980 resultados para 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene


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Com objetivo de verificar a sensibilidade à redução do teor de água e a exposição à baixa temperatura, sementes de Theobroma subincanum foram submetidas à secagem em sala com umidade relativa do ar de 55 ± 5% e temperatura de 23 ± 2ºC, durante 0;4; 8;12;16; 24 e 48 horas, o que possibilitou a obtenção dos seguintes graus de umidade: 44,7%, 39,9%, 30,0%, 20,5%, 19,7%, 15,7% e 12,3%, respectivamente. A avaliação da sensibilidade à baixa temperatura foi determinada expondo-se sementes sem secagem e previamente embaladas em recipientes de polietileno, em ambiente com temperatura entre 7 ± 1ºC, durante 0; 2; 4; 6 e 8 horas. Os testes de germinação foram conduzidos com quatro repetições de 50 sementes. O teor de água das sementes foi determinado com base em 50 repetições de sementes individuais. Os resultados obtidos evidenciaram que sementes de T. subincanum toleram redução no grau de umidade até nível em torno de 30,0%, sem que haja comprometimento na porcentagem de germinação. Reduções mais acentuadas provocaram diminuições na porcentagem de germinação, culminando com a perda total do poder germinativo quando o teor de água das sementes atingiu valor em torno de 12,0%. As sementes de T. subincanum apresentam sensibilidade à baixa temperatura e perdem completamente a viabilidade quando expostas à temperatura de 7ºC durante oito horas.

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Objetivou-se avaliar dois métodos de inoculação de Colletotrichum gloeosporioides em maracujá, testar a patogenicidade de diferentes isolados, o efeito fungitóxico e a composição química dos óleos essenciais das espécies medicinais alecrim-pimenta (Lippia sidoides Cham.), capim-santo [Cymbopogon citratus (D. C.) Stapf.], alfavaca-cravo (Ocimum gratissimum L.), no controle da antracnose [Colletotrichum gloeosporioides (Penz.)], associado ao estádio de maturação de frutos de maracujazeiro-amarelo. Avaliaram-se três experimentos, onde se testou a patogenicidade de seis isolados do fungo em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com seis repetições, outro com o mesmo delineamento em esquema fatorial 2x2 (suspensão de conídios e disco de micélio) e frutos (verdes e maduros), com seis repetições. No tratamento com frutos, utilizou-se o delineamento inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial 5x3+1, sendo cinco concentrações (0; 2; 4; 6 e 8µL mL-1) e três espécies medicinais, mais o tebuconazol, com cinco repetições. Fez-se a caracterização química dos óleos por cromatografia gasosa, com espectrometria de massas. Todos os isolados foram patogênicos. Os frutos maduros apresentaram maior diâmetro das lesões, quando inoculados com suspensão de conídios. O óleo de C. citratus proporcionou o menor diâmetro das lesões nos frutos, até a concentração de 6 µL mL-1. Na concentração de 8 µL mL-1, todos os óleos inibiram o desenvolvimento do fungo. O timol (30,24%), o citral (77,74%) e o eugenol (92,89%) foram componentes majoritários em L. sidoides, C. citratus e O. gratissimum, respectivamente.

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O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar o tamanho ótimo de amostra para avaliar a massa, o comprimento e o diâmetro de frutos de abacaxieiro, usando parcelas grandes submetidas a diferentes adubações. No experimento com abacaxizeiro (cultivar Pérola), foram avaliadas duas fontes de nitrogênio (ureia e sulfato de amônio) e cinco doses de cloreto de potássio (zero;350; 700; 1.050 e 1.400 kg ha-1). Cada parcela continha cinco fileiras duplas de quatro metros de comprimento, sendo que as três fileiras centrais foram consideradas como área útil. O espaçamento de plantio foi 1,2 x 0,4 x 0,4 m, correspondente a 60 plantas por parcela útil. O delineamento experimental foi o de blocos completos casualizados, com quatro repetições. Foi calculado o tamanho de amostra ( η ) para as semiamplitudes do intervalo de confiança (SA) iguais a 2; 4; 6;8 e 10% da estimativa da média, com grau de confiança (1-α) de 95%, usando a distribuição t de Student. Posteriormente, fixou-se η como o total de frutos colhidos por parcela para o cálculo da SA em percentagem da estimativa da média para cada um dos caracteres. Com um erro de estimação de 4% da média, devem ser amostrados, respectivamente, 83; 35 e 10 frutos em cada uma das parcelas experimentais, para a avaliação da massa, do comprimento e do diâmetro de frutos de abacaxizeiro, cultivar Pérola, em experimentos com adubação.

