微/纳米力学测试技术及其应用

    本书系统地介绍了微／纳米力学测试技术中最常用的压入和划入技术及其典型应用。全书共分13章。测试技术方面，内容涉及接触力学、测试原理、方法、校准、仪器、力学参量、影响因素。典型应用方面，内容涉及在表面工程、微机电系统、生物、高聚物和金属玻璃等领域内的微／纳米力学行为的测试。本书可供力学、材料、物理、电子、机械、生物和化学等领域的研究人员、工程技术人员以及大专院校相关专业的师生参考。

目录

前言

第1章 绪论

1.1硬度的定义和分类

1.2纳米压入和划入技术的发展

1.3纳米压入和划入技术的特点

参考文献

第2章 压入接触力学

2.1弹性接触

2.1.1 Soeddon解

2.1.2锥形压针

2.1.3球形压针

2.1.4圆柱压针

2.2弹塑性接触

2.2.1塑性发生

2.2.2完全塑性

2.2.3材料响应

参考文献

第3章 纳米压入测试原理

3.1压入硬度和模量

3.2连续刚度测量

3.3载荷一深度数据确定的材料参数

3.3.1马氏硬度

3.3.2压入蠕变

3.3.3压入松弛

3.3.4压入弹性功和塑性功

参考文献

第4章 纳米压入测试方法

4.1压针类型

4.1.1玻氏压针

4.1.2立方角压针

4.1.3维氏压针

4.1.4努氏压针

4.1.5圆锥压针

4.1.6球形压针

4.1.7圆柱压针

4.1.8楔形压针

4.1.9考虑因素

4.2测试环节

4.2.1样品准备

4.2.2环境控制

4.2.3间距选择

4.2.4表面探测

4.2.5驱动方式

4.2.6测试步骤

4.2.7测试报告

参考文献

第5章 纳米压入的确认和校准

5.1直接确认和校准

5.2间接校准

5.3测试和校准的实例

参考文献

第6章 纳米压入和划入的测量仪器

6.1仪器技术指标的定义

6.2美国Mrs公司

6.3美国Hysitmn公司

6.4瑞士CSM公司

6.5英国MML公司

6.6澳大利亚CSIRO公司

6.7测量仪器的发展趋势

参考文献

第7章 力学参量的测量

7.1压入方式

7.1.1硬度和模量

7.1.2断裂韧度

7.1.3蠕变和粘弹行为

7.1.4压入应力??应变曲线

7.1.5加卸载曲线涉及的

部分现象

7.2划人方式

7.2.1块体材料

7.2.2薄膜材料

7.2.3粗糙度

7.3弯曲方式

7.3.1微悬臂梁静载弯曲

7.3.2微桥静载弯曲

7.3.3微结构疲劳

7.4吸引方式

7.5声发射测试

7.6温度测试

参考文献.

