in the two channels and for the two experiments. The measured masses from the individual channels and the two experiments are found to be consistent among themselves. The combined measured mass of the Higgs boson is mH=125.09±0.21(stat.)±0.11(syst.) GeV.