Determination of the critical period of weed control in corn using a thermal basis

Field studies were conducted over 3 years in southeast Buenos Aires, Argentina, to determine the critical period of weed control in maize (Zea mays L.). The treatments consisted of two different periods of weed interference, a critical weed-free period, and a critical time of weed removal. The Gompertz and logistic equations were fitted to relative yields representing the critical weed-free and the critical time of weed removal, respectively. Accumulated thermal units were used to describe each period of weed-free or weed removal. The critical weed-free period and the critical time of weed removal ranged from 222 to 416 and 128 to 261 accumulated thermal units respectively, to prevent yield losses of 2.5%. Weed biomass proved to be inverse to the crop yield for all the years studied. When weeds competed with the crop from emergence, a large increase in weed biomass was achieved 10 days after crop emergence. However, few weed seedlings emerged and prospered after the 5-6 leaf maize stage (10-20 days after emergence).

Web decoration of Micrathena sexpinosa (Araneae: Araneidae): a frame-web-choice experiment with stingless bees

The function of silk web decorations in orb weaving spiders has been debated for decades. The most accepted hypothesized functions are that web decorations I) provide camouflage against predators, 2) are an advertisement for vertebrates to avoid web damage, or 3) increase the attraction of prey to the web. Most studies have focused on only a few genera, Argiope being the most common. In this study, I evaluated the prey attraction hypothesis of silk decorations for a species of a poorly studied genus in this topic, Micrathena sexpinosa Hahn 1822. I used a web-choice experiment in which I presented empty or web-bearing frames at the end of a tunnel to stingless bees (Tetragonisca angustula). This frame-choice experiment consisted of the following comparisons: decorated web vs. empty frame, decorated web vs. undecorated web, and undecorated web vs. empty frame. Webs with decoration intercepted significantly more bees than empty frames and undecorated webs. Therefore, the decorations of Micrathena sexpinosa might play a role in increasing foraging success.

The inhibition of fat cell proliferation by n-3 fatty acids in dietary obese mice.

ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND: Long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC n-3 PUFA) of marine origin exert multiple beneficial effects on health. Our previous study in mice showed that reduction of adiposity by LC n-3 PUFA was associated with both, a shift in adipose tissue metabolism and a decrease in tissue cellularity. The aim of this study was to further characterize the effects of LC n-3 PUFA on fat cell proliferation and differentiation in obese mice. METHODS: A model of inducible and reversible lipoatrophy (aP2-Cre-ERT2 PPARgammaL2/L2 mice) was used, in which the death of mature adipocytes could be achieved by a selective ablation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma in response to i.p. injection of tamoxifen. Before the injection, obesity was induced in male mice by 8-week-feeding a corn oil-based high-fat diet (cHF) and, subsequently, mice were randomly assigned (day 0) to one of the following groups: (i) mice injected by corn-oil-vehicle only, i.e."control" mice, and fed cHF; (ii) mice injected by tamoxifen in corn oil, i.e. "mutant" mice, fed cHF; (iii) control mice fed cHF diet with 15% of dietary lipids replaced by LC n-3 PUFA concentrate (cHF+F); and (iv) mutant mice fed cHF+F. Blood and tissue samples were collected at days 14 and 42. RESULTS: Mutant mice achieved a maximum weight loss within 10 days post-injection, followed by a compensatory body weight gain, which was significantly faster in the cHF as compared with the cHF+F mutant mice. Also in control mice, body weight gain was depressed in response to dietary LC n-3 PUFA. At day 42, body weights in all groups stabilized, with no significant differences in adipocyte size between the groups, although body weight and adiposity was lower in the cHF+F as compared with the cHF mice, with a stronger effect in the mutant than in control mice. Gene expression analysis documented depression of adipocyte maturation during the reconstitution of adipose tissue in the cHF+F mutant mice. CONCLUSION: Dietary LC n-3 PUFA could reduce both hypertrophy and hyperplasia of fat cells in vivo. Results are in agreement with the involvement of fat cell turnover in control of adiposity.

Accidentologic aspects of helicopter rescue missions involving winching of a physician