第8章 影响纳米压入测试的因素

8.1测试仪器的影响

8.1.1压针缺陷

8.1.2测试方法

8.1.3接触零点的确定

8.1.4载荷和位移的分辨力

8.2样品的表面状态和性质

8.2.1表面吸湿

8.2.2表面粗糙度

8.2.3残余应力

8.2.4凹陷和凸起变形

8.3纳米压入和划入测试所面临的问题

参考文献

第9章 在表面工程中的应用

9.1金属材料表面激光强化的力学表征

9.2硬质膜的力学和摩擦学性能评估

9.2.1显微硬度测试

9.2.2纳米压人测试

9.2.3纳米划入测试

9.2.4膜材的影响

参考文献

第10章 在微机电系统中的应用

10.1薄膜测试

10.1.1典型薄膜材料的硬度和模量

10.1.2薄膜疲劳

10.1.3淀积工艺对二氧化硅薄膜力学性质的影响

10.2微结构弯曲

10.2.1微结构的静态弯曲

10.2.2微结构的动态弯曲

参考文献

第11章 在生物及其相关材料中的应用

11.1人工林杉木管胞细胞壁

11.2人体腰椎骨

11.3存储液对人体牙齿微力学性能的影响

参考文献

第12章 在高聚物中的应用

12.1PMMA单轴拉伸和弯曲力学行为

12.2划入测试的理论分析

12.3韧性行为的描述

12.4脆性行为的描述

12.4.1温度效应

12.4.2应变率效应

参考文献

第13章 在金属玻璃中的应用

13.1硬度和屈服应力的关系

13.2不连续的塑性变形

13.3压痕形貌和微结构变化

13.4应变率效应

13.5钕基金属玻璃的变形行为

参考文献

附录 常见问题的回答

1测试数量

2压入间距

3压入深度

4泊松比的选择

5典型材料的参数

6断裂韧度测试压针的选择

7纳米薄膜的测试

8典型材料的压入变形行为

9显微硬度和纳米压入硬度的关系

10压入影响区及其边界效应

10.1压入影响区的有限元模拟

10.2边界距离影响的有限元模拟

10.3压人间距影响的测试

参考文献

板壳断裂力学

本书阐明了板壳断裂理论的基础。论证了Reissner型板壳断裂理论的科学性、经典板壳断裂理论的缺陷及在一定范围内仍具有的实用价值；介绍了作者所创意的研究Reissner型板壳断裂纹尖端场的方法等。

目录

Seasonal, horizontal, and vertical distribution of phytoplankton chlorophyll a in the Northeast U.S. Continental Shelf Ecosystem

The broad scale features in the horizontal, vertical, and seasonal distribution of phytoplankton chlorophyll a on the northeast U.S. continental shelf are described based on 57,088 measurements made during 78 oceanographic surveys from 1977 through 1988. Highest mean water column chlorophyll concentration (Chlw,) is usually observed in nearshore areas adjacent to the mouths of the estuaries in the Middle Atlantic Bight (MAB), over the shallow water on Georges Bank, and a small area sampled along the southeast edge of Nantucket Shoals. Lowest Chlw «0.125 ug l-1) is usually restricted to the most seaward stations sampled along the shelf-break and the central deep waters in the Gulf of Maine. There is at least a twofold seasonal variation in phytoplankton biomass in all areas, with highest phytoplankton concentrations (m3) and highest integrated standing stocks (m2) occurring during the winter-spring (WS) bloom, and the lowest during summer, when vertical density stratification is maximal. In most regions, a secondary phytoplankton biomass pulse is evident during convective destratification in fall, usually in October. Fall bloom in some areas of Georges Bank approaches the magnitude of the WS-bloom, but Georges Bank and Middle Atlantic Bight fall blooms are clearly subordinate to WS-blooms. Measurements of chlorophyll in two size-fractions of the phytoplankton, netplankton (>20 um) and nanoplankton «20 um), revealed that the smaller nanoplankton are responsible for most of the phytoplankton biomass on the northeast U.S. shelf. Netplankton tend to be more abundant in nearshore areas of the MAB and shallow water on Georges Bank, where chlorophyll a is usually high; nanoplankton dominate deeper water at the shelf-break and deep water in the Gulf of Maine, where Chlw is usually low. As a general rule, the percent of phytoplankton in the netplankton size-fraction increases with increasing depth below surface and decreases proceeding offshore. There are distinct seasonal and regional patterns in the vertical distribution of chlorophyll a and percent netplankton, as revealed in composite vertical profiles of chlorophyll a constructed for 11 layers of the water column. Subsurface chlorophyll a maxima are ubiquitous during summer in stratified water. Chlorophyll a in the subsurface maximum layer is generally 2-8 times the concentration in the overlying and underlying water and approaches 50 to 75% of the levels observed in surface water during WS-bloom. The distribution of the ratio of the subsurface maximum chlorophyll a to surface chlorophyll a (SSR) during summer parallels the shelfwide pattern for stability, indexed as the difference in density (sigma-t) between 40 m and surface (stability 40. The weakest stability and lowest SSR's are found in shallow tidally-mixed water on Georges Bank; the greatest stability and highest SSR's (8-12:1) are along the mid and outer MAB shelf, over the winter residual water known as the "cold band." On Georges Bank, the distribution of SSR and the stability40 are roughly congruent with the pattern for maximum surface tidal current velocity, with values above 50 cms-1 defining SSR's less than 2:1 and the well-mixed area. Physical factors (bathymetry, vertical mixing by strong tidal currents, and seasonal and regional differences in the intensity and duration of vertical stratification) appear to explain much of the variability in phytoplankton chlorophyll a throughout this ecosystem. (PDF file contains 126 pages.)