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Com o objetivo de avaliar a interferência da relação fósforo-zinco sobre o crescimento inicial de pitaia para fornecer informações que subsidiem a definição de sistemas de produção mais adequados para a exploração desta cultura no Brasil, realizou-se o experimento, testando cinco doses de P (0; 75; 150; 225 e 300 mg dm-3) e Zn (0; 2; 4; 6 e 8 mg dm-3), sendo os níveis de cada nutriente arranjados em esquema fatorial 5x5, com quatro blocos. Para a interação significativa (p<0,05), procedeu-se ao ajuste em superfícies de resposta do tipo Y = β0 + β1(A) + β2(A)² + β3(B) + β4(B)² + β5(A).( B) + e. As estimativas das correlações fenotípicas foram obtidas considerando apenas o intervalo das doses de P e Zn que promoveram as melhores respostas do acesso de pitaia para os caracteres estudados. A aplicação de P e Zn, e a interação P x Zn afetam a disponibilidade de ambos os nutrientes no substrato, sistema radicular e parte aérea, influenciando, assim, o crescimento inicial de plantas de pitaia. Os rendimentos mais satisfatórios ocorrem quando há 60 - 75 mg de P dm-3 e 3,0 - 4,0 mg de Zn dm-3 no substrato, e 4,5 - 6,0 g kg-1 de P e 150 mg de Zn kg-1 na parte aérea. Esses níveis foram obtidos para a combinação de 150 - 225 mg dm-3 de P, com 4 - 6 mg dm-3 de Zn. Os teores de P e Zn na parte aérea e o somatório do comprimento dos cladódios (SCC) säo os caracteres explicativos que apresentam maiores efeitos diretos sobre a massa seca dos cladódios (MSC).

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RESUMO Com o objetivo de prolongar o período de conservação e manter a qualidade do mamão UENF/ Caliman01, foram testadas diferentes concentrações de CaCl2 aplicadas por infiltração a vácuo. Os frutos foram separados em seis lotes, o controle(sem tratamento) e os tratamentos que receberam a aplicação de CaCl2 a 0%, 2%, 4%, 6% e 8% CaCl2(p/v) por imersão sob vácuo, por 3 minutos, a 50kPa de tensão, com posterior análises da perda de massafresca, firmeza do fruto, firmeza do mesocarpo, ângulo de cor hue, teores de sólidos solúveis (SS), acideztitulável (AT), ácido ascórbico, açúcares solúveis totais e razão SS/AT. Os tratamentos com cálcio não interferiram na perda de massa que, de modo geral, incrementou ao longo do tempo, porém os frutos permaneceram verdes e firmes por mais tempo quando tratados com CaCl2 6% e 8% (p/v). O uso do CaCl2 não interferiu nas características químicas do fruto, tais como sólidos solúveis, acidez titulável e razão SS/AT, porém diminuiu asíntese de ácido ascórbico e a degradação dos açúcares solúveis.