Introduction: Medical helicopter services provide several advantages,like the ability to perform air searches for lost victims, a rapid method ofshuttling rescue personnel and equipment to the victim, and the deliveryof early on-site advance medical care. When landing is not possible, therescuers can also be directly winched to the victim. As outdoor activitiesare increasing, few data are available about the type of accidentsleading to a rescue operation involving the use of the winch. We soughtto study the epidemiology and accidentology of such rescues.Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the medical reports of a singlehelicopter-based emergency medical service. Data from 1 January 2003to 31 December 2008 were analyzed. Cases with emergency callindicating that the victim was deceased were excluded. Data includedthe age and gender of the patients, the type of patients activitypreceeding the injury, the mecanism of injury, and the type of lesions(main diagnosis).Results: 9879 rescue missions were conducted between 1 January2003 and 31 December 2008. The 921 (9.3%) missions involvingwinching of the emergency physician were analysed. The male:femaleratio of the patients was 2:1. There were 56 (6%) patients aged 15 orunder. Most of the patients, while injured, were practising winter sportsor mountain-related activities in the summer (table 1). Falls accountedfor the great majority of the trauma events (700 patients or 76%),followed by illnesses (81 patients or 9 %). Of the 921 missions in whichthe physician was winched in the field, 28 (3%) were avalanche rescuesand 13 (1%) were glacier crevasse rescues. Trauma to the upper andlower extremities accounted for 429 (47%) of all injuries, followed by175 (19%) head injuries and 108 (12%) spinal lesions. Hypothermia,frostbite and altitude illnesses were diagnosed in 11 (1%) cases.In 128(14%) cases two different diagnoses were made, and in 69 (7%) threeor more diagnoses.Conclusions: In our helicopter emergency base, between 2003 and2008, 921 rescue missions (9.3%) involved winching of the emergencydoctor. Patients rescued using the winch usually practice outdoorsports, and are predominantly male. The mechanism of the injury isusually a fall, and extremities and head injuries account for more than50% of the main diagnosis made on the field.

Iowa Department of Transportation Major Items - Preliminary Quantity Report, May 20, 2014; With Addendums

Weekly letting report.

Pituitary blastoma: a pathognomonic feature of germ-line DICER1 mutations.

Individuals harboring germ-line DICER1 mutations are predisposed to a rare cancer syndrome, the DICER1 Syndrome or pleuropulmonary blastoma-familial tumor and dysplasia syndrome [online Mendelian inheritance in man (OMIM) #601200]. In addition, specific somatic mutations in the DICER1 RNase III catalytic domain have been identified in several DICER1-associated tumor types. Pituitary blastoma (PitB) was identified as a distinct entity in 2008, and is a very rare, potentially lethal early childhood tumor of the pituitary gland. Since the discovery by our team of an inherited mutation in DICER1 in a child with PitB in 2011, we have identified 12 additional PitB cases. We aimed to determine the contribution of germ-line and somatic DICER1 mutations to PitB. We hypothesized that PitB is a pathognomonic feature of a germ-line DICER1 mutation and that each PitB will harbor a second somatic mutation in DICER1. Lymphocyte or saliva DNA samples ascertained from ten infants with PitB were screened and nine were found to harbor a heterozygous germ-line DICER1 mutation. We identified additional DICER1 mutations in nine of ten tested PitB tumor samples, eight of which were confirmed to be somatic in origin. Seven of these mutations occurred within the RNase IIIb catalytic domain, a domain essential to the generation of 5p miRNAs from the 5' arm of miRNA-precursors. Germ-line DICER1 mutations are a major contributor to PitB. Second somatic DICER1 "hits" occurring within the RNase IIIb domain also appear to be critical in PitB pathogenesis.

Efeitos de sistemas de preparo do solo no uso da água e na produtividade do feijoeiro

Este trabalho teve por objetivo comparar o plantio direto, em duas densidades de palhada, com outros sistemas de preparo do solo, quanto à eficiência do uso da água e à produtividade de duas cultivares de feijoeiro com diferentes arquiteturas de planta. O experimento foi conduzido por quatro anos em um Latossolo Vermelho-Escuro, em Santo Antônio de Goiás, GO, utilizando o delineamento em faixas, com parcela subdividida, com quatro repetições. As faixas A, paralelas a uma linha central de aspersores, consistiram de cinco lâminas de irrigação. Considerando a média dos quatro anos, as quantidades de água aplicadas em cada faixa foram de 399,8; 307,0; 216,8; 128,0 e 54,0 mm. As faixas B, transversais à linha central de aspersores, consistiram de cinco sistemas de preparo do solo: plantio direto, plantio direto mais cobertura morta, grade aradora, arado de aiveca e arado escarificador. Nas subparcelas foram plantadas as cultivares de feijão Aporé e Safira. A magnitude da resposta da produtividade do feijoeiro à lâmina de água aplicada variou com a cultivar e com o sistema de preparo do solo. O sistema de plantio direto, com adequada cobertura morta, propiciou maior economia de água em comparação aos demais sistemas de preparo do solo.

Fate of clinical research studies after ethical approval--follow-up of study protocols until publication.