Colonization and development of Oribatida mite communities (Acari: Oribatida) in the forest reclaimed limestone mine dumps

In order to study the colonization and development of moss mites (Oribatida) communities in a Scots pine forest of a reclaimed limestone mine dump in Northern Poland, 3 plots from the dump were chosen. The selected plots differed in age, 5 years old, 35 and 50 years old. From a total of 30 samples 499 mites (Acari) were extracted in Tullgren funnel from which 262 were Oribatida. Abundance (N) was analyzed in all mites and after determining the species of both, juvenile and adult stages of oribatids, the following indices were analyzed: Abundance (N), Dominance (D), Species diversity (S), Species richness (s) and Shannon’s diversity index (H). Regarding to the results obtained; oribatid mites were dominant with the highest abundance in all assemblages (Plot 1: 139 Oribatida /299 Acari. Plot 2: 40/55 and Plot 3: 83/145). Tectocepheus velatus showed a very high dominance (45,99%) in plot 1; the highest value for Shannon’s diversity index belonged to plot 3. On the other hand, juvenile’s percentage was significantly higher than adult’s percentage, especially at plot 2 (95,02%). These results made us to conclude that the high abundance of oribatids in the youngest forest is due to T. velatus’s high abundance and that plot 3 is the best habitat for mites. Finally, the high occurrence of juvenile stages requires keeping on studying the area.

Implantación de la Gestión Medioambiental en las Empresas Gipuzcoanas: reflexiones y conclusiones preliminares de un proyecto de investigación

El presente artículo es uno de los resultados derivados de la participación de sus autores, profesores adscritos a la Escuela Universitaria de Estudios Empresariales y a la Escuela Universitaria Politécnica de Donostia-San Sebastián, en el equipo responsable del Proyecto de Investigación "Integración de Sistemas de Gestión Medioambiental en las empresas del Territorio Histórico de Gipuzkoa: Generación de herramientas innovadoras", aprobado en el marco del Programa Red Guipuzcoana de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación de la Diputación Foral de Gipuzkoa el bienio 2004-2006.

Memorias historicas do Rio de Janeiro e das provincias annexas à jurisdicção do Vice-Rei do Estado do Brasil, dedicadas a El-Rei Nosso Senhor D. João VI

Silva, Innocencio Francisco da. Diccionario bibliographico portuguez. Lisboa : Na Imprensa Nacional, 1858-1923.v. 5, p. 139.

Aktuelle Aspekte und Besonderheiten der deutschen Flunderfischerei in der Ostsee im Jahr 2002

Although the fishery on flounder in the German fishery zone in 2002 was characterised by good catch possibilities, a dramatic decrease of landings was observed because of marketing problems and low prices. Due to increasing international fishery pressure on flounder a quota system should be established in the future. The German flounder landings could be increased by a better marketing strategy to meet the optimal requirements for a reliable German quota. For 2003 the stock condition is expected to be good which could ensure a successful flounder fishery. It is necessary to stabilize the present technical measures for a better selection of the codend in the medium term.