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L'arthrose est une maladie dégénérative des articulations due à une dégradation progressive du cartilage. La calcification de l'articulation (essentiellement due à des dépôts de cristaux de phosphate de calcium basique -cristaux BCP-) est une caractéristique de cette maladie. Cependant, le rôle des cristaux BCP reste à déterminer. Nous avons tout d'abord déterminé en utilisant des cultures primaires de chondrocytes que les cristaux de BCP induisaient la production de la cytokine IL-6, via une signalisation intracellulaire implicant les kinase Syk, PI3 et Jak et Stat3. Les cristaux de BCP induisent également la perte de protéoglycanes et l'expression de IL-6 dans des explants de cartlage humain et ces deux effets peuvent être bloqués par un inhibiteur de IL-6, le Tocilizumab. Par ailleurs, nous avons trouvé que l'IL-6 ajouté à des chondrocytes, favorisait la formation de cristax de BCP et augmentait l'expression de gènes impliqués dans le processus de minéralisation : Ank (codant pour un transporteur de pyrophooshate), Annexin5 (codant pour un canal calcique) et Pit-1 (codant pour un transporteur de phoshate). In vivo, les cristaux de BCP injectés dans l'articulation de souris induisent une érosion du cartilage. Dans un modèle murin d'arthrose du genou induit par ménisectomie, nous avons observé la formation progressive de cristaux de BCP. Fait intéressant, la présence de ces cristaux dans l'articulation précédait la destruction du cartilage. Un agent susceptible de bloquer les calcifications tel que le sodium thiosulfate (STS), administré à des souris ménisectomisées, inhibait le dépôt intra-articulaire de ces cristaux ainsi que l'érosion du cartilage. Nous avons identifié ainsi un cercle vicieux dans l'arthrose, les cristaux induisant l'interleukine-6 et l'interleukine-6 induisant la formation de ces cristaux. Nous avons étudié si on pouvait bloquer cette boucle cristaux de BCP-IL6 soit par des agents décalcifiants, soit par des inhibiteurs d'IL-6. In vitro, des anticorps anti IL- 6 ou des inhibiteurs de signalisation, inhibaient significativement IL-6 et la minéralisation induite par IL-6. De même le STS inhibait la formation de ces cristaux et la production de l'IL-6. Tout récemment, nous avons trouvé que des inhibiteurs de la xanthine oxidoréductase étaient aussi capables d'inhiber à la fois la production d'IL-6 et la minéralization des chondrocytes. Finalement, nous avons pu exclure un rôle du système IL-1 dans le modèle d'arthrose induite par ménisectomie, les souris déficientes pour IL-1a/ß, MyD88 et l'inflammasome NLRP3 n'étant pas protégées dans ce modèle d'arthrose. L'ensemble de nos résultats montre que les cristaux BCP sont pathogéniques dans l'arthrose et qu'un inhibiteur de minéralisation tel que le STS ou un inhibiteur de l'interleukine-6 constitueraient des nouvelles thérapies pour l'arthrose. -- Osteoarthritis (OA), the most common degenerative disorder of the joints, results from an imbalance between the breakdown and repair of the cartilage and surrounding articular structures. Joint calcification (essentially due to basic calcium phosphate (BCP) crystal deposition) is a characteristic feature of OA. However, the role of BCP crystal deposition in the pathogenesis of OA remains unclear[1][1]. We first demonstrated that in primary murine chondrocytes exogenous BCP crystals led to IL-6 up-modulation and that BCP crystal signaling pathways involved Syk and PI3 kinases, and also gp130 associated molecules, Jak2 and Stat3. BCP crystals also induced proteoglycan loss and IL-6 expression in human cartilage expiants, (which were significantly reduced by an IL-6 inhibitor). In addition, we found that in chondrocytes exogenous IL-6 promoted calcium-containing crystal formation and up- regulation of genes codifying for proteins involved in the calcification process: the inorganic pyrophosphate transport channel Ank, the calcium channel Annexinö and the sodium/phosphate cotransporter Piti. In vivo, BCP crystals injected into murine knee joints induced cartilage erosion. In the menisectomy model, increasing deposits, identified as BCP crystals, were progressively observed around the joint before cartilage erosion. These deposits strongly correlated with cartilage degradation and IL-6 expression. These results demonstrated that BCP crystals deposition and IL-6 production are mutually reinforcing in the osteoarthritic pathogenic process. We then investigated if we could block the BCP-IL6 loop by either targeting IL-6 production or BCP crystal deposits. Treatment of chondrocytes with anti-IL-6 antibodies or inhibitors of IL-6- signaling pathway significantly inhibited IL-6-induced crystal formation. Similarly, sodium thiosulfate (STS), a well-known systemic calcification inhibitor, decreased crystal deposition as well as HA-induced IL-6 secretion in chondrocytes and, in vivo, it decreased crystal deposits size and cartilage erosion in menisectomized knees. Interestingly, we also found that xanthine-oxidoreductase (XO) inhibitors inhibited both IL-6 production and calcium crystal depositis in chondrocytes. We began to unravel the mechanisms involved in this coordinate modulation of IL-6 and mineralization. STS inhibited Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) generation and we are currently investigating whether XO represents a major source of ROS in chondrocyte mineralization. Finally, we ruled out that IL-1 activation/signaling plays a role in the murine model of OA induced by menisectomy, as IL-1a/ß, the IL-1 R associated molecule MyD88 and NLRP3 inflammasome deficient mice were not protected in this model of OA. Moreover TLR-1, -2, -4,-6 deficient mice had a phenotype similar to that of wild-type mice. Altogether our results demonstrated a self-amplification loop between BCP crystals deposition and IL-6 production, which represents an aggravating process in OA pathogenesis. As currently prescribed OA drugs are addressing OA symptoms,our results highlight a potential novel treatment strategy whereby inhibitors of calcium- containing crystal formation and IL-6 could be combined to form the basis of a disease modifying treatment and alter the course of OA.