BACKGROUND: Many clinical studies are ultimately not fully published in peer-reviewed journals. Underreporting of clinical research is wasteful and can result in biased estimates of treatment effect or harm, leading to recommendations that are inappropriate or even dangerous. METHODS: We assembled a cohort of clinical studies approved 2000-2002 by the Research Ethics Committee of the University of Freiburg, Germany. Published full articles were searched in electronic databases and investigators contacted. Data on study characteristics were extracted from protocols and corresponding publications. We characterized the cohort, quantified its publication outcome and compared protocols and publications for selected aspects. RESULTS: Of 917 approved studies, 807 were started and 110 were not, either locally or as a whole. Of the started studies, 576 (71%) were completed according to protocol, 128 (16%) discontinued and 42 (5%) are still ongoing; for 61 (8%) there was no information about their course. We identified 782 full publications corresponding to 419 of the 807 initiated studies; the publication proportion was 52% (95% CI: 0.48-0.55). Study design was not significantly associated with subsequent publication. Multicentre status, international collaboration, large sample size and commercial or non-commercial funding were positively associated with subsequent publication. Commercial funding was mentioned in 203 (48%) protocols and in 205 (49%) of the publications. In most published studies (339; 81%) this information corresponded between protocol and publication. Most studies were published in English (367; 88%); some in German (25; 6%) or both languages (27; 6%). The local investigators were listed as (co-)authors in the publications corresponding to 259 (62%) studies. CONCLUSION: Half of the clinical research conducted at a large German university medical centre remains unpublished; future research is built on an incomplete database. Research resources are likely wasted as neither health care professionals nor patients nor policy makers can use the results when making decisions.

Congenital high airway obstruction syndrome and airway reconstruction: an evolving paradigm.

OBJECTIVES: To refine the classic definition of, and provide a working definition for, congenital high airway obstruction syndrome (CHAOS) and to discuss the various aspects of long-term airway reconstruction, including the range of laryngeal anomalies and the various techniques for reconstruction. DESIGN: Retrospective chart review. PATIENTS: Four children (age range, 2-8 years) with CHAOS who presented to a single tertiary care children's hospital for pediatric airway reconstruction between 1995 and 2000. CONCLUSIONS: To date, CHAOS remains poorly described in the otolaryngologic literature. We propose the following working definition for pediatric cases of CHAOS: any neonate who needs a surgical airway within 1 hour of birth owing to high upper airway (ie, glottic, subglottic, or upper tracheal) obstruction and who cannot be tracheally intubated other than through a persistent tracheoesophageal fistula. Therefore, CHAOS has 3 possible presentations: (1) complete laryngeal atresia without an esophageal fistula, (2) complete laryngeal atresia with a tracheoesophageal fistula, and (3) near-complete high upper airway obstruction. Management of the airway, particularly in regard to long-term reconstruction, in children with CHAOS is complex and challenging.

Low-cost microprocessed instrument for evaluating soil temperature profile

This paper describes a low-cost microprocessed instrument for in situ evaluating soil temperature profile ranging from -20.0°C to 99.9°C, and recording soil temperature data at eight depths from 2 to 128 cm. Of great importance in agriculture, soil temperature affects plant growth directly, and nutrient uptake as well as indirectly in soil water and gas flow, soil structure and nutrient availability. The developed instrument has potential applications in the soil science, when temperature monitoring is required. Results show that the instrument with its individual sensors guarantees ±0.25°C accuracy and 0.1°C resolution, making possible localized management changes within decision support systems. The instrument, based on complementary metal oxide semiconductor devices as well as thermocouples, operates in either automatic or non-automatic mode.

Aspectos epidemiológicos da vassoura-de-bruxa do cupuaçuzeiro na microrregião de Belém, PA

Foi conduzido experimento no campo da Embrapa-Centro de Pesquisa Agropecuária do Trópico Úmido, em Belém, PA (1°28' S; 48°27' W), de junho/91 a maio/94, com plantas de cupuaçuzeiro (Theobroma grandiflorum (Willd. ex Spreng.) K. Schum.) com sete anos de idade, objetivando acompanhar o desenvolvimento de vassouras-de-bruxa vegetativas causadas por Crinipellis perniciosa ((Stahel) Singer), desde a sua emissão até a produção de basidiocarpos. Foram determinados coeficientes de correlação entre as variáveis epidemiológicas (emissão de vassouras, período verde, período de secamento, período pré-frutificativo, produção de basidiocarpos) e as variáveis climáticas (umidade relativa do ar máxima, brilho solar, precipitação pluvial). A emissão de vassouras vegetativas foi maior em julho e agosto. Estas permaneceram verdes por 34,9 a 65,2 dias e secaram entre 5,8 e 10 dias. Após sua emissão, as vassouras demoraram de 79,5 a 347 dias para iniciar a produção de basidiocarpos, que ocorreu principalmente a partir de maio, com pico em junho. As variáveis climáticas, umidade relativa do ar máxima e brilho solar, correlacionaram-se significativamente apenas com a produção de basidiocarpos, com efeito negativo e positivo, respectivamente.

Examination of Closing the Existing Highway Maintenance Garage at Hamlin, Iowa, 1983

An optimum allocation model has been utilized to examine the existing allocation of highway segments to maintenance garages in the Hamlin study area. The model has also been used to evaluate the financial effect of closing the garage at Hamlin. The examination of the study area shows that only three of 48 highway segments should be reallocated at an annual operational savings of approximately $1,400. The study concludes there would be an annual operational savings of approximately 128,700 if the garage at Hamlin were closed.