Vergleichende Eislagerung von ausgenommenen und unausgenommenen Schleien

New regulations of the German “Fisch-Hygiene-Verordnung” lay down that all fish except pelagic species have to be gutted immediately after catch or killing, especially fresh water fish from aquaculture. Only gutted fish should be sold to the consumer. At the present time, however, it is not unusual to sell ungutted fish like tropical or mediterranean species from foreign countries, even the EC area. In this investigation the influence of gutting on the fish quality during storage on ice was tested in tench (Tinca tinca) as a model. Quality changes were controlled by sensory, chemical, physical and microbiological assessment. It was shown that for tench there were no differences between gutted and ungutted fish during 12 days of storage on ice.

Einfluss des Tag-Nacht-Verhaltens von Fischen auf das Ergebnis hydroakustischer Messungen

Echo integration is an established method for stock estimation. However, this method is not free of errors like every other measuring method. Especially the variation between day and night behaviour of fish may lead to large measuring errors. A new method is represented detecting such systematic errors, exemplified by investigations during the international hydroacoustic survey on the spring spawning herring in the Norwegian Sea. For this method all measured sA-values are sorted by starting time of the measuring unit distance. In order to reduce random influences a moving average over five time intervals is computed. When displaying these values in a diagram makes it is very easy to detect systematic errors based on the differences in day-night behaviour. For both species, herring and blue whiting, stock estimations are calculated based on the measured sA-values and the results of the analysed trawl catches. The influence of the differnt day and night behaviour of herring on the results of its biomass estimation is rather low. For blue whiting the measured values were about three time higher during day time than during night time. The result of this investigation should initiate a change of the evaluation procedure for stock estimation based on hydroacoustic measurements.

Near-diffraction-limited, 35.4 W laser-diode end-pumped Nd:YVO4 slab laser operating at 1342 nm

A diode stack end-pumped Nd:YVO4 slab laser at 1342 nm with near-diffraction-limited beam quality by using a hybrid resonator was presented. At a pump power of 139.5 W, laser power of 35.4 W was obtained with a conversion efficiency of 25.4% of the laser diode to laser output. The beam quality M-2 factors were measured to be 1.2 in the unstable direction and 1.3 in the stable direction at the output power of 29 W. (C) 2009 Optical Society of America

Catches per unit of effort of bigeye tuna: a new analysis with regression trees and simulated annealing

ENGLISH: We analyzed catches per unit of effort (CPUE) from the Japanese longline fishery for bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus) in the central and eastern Pacific Ocean (EPO) with regression tree methods. Regression trees have not previously been used to estimate time series of abundance indices fronl CPUE data. The "optimally sized" tree had 139 parameters; year, month, latitude, and longitude interacted to affect bigeye CPUE. The trend in tree-based abundance indices for the EPO was similar to trends estimated from a generalized linear model and fronl an empirical model that combines oceanographic data with information on the distribution of fish relative to environmental conditions. The regression tree was more parsimonious and would be easier to implement than the other two nl0dels, but the tree provided no information about the nlechanisms that caused bigeye CPUEs to vary in time and space. Bigeye CPUEs increased sharply during the mid-1980's and were more variable at the northern and southern edges of the fishing grounds. Both of these results can be explained by changes in actual abundance and changes in catchability. Results from a regression tree that was fitted to a subset of the data indicated that, in the EPO, bigeye are about equally catchable with regular and deep longlines. This is not consistent with observations that bigeye are more abundant at depth and indicates that classification by gear type (regular or deep longline) may not provide a good measure of capture depth. Asimulated annealing algorithm was used to summarize the tree-based results by partitioning the fishing grounds into regions where trends in bigeye CPUE were similar. Simulated annealing can be useful for designing spatial strata in future sampling programs. SPANISH: Analizamos la captura por unidad de esfuerzo (CPUE) de la pesquería palangrera japonesa de atún patudo (Thunnus obesus) en el Océano Pacifico oriental (OPO) y central con métodos de árbol de regresión. Hasta ahora no se han usado árboles de regresión para estimar series de tiempo de índices de abundancia a partir de datos de CPUE. EI árbol de "tamaño optimo" tuvo 139 parámetros; ano, mes, latitud, y longitud interactuaron para afectar la CPUE de patudo. La tendencia en los índices de abundancia basados en árboles para el OPO fue similar a las tendencias estimadas con un modelo lineal generalizado y con un modelo empírico que combina datos oceanográficos con información sobre la distribución de los peces en relación con las condiciones ambientales. EI árbol de regresión fue mas parsimonioso y seria mas fácil de utilizar que los dos otros modelos, pero no proporciono información sobre los mecanismos que causaron que las CPUE de patudo valiaran en el tiempo y en el espacio. Las CPUE de patudo aumentaron notablemente a mediados de los anos 80 y fueron mas variables en los extremos norte y sur de la zona de pesca. Estos dos resultados pueden ser explicados por cambios en la abundancia real y cambios en la capturabilidad. Los resultados de un arbal de regresión ajustado a un subconjunto de los datos indican que, en el OPO, el patudo es igualmente capturable con palangres regulares y profundos. Esto no es consistente con observaciones de que el patudo abunda mas a profundidad e indica que clasificación por tipo de arte (palangre regular 0 profundo) podría no ser una buena medida de la profundidad de captura. Se uso un algoritmo de templado simulado para resumir los resultados basados en el árbol clasificando las zonas de pesca en zonas con tendencias similares en la CPUE de patudo. El templado simulado podría ser útil para diseñar estratos espaciales en programas futuros de muestreo. (PDF contains 45 pages.)