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The aim of this work is to present a tutorial on Multivariate Calibration, a tool which is nowadays necessary in basically most laboratories but very often misused. The basic concepts of preprocessing, principal component analysis (PCA), principal component regression (PCR) and partial least squares (PLS) are given. The two basic steps on any calibration procedure: model building and validation are fully discussed. The concepts of cross validation (to determine the number of factors to be used in the model), leverage and studentized residuals (to detect outliers) for the validation step are given. The whole calibration procedure is illustrated using spectra recorded for ternary mixtures of 2,4,6 trinitrophenolate, 2,4 dinitrophenolate and 2,5 dinitrophenolate followed by the concentration prediction of these three chemical species during a diffusion experiment through a hydrophobic liquid membrane. MATLAB software is used for numerical calculations. Most of the commands for the analysis are provided in order to allow a non-specialist to follow step by step the analysis.

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Pro gradu -työn taustalla oli selvittää sähkökemiallisella polymeroinnilla tuotetun viologeenikalvon anioniselektiivisyyttä. Polymerointi toteutettiin sekä staattisella kennosysteemillä että suihkuvirtauskennolla (engl. wall-jet) käyttäen 1,3,5-tris-(N-metyyli-4-syanopyridinium)-2,4,6-trimetyylitribromidi-, trans-1,2-bis-(karbamoyyli-para-metyylisyano-pyridinium)-sykloheksaanidibromidi- ja 1,3-bis-[4-(para-metyylisyanopyridinium)-fenyyli-tioureido]-ksyleenidibromidilähtöaineita. Platina- ja kultasubstraateille muodostettuja viologeenikalvoja tutkittiin voltammetrisesti (CV), kronoamperometrisesti (CA), konduktometrisesta (GA) sekä kvartsikidemikrovaakaa (QCMB) apuna käyttäen. Tulosten perusteella polymeerirakenteet omasivat anionikaviteetteja mutta affiniteetit eri anionien väillä eivät korreloineet täydellisesti sähkökemiallisessa generoinnissa käytettyjen muotti-ionien kanssa. Selektiivisyyteen todennäköisesti vaikuttivat myös liuosfaasissa olleiden ionisten molekyylien ja solvatoituneiden anionien poolisuus ja hydraattiverhon koko. Lisäksi polymeroitujen viologeenien anionivakansseista suurin osa todettiin inaktiivisiksi. Kirjallisuuskatsauksen perusteella substituoidut γ,γ’-bipyridyylit ovat materiaaleina lupaavia ja yleisen sensoriteknologian mielenkiinnon kohteena mm. aurinkokennoissa, biosensoreissa ja elektronin delokalisaatioon perustuvissa värinäytöissä (ECD). Ongelmina löydetyissä sovellutuksissa ovat olleet bipyridyylien vuotaminen liuokseen, katalyyttisesti verraten hitaat elektroninsiirtoreaktiot ja yhdisteiden myrkyllisyys. Vastaavasti etuja ovat olleet polymeerien intensiiviset värit, väriskaalan muokattavuus, sähkökemiallisesti tuotetun radikaalikationin stabiilius vesiliuoksessa, katalyyttinen aktiivisuus ja helppo synteesireitti syanopyridiinilähtöaineista.

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This paper presents the study of adsorption/desorption of the explosive tetryl (2,4,6-trinitrophenylmethyl-nitramine) in different matrices, such as in natura soil, roasted soil, humic acid of soil, in natura peat, roasted peat and humic acid of peat. The aim of the study is to evaluate the interaction capacity of those matrices with the explosive. The analytic technique used was HPLC (high performance liquid chromatography), with UV-detection at 230 nm. The Freundlich isotherms were utilized for the mathematical treatment of the data. The results indicated that in natura soil and in natura peat (with organic substances) are excellent matrices for the retention of tetryl, adsorbing it and keeping it immovable, preventing it from contaminating the groundwater. The largest adsorption of the explosive ocurred in in natura soil, while the smallest desorption was observed in in natura peat. After the calcination of the matrices, the smallest adsorption was observed, indicating that the retention occurs in the organic substance.