Technological status and development prospects of small-scale fishing crafts in Nigerian coastal water

A study of fishing crafts was conducted in some coastal states of Nigeria to elucidate findings on the existing crafts as the baseline for further developments. Based on the technical designs, three types of fishing crafts were identified; planked, dug-out and half dug-out canoes. The planked canoes have the largest cubic number and dug-out canoes the least. At loadwater line, the ratio of freeboard to draft was 2 : 1 for planked canoes, indicating reserved buoyancy. Trim of planked canoe is by stern; the beam-length ratio for dug-out canoes showed high drag. Most of the sea-going canoes have U-shaped bottom hull profile capable of withstanding the rigours of surf landing and displayed good stability against longitudinal water wave. Gunwale and thwarts provided respectively the longitudinal and transverse strength of planked and half dug-out canoes. With its characteristics 'weight low down' construction, planked canoe represent the climax of small scale fishing crafts developments in Nigerian coastal waters. It's only draw back is durability. Further improvement in this canoe should be aimed at increasing the hull size and stiffness, water tightness of deck by coating, caulking, fastening, increasing level of motorization and installation of deck working equipments. Experimental design and use of fibre glass, aluminium and ferrocement hulls, together with improved planked canoe is highly advocated

Pro und Kontra Industriefischerei

Bei ordnungsgemäßer Durchführung ist aus wissenschaftlicher Sicht gegen eine maßvolle Industriefischerei auch in der Nordsee nichts einzuwenden. Wichtige Kriterien sind allerdimgs, dass die genutzten Bestände wissenschaftlich überwacht werden und negative Effekte auf das Nahrungsnetz vermieden werden.

The diagnostics of density distribution for inhomogeneous dense DT plasmas using fast protons

The density distribution of inhomogeneous dense deuterium-tritium plasmas in laser fusion is revealed by the energy loss of fast protons going through the plasma. In our simulation of a plasma density diagnostics, the fast protons used for the diagnostics may be generated in the laser-plasma interaction. Dividing a two-dimensional area into grids and knowing the initial and final energies of the protons, we can obtain a large linear and ill-posed equation set. for the densities of all grids, which is solved with the Tikhonov regularization method. We find that the accuracy of the set plan with four proton sources is better than those of the set plans with less than four proton sources. Also we have done the density reconstruction especially. for four proton sources with and without assuming circularly symmetrical density distribution, and find that the accuracy is better for the reconstruction assuming circular symmetry. The error is about 9% when no noise is added to the final energy for the reconstruction of four proton sources assuming circular symmetry. The accuracies for different random noises to final proton energies with four proton sources are also calculated.