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In the present work three ferroin reagents were studied for the simultaneous spectrophotometric determination of iron and copper: 1,10-phenanthroline, 2,2'-bipyridine and 2,4,6-tri(2-pyridyl)-1,3,5-triazine. Effect of pH, conditions, order reagent addition, interferences, amount of reagents, lineal range, sensitivity and stability of each system were compared. The 2,4,6-tri(2-pyridyl)-1,3,5-triazine can be used for determination of iron in the presence of copper with a detection limit of 5 µg L-1 and coefficient of variation of 2.0%; However it was not possible to determine directly copper in the presence of iron with this reagent. 1,10-phenanthroline can be used for simultaneous determination of the metallic ions with detection limits of 7 and 8 mg L-1 and coefficients of variation of 1.8 and 2.3% in the determination of iron and copper, respectively. The results showed also that 2,2'-bipyridine can be used for simultaneous determination of the metallic ions with detection limits of 11 and 32 µg L-1 and coefficients of variation of 1.9 and 2.5% in the determination of iron and copper, respectively. The reagents were used for spectrophotometric determination of iron and copper in ethanol fuel.

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Sulfonamides obtained by reaction of 8-aminoquinoline with 4-nitrobenzenesulfonylchloride and 2,4,6-triisopropylbenzenesulfonyl chloride were used to synthesize coordination compounds with CuII and ZnII with a ML2 composition. Determination of the crystal structures of the resulting zinc and copper complexes by X-ray diffraction show a distorted tetrahedral environment for the [Cu(qnbsa)2], [Cu(qibsa)2] and [Zn(qibsa)2] complexes in which the sulfonamide group acts as a bidentate ligand through the nitrogen atoms from the sulfonamidate and quinoline groups. The complex [Zn(qnbsa)2] crystallizes with a water molecule from the solvent and the Zn is five-coordinated and shows a bipyramidal-trigonal geometry. The electrochemical and electronic spectroscopy properties of the copper complexes are also discussed.

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Two analytical methods were validated for determination of trichlorophenols, tetrachlorophenols and pentachlorophenol in drinking water. Limits of quantification were at least ten times lower than maximum permissible levels set by the Brazilian legislation, which are 200 ng mL-1 for 2,4,6-trichlorophenol and 9 ng mL-1 for pentachlorophenol. Chlorophenol levels were determined in tap water collected in the Municipality of Rio de Janeiro. 2,4,6-Trichlorophenol residues were detected in 36% of the samples, varying from 0.008 to 0.238 ng mL-1. All other analytes were below the limit of quantification. The validated methods showed to be suitable for application in routine quality control.

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The EtOH extract from leaves of S. terebinthifolius was subjected to partition between EtOH:H2O and hexane, CH2Cl2, and EtOAc. The phases obtained were evaluated in vitro against human tumoral cell lines and the EtOAc phase exhibited activity. Chromatographic procedures afforded gallic acid (1), methyl (2) and ethyl (3) gallates, trans-catechin (4), quercitrin (5), and afzelin (6), being the first occurrence of 1, 4 and 6 in S. terebinthifolius.In vitro cytotoxic evaluation of 1 - 6 indicated that gallic acid (1) displayed higher activity than ethyl gallate (3) against HL-60 and HeLa cells, while compounds 2, 4 - 6 were inactive.

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Lipase from Thermomyces lanuginosus was covalently immobilized on activated poly-hydroxybutyrate, sugarcane bagasse and the chemically modified hybrid hydrogel chitosan-alginate prepared by different strategies. Among the tested supports, chitosan-alginate chemically modified with 2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid rendered derivatives with the highest hydrolytic activity and thermal-stability, 45-fold more stable than soluble lipase and was then selected for further studies. The pH of maximum activity was similar for both immobilized and free lipase (pH 8.0) while optimum temperature was 5 - 10 ºC higher for the immobilized lipase. Higher yields in the butyl butyrate synthesis were found for the derivatives prepared by activation with glycidol and epichlorohydrin.

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The chemical investigation of hexane and ethanol extracts from the aerial parts of Vernonia scorpioides resulted in the isolation and characterization of a new polyacetylene lactone, rel-4-dihydro-4β-hydroxy-5a-octa-2,4,6-triynyl-furan-2-(5H)-one, along with the new ethyl 3,4-dihydroxy-6,8,10-triynyl-dodecanoate, and seven known compounds: taraxasteryl acetate, lupeyl acetate, lupeol, lupenone, β-sitosterol, stigmasterol and luteolin. The structure of all compounds was determined by spectrometric techniques (HR-ESI-MS, ¹H and 13C NMR and IV) and comparison with published spectral data.